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prototyperspective

Science Summary - 2020, July

prototyperspective
Aug 24th, 2020
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  1. ___ _ ___
  2. / __| __ (_) ___ _ _ __ ___ / __| _ _ _ __ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _
  3. \__ \ / _| | | / -_) | ' \ / _| / -_) \__ \ | || | | ' \ | ' \ / _` | | '_| | || |
  4. |___/ \__| |_| \___| |_||_| \__| \___| |___/ \_,_| |_|_|_| |_|_|_| \__,_| |_| \_, |
  5. |__/
  6. -------------------------------------- July 2020 --------------------------------------
  7.  
  8. https://i.imgur.com/FPgzmXO.png
  9.  
  10. Monthly newsletter: https://mailchi.mp/4345cd0237c2/orapfn1bn4
  11. reddit: https://mailchi.mp/359cae84aa22/science_summary
  12.  
  13. ----------------- Selection -----------------
  14.  
  15. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_in_science
  16.  
  17. Items which I added to the Wikipedia list are marked with a star.
  18. Some more relevant information can be found on the list's talk page (e.g. on criteria).
  19.  
  20. ------------------ Sources ------------------
  21.  
  22. Mitochondria
  23. https://www.newscientist.com/article/2248168-the-powerhouses-inside-cells-have-been-gene-edited-for-the-first-time/
  24. https://sci-hub.tw/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2477-4
  25.  
  26. *Robot chemist
  27. https://phys.org/news/2020-07-robot-scientist-catalyst.html
  28. https://sci-hub.tw/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2442-2
  29.  
  30. *GPLD1
  31. https://medicalxpress.com/news/2020-07-brain-benefits-gained-protein.html
  32. https://sci-hub.tw/https://science.sciencemag.org/content/369/6500/167
  33.  
  34. *Aging routes
  35. https://phys.org/news/2020-07-paths-aging-insights-healthspan.html
  36. https://sci-hub.tw/https://science.sciencemag.org/content/369/6500/167
  37.  
  38. Mars
  39. UAE
  40. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-53394737
  41. China
  42. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-53504797
  43. USA
  44. https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-ula-launch-mars-2020-perseverance-rover-mission-to-red-planet
  45.  
  46. *Sloan Digital Sky Survey
  47. https://news.sky.com/story/largest-ever-3d-map-of-the-universe-released-by-scientists-12033047
  48. https://www.sdss.org/press-releases/no-need-to-mind-the-gap/
  49.  
  50. Bacteria
  51. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/28/science/microbes-100-million-years-old.html
  52. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-17330-1
  53.  
  54. SARS-CoV-2
  55. +*G614
  56. https://medicalxpress.com/news/2020-07-infectious-strain-covid-dominates-global.html
  57. https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(20)30820-5
  58. Neanderthals
  59. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/04/health/coronavirus-neanderthals.html
  60. https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2020/07/03/2020.07.03.186296.full.pdf
  61. IFR & CFR
  62. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/04/health/coronavirus-death-rate.html
  63. Airborne disease
  64. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/04/health/239-experts-with-one-big-claim-the-coronavirus-is-airborne.html
  65.  
  66. _________
  67.  
  68.  
  69. *Quantum fluctuations
  70. https://phys.org/news/2020-07-quantum-fluctuations-jiggle-human-scale.html
  71. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2420-8
  72.  
  73. Solar cells
  74. https://phys.org/news/2020-07-crystal-years-key-solar-cell.html
  75. https://sci-hub.tw/https://science.sciencemag.org/content/369/6499/96/
  76.  
  77. *Palm oil certification
  78. https://phys.org/news/2020-07-certified-sustainable-palm-oil-fields.html
  79. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969720342340
  80.  
  81. *Earth's magnetic field
  82. https://phys.org/news/2020-07-simulations-magnetic-field-faster-previously.html
  83. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-16888-0
  84.  
  85. *1.5 °C
  86. https://edition.cnn.com/2020/07/09/world/global-temperatures-wmo-climate-intl-scli/index.html
  87. https://public.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/new-climate-predictions-assess-global-temperatures-coming-five-years
  88.  
  89. *+Spider silk proteins
  90. https://phys.org/news/2020-07-spider-silk-photosynthetic-bacteria.html
  91. https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-020-1099-6
  92.  
  93. *X Chromosome
  94. https://phys.org/news/2020-07-scientists-human-chromosome.html
  95. https://sci-hub.tw/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2547-7
  96.  
  97. *Manganese-eating bacteria
  98. https://phys.org/news/2020-07-bacteria-metal-diet-dirty-glassware.html
  99. https://sci-hub.tw/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2468-5
  100.  
  101. *Methane-emissions
  102. https://phys.org/news/2020-07-global-methane-emissions-soar-high.html
  103. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ab9ed2
  104. https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/12/1561/2020/
  105.  
  106.  
  107. *Iron metabolism
  108. https://phys.org/news/2020-07-blood-iron-key-ageing-gene.html
  109. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-17312-3
  110.  
  111. +Exoplanets
  112. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/scientists-unveil-first-ever-pictures-of-multiple-planets-around-a-sunlike-star/
  113. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/aba27e
  114.  
