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Austro-Hungarian Empire (Jewish Studies)

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  1. Introduction
  2.  
  3. In 1867, following the Austro-Hungarian Compromise (Ausgleich), the Habsburg Monarchy was reorganized into a constitutional monarchy, divided into two parts: Cisleithania (or the “Austrian” part of the monarchy), which included Upper Austria, Lower Austria, Styria, Carinthia, Tyrol, Voralberg, Salzburg, Carniola, Dalmatia, Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia, Galicia, and Bukovina; and Transleithania (or the “Hungarian” part of the monarchy), which included the Kingdom of Hungary (including Transylvania), Croatia-Slavonia, and the city of Fiume. At this time, the largest Jewish populations were in Galicia, Bukovina, Hungary, Bohemia, Moravia, and Lower Austria (where Vienna is located). In 1867, the Jews of Austria-Hungary were emancipated, and they were allowed to live in Habsburg territories (such as Carnolia) that were formerly off-limits. By the outbreak of World War I, the Jews of Austria-Hungary were increasingly concentrated in large cities, such as Budapest, Vienna, Lemberg (Lwów/Lvov), Czernowitz, and Prague. Austria-Hungary was highly multinational, yet the scholarship on the monarchy has been written largely within national paradigms. This is also the case with scholarship on the Jews of Austria-Hungary, though there is also a noticeable tendency to focus on Jews in the larger cities, especially Vienna and Budapest.
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  5. General Overviews
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  7. Due to the multinational and multilingual character of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, few scholars have attempted to write a general, comprehensive history of the Jews of Austria-Hungary. Bihl 1980 and McCagg 1989 represent two attempts, but most scholarship is focused on the Jews of individual Habsburg territories, especially Austria, Hungary, Bohemia, Moravia, and Galicia. There are some histories of the Jews in Croatia and Habsburg Italy (Trieste), but these are usually subsumed into larger narratives on Yugoslav or Italian Jewry.
  8.  
  9. Bihl, Wolfdieter. “Die Juden.” In Die Völker des Reiches. Vol. 3.2 of Die Habsburgermonarchie 1848–1918. Edited by Adam Wandruszka and Peter Urbanitsch, 880–948. Vienna: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1980.
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  11. The multivolume series on the Habsburg Monarchy (1848–1918), published by the Austrian Academy of Sciences, includes this entry on “The Jews” in its volume on “The Peoples of the Empire.” A survey of the demographic, legal, and social situation, with a focus on economic, educational and cultural achievements, linguistic proclivities, and political tendencies. Describes the Jewish communal organization in the various provinces of the monarchy, with a separate subsection on conversions to Christianity.
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  13. McCagg, William O. A History of Habsburg Jews, 1670–1918. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989.
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  15. An idiosyncratic essay on the social history of Habsburg Jews from the 1670 expulsion of Viennese Jewry until the end of World War I, focusing on modernization, secularization, embourgeoisement, and especially assimilation. The author examines “the Jewish core of the Habsburg bourgeoisie,” seeing it as a window onto the “Imperial bourgeoisie.” In particular, he views the Jews’ “self-denial” and urge to assimilate as keys to understanding the dilemmas of modernity.
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  17. Austria
  18.  
  19. Most of the works on Austria deal with the Jews in Austrian cities such as Vienna and Graz. These studies can be found in the section on Cities and Their Jews.
  20.  
  21. Fraenkel, Josef, ed. The Jews of Austria: Essays on Their Life, History and Destruction. London: Vallentine, Mitchell, 1967.
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  23. A celebration of Jewish cultural creativity in Austria, with essays on music, art, literature, sports, journalism, and jurisprudence; short biographical sketches of “great Jews”; surveys of Jewish communities in Vienna, Tyrol, Carinthia, and Styria; and articles on anti-Semitism and the destruction of Austrian Jewry. Akin to a memorial book.
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  25. Hungary
  26.  
  27. After Galicia, the Kingdom of Hungary had the largest Jewish population in Austria-Hungary, and it was noteworthy for its religious polarization, its ardent Hungarian nationalism, and its opposition to Zionism (despite the fact that Theodor Herzl and Max Nordau were natives of Budapest). Scholarly works like Katz 1977 emphasize the uniqueness of Hungarian Jewry, while other works, such as Venetianer 1922, Patai 1996, and Komoróczy 2012 emphasize its hoary antiquity, tracing its origins back to the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin, or even to Roman times. Silber 2008 focuses on modern Jewish settlement, back to 1700.
  28.  
