2014-09-17 Structure: gerunds and infinitives

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Homework: p. 276-277 (all)
1B
2 Y
3 N
4 Y
5 Y
6 N
7 Y
8 Y
My favorite activity is swimming.       gerund       - subject complement
My favorite brother  is swimming. present participle - present progressive tense
2A
2 vegetating
3 worrying (to worry)
4 not having
5 not working
6 making
7 socializing (to socialize)
8 having
9 meeting
10 working
11 playing
12 collecting
13 singing
14 not singing
15 singing
16 orienteering
2B
2 Bob's helping
3 My boss's criticizing
4 Her living
5 Mary's advising
6 my becoming
7 their being
8 Our getting
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perfect gerunds = past gerunds:
If the gerund action happened before the main action of the sentence, you can use "having" + past participle in the gerund phrase.

I am thankful for having met her in my first week of classes.
Here is a prize for having gotten the highest score on the last test.
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p. 278 exercise 3
2 seeing
3 having enrolled
4 assigning (having assigned)
5 arguing
6 having said
("Her saying that was one of the major events in my life.")
7 studying
8 helping
9 passing
10 having told

I don't look forward to doing the homework, I look forward to having done it.
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p. 279 exercise 4
1 Do you prefer being asked out on a date or asking someone yourself?
2 Are you more interested in entertaining yourself or in being entertained by others?
3 Do you prefer preparing dinner yourself or being invited to dinner by friends?
4 Do you like being told what to do or giving orders?
5 Do you like figuring things out yourself or being shown how to do things?
6 Do you prefer being given advice by friends or giving your friends advice?

I can do it myself. = I don't need you to do it for me. It emphasizes that *I* can do it.
I can do it by myself. = I don't need you to be with me. I can do it alone.

I need to watch this movie myself. = It's not enough if you just tell me about the movie. *I* want to watch the movie with my own eyes.
I need to watch this movie by myself. = I don't want to watch it with other people. I think the movie will make me cry a lot and I want to be alone.

"We don't need to reinvent the wheel."
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INFINITIVES

to + base form (to go, to do, to want, to see, etc.)

Infinitives can be after some verbs:
I want to learn more about English. (always infinitive)
I like to watch movies. (infinitive or gerund - no change in meaning)
I forgot to lock my door this morning. (infinitive and gerund have different meanings)

Infinitives can be subjects (this is more formal than using a gerund):
To make mistakes is normal for students.
To write an essay is very complicated.
	(Writing an essay is very complicated.)
	(It is very complicated to write an essay)

Infinitives can be used after adjectives:
It is complicated to write an essay.
It is normal to make mistakes.
I am surprised to see you here.
I am very happy to meet you.

(Including after too/enough + adjectives or adverbs)
It is too cold to go swimming today.
He's not old enough to buy alcohol.
She talks too quickly to understand.

After some nouns:
It is time to go.
I made a decision to study English.
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Homework: p. 285-287 reading and questions