  115. Americas
  116. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-53486868
  117. https://sci-hub.tw/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2509-0
  118.  
  119. *Methane
  120. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/jul/22/first-active-leak-of-sea-bed-methane-discovered-in-antarctica
  121. https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2020.1134
  122.  
  123. *Reef sharks
  124. https://phys.org/news/2020-07-sharks-reefs.html
  125. https://sci-hub.tw/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2519-y
  126.  
  127. *Paper-retraction
  128. https://phys.org/news/2020-07-paper-hummingbird-sized-dinosaur-retracted.html
  129. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2553-9
  130.  
  131. *Protein design
  132. https://phys.org/news/2020-07-machine-reveals-recipe-artificial-proteins.html
  133. https://sci-hub.tw/https://science.sciencemag.org/content/369/6502/440.full
  134.  
  135. ITER
  136. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/jul/28/worlds-largest-nuclear-fusion-project-under-assembly-in-france
  137.  
  138. *Magnetic pyrite
  139. https://phys.org/news/2020-07-gold-valuable.html
  140. https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/31/eabb7721
  141.  
  142. *Younger Dryas
  143. https://phys.org/news/2020-07-texas-cave-sediment-upends-meteorite.html
  144. https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/31/eaax8587
  145.  
  146.  
  147. ------------------ Not included ------------------
  148.  
  149. - Scientist at CERN report that the LHCb experiment has observed a four-charm tetraquark particle never seen before, which is likely to be the first of a previously undiscovered class of particles
  150.  
  151. - Theory for the development of pentadiamonds - harder diamonds with a Young's modulus of almost 1700 GPa
  152.  
  153. - Carbon was formed mainly in white dwarf stars, particularly those bigger than two solar masses
  154.  
  155. - A more efficient video coding standard (H.266) is finalised; requires less data volume and is especially useful for 8K streaming
  156.  
  157. - A cobalt-free, high-energy, lithium-ion battery is developed
  158.  
  159. - Evidence that a few mildly affected or recovering COVID-19 patients can be left with serious or potentially fatal brain conditions, such as delirium, inflammation, nerve damage, and psychosis
  160.  
  161. * Scientists assess that the geoengineering technique of enhanced rock weathering – spreading finely crushed basalt on fields – has potential use for carbon dioxide removal by nations, identifying costs, opportunities and engineering challenges
  162.  
  163. - Discovery of the South Pole Wall, a massive cosmic structure formed by a giant wall of galaxies (a galaxy filament) that extends across at least 700 million light-years of space
  164.  
  165. * Phytoplankton primary production in the Arctic Ocean increased by 57% between 1998 and 2018 due to higher concentrations, suggesting the ocean may be able to support higher trophic level production and additional carbon fixation in the future
  166.  
  167. * Scientists report that the Moon formed about 85 million years earlier than thought (4.425 ±0.025 bya) and that it hosted an ocean of magma for longer than previously thought (~200 million years)
  168.  
  169. * A reusable aluminium surface for efficient solar-based water sanitation to below the WHO and EPA standards for drinkable water is developed
  170.  
  171. * A technique to produce a degradable version of the tough thermoset plastic pDCPD which may also be applicable to other plastics, that aren't part of the ca. 75% of plastics that are recycable is developed
  172.  
  173. - Observation of a "hard tidal disruption event candidate" near the nucleus of galaxy NGC 6297 with rare "hard powerlaw X-ray spectra"
  174.  
  175. - A researcher describes the nature and rise of the "robot prosumer", derived from modern-day technology and related participatory culture, that, in turn, was substantially predicted earlier by science fiction writers
  176.  
  177. - A new AI algorithm achieves the highest accuracy to date in identifying prostate cancer, with 98% sensitivity and 97% specificity
  178.  
  179. * Scientists of the NA62 experiment at CERN claim to have presented first evidence of a highly rare process – a decay of a charged kaon – predicted in the Standard Model which may help identifying possible deviations from the model
  180.  
  181. * Work honored by Nobel prizes clusters in only a few scientific fields with only 36/71 having received at least one Nobel prize of the 114/849 domains they suggest science could be divided into. Five of the 114 domains were shown to make up over half of the Nobel prizes awarded 1995–2017 (particle physics [14%], cell biology [12.1%], atomic physics [10.9%], neuroscience [10.1%], molecular chemistry [5.3%])
  182.  
  183. * Geochemical data shows that the origin of 50 of the 52 sarsen megaliths used to construct Stonehenge is most likely West Woods, Wiltshire, 25 km north of Stonehenge
  184.  
  185. * Gut microbiomes that produce high levels of gallic acid or gallic acid, which can be found in many antioxidant-rich foods considered healthy and earlier reported to induce cell death in prostate and breast cancer cells, itself can switch mutated p53 proteins from being tumour-suppressive to accelerate the growth of bowel cancers in mice
  186.  
  187. * Two ice caps in Nunavut, Canada have disappeared completely, confirming predictions of a 2016/2017 study that they would melt completely within the next five years
  188.  
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