  29. Katz, Jacob. “The Uniqueness of Hungarian Jewry.” Forum on the Jewish People, Zionism, and Israel 27 (1977): 45–53.
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  31. Hungarian-born historian sketches the major features of Hungarian Jewry in the 19th century, including its conditional embrace of liberal Hungarian nationalism, its religious polarization (culminating in the schism between Neology and Orthodoxy), and its ostensible integration into Hungarian society. Traces these features into the Holocaust period.
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  33. Komoróczy, Géza. A zsidók története Magyarországon. 2 vols. Budapest: Kalligram, 2012.
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  35. Monumental and comprehensive history of the Jews in Hungary from Roman times to the early 21st century. At nearly 2,500 pages, these two volumes constitute an essential reference work for the topic. A third volume of primary sources was published separately.
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  37. Patai, Raphael. The Jews of Hungary: History, Culture, Psychology. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1996.
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  39. Comprehensive survey of Hungarian Jewish history from Roman times to the fall of communism, with an emphasis on the 18th and 19th centuries. The author, a Hungarian-born anthropologist, incorporates many of his own recollections and draws on materials published by his father, József Patai (1882–1953), a noted publicist and Cultural Zionist. Published posthumously, without footnotes.
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  41. Silber, Michael K. “Hungary.” In The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe. Edited by Gershon David Hundert. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008.
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  43. Comprehensive, chronological survey of Jewish history in the Hungarian lands from 1700 to the early 21st century, with a focus on demographic, religious, cultural, and political trends.
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  45. Venetianer, Lajos. A magyar zsidóság története: A honfoglalástól a világháború kitöréséig. Budapest: Fővárosi Könyvkiadó, 1922.
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  47. Written by the Neolog rabbi of Ujpest, this apologetic history of Hungarian Jewry focuses on the contributions made by Jews to Hungarian cultural and economic life from the 9th century until World War I.
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  49. Bohemia and Moravia
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  51. In the first decades of the 20th century, scholarship on the Jews of Bohemia and Moravia took the form of general historical surveys and overviews of individual Jewish communities. Gold 1929 and Gold 1934 are typical of this trend. Following the Holocaust, the Society for the History of Czechoslovak Jews published a three-volume thematic and geographical survey, which served as the classic reference work on the Jews of Bohemia and Moravia until a new generation of historians’ works, including Kieval 2000, Pěkný 2001, Wlaschek 1990, Miller 2011, and others, were published on the topic. The Czech-German conflict takes center stage in much of the recent scholarship on the Jews of Bohemia and Moravia.
  52.  
  53. Gold, Hugo, ed. Die Juden und Judengemeinden Mährens in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart: Ein Sammelwerk. Brno, Czechoslovakia: Jüdischer Buch- und Kunstverlag, 1929.
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  55. Anthology of articles on individual Jewish communities and Jewish individuals in Moravia, written by local historians and also by communal rabbis. General overviews of the communities with use of local archives. Many portraits of rabbis and community leaders. Useful for genealogical research. Includes statistical data and map of Moravia’s Jewish congregations and political Jewish communities.
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  57. Gold, Hugo, ed. Židé a židovské obce v Čechách v minulosti a v přítomnosti/Die Juden und Judengemeinden Böhmens in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart: Ein Sammelwerk. Brno, Czechoslovakia: Jüdischer Buch- und Kunstverlag, 1934.
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  59. Anthology of articles on 341 individual Jewish communities in Bohemia, mostly written by local historians. Statistical overview. Many portraits of rabbis and community leaders. Photographs of many synagogues. Most articles are in German, some in Czech.
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  61. Haas, Theodor. Die Juden in Mähren: Darstellung der Rechtsgeschichte und Statistik unter besonderer Berücksichtung des 19. Jahrhunderts. Brno, Bohemia: Hickl, 1908.
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  63. Survey of Moravian Jewry from the 14th century to the early 20th century, with an emphasis on the legal status of the Jews in the 19th century. Includes map of the Jewish congregations and political Jewish communities along with important demographic and statistical data.
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  65. Kieval, Hillel J. Languages of Community: The Jewish Experience in the Czech Lands. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000.
  66. DOI: 10.1525/california/9780520214101.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  67. Collection of essays by the leading scholar of Czech Jewry, focusing on the experiences of Jews in the Bohemian lands in the course of the long 19th century. Particular emphasis on cultural, linguistic, and ideological changes and national myth making as well as the efforts to adapt educational, religious, and political behavior to the exigencies of the Czech-German conflict.
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  69. Miller, Michael L. Rabbis and Revolution: The Jews of Moravia in the Age of Emancipation. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2011.
