2018-12-11 TOEFL: word roots, reading reference

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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Word roots (list 2) - With your partner, try to explain the meaning of each root with one or two words
cert (certain, ascertain, certificate) = sure
chrom (monochrome, achromatic) = color
chron (chronological, anachronism, synchronize) = time
circum (circumscribe, circumspect, circumnavigate) = around
claim/clam (exclaim, proclamation, clamor) = shout
clar (clarify, declare) = clear
cline (inclination, decline, recline) = lean
co (coworker, coeducational, coauthor) = together
            col before L: (collaborate, colleague)
            com before M, P, B: (communicate, composition, combine)
            con before other consonants (except H): (connect, convention, contemporary)
            cor before R: (correlate, corroborate)
            (co before vowels, H, and in new words like “copilot” and “co-teach”)
cogni (cognizance, incognito) = know (sometimes “think”)
contra (contrast, contradict, controversy) = opposite/against
corp (corporation, corpse, incorporate) = body
cred (credible, credit, credulous) = trust/believe
crypto (cryptography, cryptic, encrypt) = hidden/secret
de/di (decelerate, dethrone, decrease, divide, diverge) = down/apart
dem/demo (demographics, democracy, epidemic) = people
di (dilemma, dihedral) = two
dia (diameter, dialect) = across/through
dict (dictator, dictionary, contradict) = say/tell
domin (dominate, dominion, predominate) = master
don (donate, pardon) = give
duce/duct (introduction, deduct, conduct) = lead/take
dyna (dynamic, dynamite, dynasty) = power/movement
dys (dystopia, dyslexia) = bad
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TOEFL test: four sections, four hours, 120 points total (30 for each section), $205
1 reading: 60-80 minutes, 3-4 passages, about 14 questions per passage
2 listening: 60-90 minutes, 2 or 3 sets, each set = [3 listenings, 17 quesitons, 10 minutes to answer]
	(10-minute break)
3 speaking: 20 minutes, 6 tasks, 5.5 minutes of speaking time
4 writing: about 1 hour total, 2 tasks, 20+30 minutes of writing time
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Reading question types:
- vocabulary
- paraphrase
- fact/detail
- negative fact
- inference
- reference (What does this pronoun refer to?)
- purpose
- sentence insertion
- summarize
- organize/categorize
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BREAK
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DELTA p. 125 - Make sure you understand all the pronouns in this list, and how they’re used.
Reference questions ask you to identify the referent of a pronoun.
The question type is rare, but the skill is also useful for paraphrase and sentence insertion questions, and for general comprehension.
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Cengage p. 118 (on screen) - What do the highlighted pronouns refer to?
12 this method = satellite photography
13 them = American importers
14 where = New York City
   the time = the 1920s
   there = Paris
15 this creature = anemone
   it = nest
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For timed practice (and on the test), read the question first, then read just enough of the text to find the correct answer.
If the answer is not in the sentence with the highlighte pronoun, read the sentence(s) before that one.
Handout (Longman) - Take 8 minutes to answer the reference questions about collective behavior.
Compare your answers with your partners and try to convince them they’re wrong if you disagree.
1 C
2 D
3 B
4 D
5 A
6 D
7 C
8 D
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p. 27-29 - Take 6 minutes for passage two.
9 A
10 B
11 D
12 B
13 C
14 A
15 C
16 A
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p. 29-30 - Take 5 minutes on passage 3.
17 C - Every “they” and “them” in this sentence refers to colonists. In addition, colonists are the only ones who carried diseases with them.
18 A
19 C
20 B or C - B would be correct if the sentence ended before “or conversely”, but the structure of the releative clause suggests that “which” led to both things, and compassion wouldn’t have led to attempts to exterminate populations. (“X led to Y or to Z” = “X led to Y or X led to Z”)
21 D
22 C
23 C
24 D
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p. 30-32 - Take 4 minutes for passage four.
25 D
26 C
27 B
28 (the “it” after “repetition”) B
29 A - It’s the poor youth who rises above (his own) circumstances.
30 C
31 C - “Attempts” are the sorts of things that can “backfire”.
32 C
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Homework: do the “Coral Colonies” passage on the handout from class today, and exercise 6.2 questions 1-20 on the new handout