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  71. Social, religious, and communal history of the Jews of Moravia in the long 19th century, with an emphasis on the transformations of this compact, traditional Jewish community, especially after the Revolution of 1848.
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  73. Pěkný, Tomáš. Historie Židů v Čechách a na Moravě. Prague: Sefer, 2001.
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  75. A synthetic history of the Jews in Bohemia and Moravia, providing an overview of Czech, German, and English scholarship on the topic prior to 2001. Intended for a Czech audience, it also includes a more general section on Jewish customs, practices, and beliefs.
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  77. Society for the History of Czechoslovak Jews. The Jews of Czechoslovakia: Historical Studies and Surveys. 3 vols. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1968–1983.
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  79. Three-volume work, published by the Society for the History of Czechoslovak Jews. Volumes 1–2 include historical surveys of Jews in the Bohemian lands, Slovakia and Subcarpathia Ruthenia from 1848 to 1938, with additional essays on the legal position, religious life, economic situation, and political movements, as well as contributions to music, art, and literature. The essays are written by scholars as well as by participants in the movements and events described. Volume 3 deals with the Holocaust and its aftermath.
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  81. Wlaschek, Rudolf M. Juden in Böhmen: Beiträge zur Geschichte des europäischen Judentums im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. Munich: R. Oldenbourg, 1990.
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  83. Essays on the history of Jews of Bohemia by a Sudeten German living in Germany. The work emphasizes Bohemian Jewry’s orientation toward and loyalty to German language and culture. Views the Jews’ eventual Czechification as a response to pressures from the Czechoslovak state after it was established in 1918. (Expanded volume published in 1997.)
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  85. Galicia and Bukovina
  86.  
  87. After decades of benign neglect, Galicia and Bukovina—with the largest concentration of Jews in Austria-Hungary—are finally getting their due. Early articles such as Wróbel 1994 and John and Lichtblau 1997 were followed by an important volume of essays on the Jews of Galicia (Bartal and Polonsky 1999). More recently, Bartal 2005 has incorporated Galicia into the author’s survey of East European Jewry; Manekin 2008 is an important survey of Galician Jewry; Shanes 2012 explores Jewish nationalism in Galicia; and Rechter 2013 is an important study of Bukovina, one of the first since Gold 1958–1962.
  88.  
  89. Bartal, Israel. The Jews of Eastern Europe, 1772–1881. Translated by Chaya Naor. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005.
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  91. Historical survey of the Eastern European Jewry, from the Partitions of Poland until the wave of pogroms in the Russian Empire in 1881. Much of the book deals with territories under Russian rule, but chapters 6 (“Austria and the Jews of Galicia, 1772–1848”) and 11 (“The Conservative Alliance: Galicia under Emperor Franz Joseph”) constitute important studies of Galician Jewry.
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  93. Bartal, Israel, and Antony Polonsky, eds. Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry. Vol. 12, Focusing on Galicia: Jews, Poles, and Ukrainians. London: Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 1999.
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  95. Collection of articles by scholars of Austrian, Ukrainian, Polish, and Jewish history. Several articles examine Habsburg policies toward the Jews in Galicia. Additional articles on Jewish elites, landowners, voters, and migrants.
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  97. Gold, Hugo. Geschichte der Juden in der Bukowina. 2 vols. Tel Aviv: Olamenu, 1958–1962.
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  99. Memorial book for the Jews of Bukovina, with extensive article by N. M. Gelber on the history of the Jews in Bukovina (1774–1914) and shorter articles on Hasidic dynasties (e.g., Sadagora), Zionism, sports, and religious and political life. Volume 2 is devoted primarily to the Holocaust in Bukovina, with individual articles on the destroyed Jewish communities.
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  101. John, Michael, and Albert Lichtblau. “Mythos ‘deutsche Kultur’: Jüdische Gemeinden in Galizien und der Bukowina; Zur unterschiedlichen Ausformung kultureller Identität.” In Studien zur Geschichte der Juden in Österreich. Vol. 2. Edited by Martha Keil and Eleonore Lappin-Eppel, 81–121. Bodenheim, Germany: Philo, 1997.
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  103. In a comparative study of Galicia and Bukovina, the authors look at the “quasi-colonial” role performed by segments of the Jewish population in these easternmost, non-German-speaking outposts of the Habsburg Monarchy. An orientation toward Vienna and toward German language and culture was notable on the part of many Jews, especially in Lemberg and Czernowitz.
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  105. Manekin, Rachel. “Galicia.” In The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe. Edited by Gershon David Hundert. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008.
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  107. Survey of Galician Jewry from 1772 until just after World War I, with a focus on legal status and religious, cultural, and economic trends as well as rising anti-Semitism in the late 19th century and the emergence of Jewish national politics.
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  109. Rechter, David. Becoming Habsburg: The Jews of Austrian Bukovina, 1774–1914. London: Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 2013.
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  111. A study of the Jews of Bukovina, with particular focus on Czernowitz, the capital of this easternmost Habsburg province. Bukovina’s Jews forged a “unique hybrid of eastern and western Jewries,” and contributed to the cultural flourishing of Czernowitz, in particular. Explores—and largely upholds—the myth of Bukovina as an El Dorado for the Jews.
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  113. Shanes, Joshua. Diaspora Nationalism and Jewish Identity in Habsburg Galicia. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
  114. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9781139013642Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  115. A study of Jews in Habsburg Galicia, caught between Germanization and Polonization, who opt for a distinctly “Jewish” political and cultural agenda, be it in the form of Herzlian Zionism, diaspora nationalism, or the “Jewish Club” in the Austrian parliament. Primarily focuses on the period from 1883 to 1911.
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  117. Wróbel, Piotr. “The Jews of Galicia under Austrian-Polish Rule, 1867–1918.” Austrian History Yearbook 25 (1994): 97–138.
  118. DOI: 10.1017/S0067237800006330Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  119. Survey of Galician Jewry during the period of Galician autonomy under Habsburg rule. Positions Galician Jews between East European and West European Jews, showing how poverty, backwardness, and provincialism, along with the economic and political opportunities offered by the liberal Habsburg state, helped shape the profile of this community. Contains useful statistical and demographic appendices.
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  121. Italy and Croatia
  122.  
  123. The extensive scholarship on the Jews of Italy deals only peripherally with Trieste, which was under Habsburg rule until the end of World War I. Catalan 2000 provides a detailed overview of the Jewish community in this important port city. Croatia was also under Habsburg rule until the end of World War I, and its Jewish community has been explored in Freidenreich 1979, in the author’s larger work on the Jews of Yugoslavia.
  124.  
  125. Catalan, Tullia. La Comunità ebraica di Trieste (1781–1914): Politica, società e cultura, Quaderni del Dipartimento di Storia. Trieste, Italy: LINT, 2000.
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  127. Classic study of the Jews of Trieste under Habsburg rule. Examines the demographic, economic, and social rise of Trieste Jewry, with a focus on civic emancipation, acculturation and assimilation, Jewish intracommunal politics, mounting religious indifference, political anti-Semitism, and Jewish participation in the Italian national movement as well as the Zionist movement.
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  129. Freidenreich, Harriet Pass. The Jews of Yugoslavia: A Quest for Community. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1979.
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  131. Survey of the disparate Jewish communities in Yugoslavia, with a focus on Zagreb, Belgrade, and Sarajevo. Based on Serbo-Croatian sources, with only sporadic treatment of Hungarian-, Ladino-, and German-speaking Jews.
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  133. Reference Works
  134.  
  135. Biographical dictionaries and Jewish encyclopedias are the most useful reference works for researching the Jews of Austria-Hungary. The biographical dictionary Wininger 1925–1936 and the Jewish Encyclopedia have hundreds of entries on Habsburg Jews and Jewish communities, but they often are a little outdated. For rabbinical biographies, Brocke and Carlebach 2004 provides highly detailed information. The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe has the most up-to-date surveys of Habsburg Jewish history, written by many of the leading scholars in the field.
  136.  
  137. Brocke, Michael, and Julius Carlebach, eds. Biographisches Handbuch der Rabbiner: Teil 1; Die Rabbiner der Emanzipationszeit in den deutschen, böhmischen und grosspolnischen Ländern 1781–1871. Munich: K. G. Saur, 2004.
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  139. Alphabetically arranged prosopography of rabbis in the German-speaking lands, with extensive data on ancestry, descendants, education, and rabbinical careers of hundreds of rabbis in Central and East Central Europe. Important bibliographical and archival resource. (A second volume, published in 2009, only covers rabbis in Germany between 1871 and 1945.)
  140. Find this resource:
  141. Hundert, Gershon David, ed. The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe. 2 vols. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008.
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  143. For many topics in Habsburg Jewish history, society, and culture, the YIVO Encyclopedia presents the most comprehensive and up-to-date scholarship on individual Jewish communities, political and ideological movements, and outstanding personalities. In particular, see articles by Michael K. Silber (Hungary), Hillel J. Kieval (Bohemia and Moravia), Rachel Manekin (Galicia), and Israel Bartal (Galicia).
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  145. Singer, Isidore, and Cyrus Adler, eds. The Jewish Encyclopedia: A Descriptive Record of the History, Religion, Literature, and Customs of the Jewish People from the Earliest Times to the Present Day. New York and London: Funk & Wagnalls, 1901–1906.
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  147. Edited by Isidore Singer (1859–1939), originally from Moravia. Many entries on Singer’s friends, colleagues, and extensive network in Austria-Hungay.
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  149. Ujvári, Péter. Magyar Zsidó Lexikon. Budapest: A Magyar Zsidó Lexikon Kiadása, 1929.
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  151. This one-volume Hungarian Jewish lexicon was published in 1929, at a time of rising anti-Semitism in interwar Hungary. The entries highlight contributions to Hungarian culture by Hungarian Jews and Hungarians of Jewish origin, including converts to Christianity who are marked with an asterisk. (Reissued in 2000 by Makkabi Kiadó, Budapest.)
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  153. Wininger, Salomon. Grosse jüdische Nationalbibliographie. 7 vols. Chernivtsi, Ukraine: “Orient,” 1925–1936.
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  155. Biographical dictionary with extensive entries on Jews from the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
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  157. Wlaschek, Rudolf. Biographia Judaica Bohemiae. 3 vols. Dortmund, Germany: Forschungsstelle Ostmitteleuropa, 1995–2003.
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  159. Short biographies of Jews from Bohemia and Moravia.
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  161. Memoirs
  162.  
  163. The rich memoir literature from Austria-Hungary sheds important light on the social, economic, and political lives of Jews from a wide variety of religious backgrounds, social classes, political convictions, and cultural orientations. Written in English, German, Hebrew, Hungarian, and Yiddish, they include the autobiographies by Arthur Schnitzler, the celebrated Austrian author, as well as Armin Schnitzer, the lesser-known Hungarian rabbi. Fenyves 2010 and Lichtblau 1999 examine many of these memoirs, focusing in particular on narratives of integration and assimilation.
  164.  
  165. Fenyves, Katalin. Képzelt asszimiláció? Négy zsidó értelmiségi nemzedék önképe. Budapest: Corvina, 2010.
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  167. On the basis of autobiographical accounts of Hungarian Jewish intellectuals, the author explores four generations of Hungarian Jews who came of age between 1780 and 1900, focusing on the identity crises that emerged when their increased identification with Hungarian language and culture did not result in full acceptance by the society in which they lived. The title, “Imagined assimilation” comes from a letter written by Lajos Hatvany in 1928, in which he reflects on this dilemma.
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  169. Lichtblau, Albert, ed. Als hätten wir dazugehört: Österreich-jüdische Lebensgeschichten aus der Habsburgermonarchie. Vienna: Böhlau, 1999.
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  171. Anthology of previously unpublished autobiographical writings by Jews from Galicia, Bukovina, Moravia, Bohemia, and Austria (primarily Vienna), with a critical and thematic introduction by the editor. Authors were born between the 1820s and 1890s.
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  173. Margoshes, Joseph. A World Apart: A Memoir of Jewish Life in Nineteenth Century Galicia. Boston: Academic Studies, 2010.
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  175. Translation of Yiddish memoir, Erinerungen fun mayn leben, written in 1936 by Joseph Margoshes (1866–1955), a writer for the New York daily Morgen Zhurnal. Describes daily life in the Habsburg Galicia of his youth as well as the transformations brought about by World War I.
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  177. Mayer, Sigmund. Ein jüdischer Kaufmann 1831 bis 1911: Lebenserinnerungen. Leipzig: Duncker & Humboldt, 1911.
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  179. Written by a Pressburg-born Jewish merchant and community leader with a strong historical sense, this memoir presents a detailed overview of Jewish commercial, associational, and political life in Pressburg (Bratislava/Pozsony) and Vienna. Eyewitness accounts of many of the communal conflicts in Vienna as well as the struggle against rising anti-Semitism at the turn of the century.
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  181. Munk, Me’ir Avraham. Életem történetei. Edited with afterward by Michael K. Silber. Budapest and Jerusalem: Múlt és Jövő, 2002.
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  183. Posthumously published autobiography of Me’ir Avraham Munk (1830–1907), a traditional, observant Jew from Hungary’s Oberland region. Describes his extended family, the heder and yeshiva of his youth, and Jewish economic and religious life. Hebrew original is lost. Based on a Hungarian translation completed in 1942.
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  185. Schnitzer, Armin. Jüdische Kulturbilder: Aus meinem Leben. Vienna: L. Beck & Sohn, 1904.
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  187. Autobiography by rabbi of Komárom, Hungary, who describes his yeshiva years in Moravia and Hungary, and the general Jewish milieu in Hungary from the mid-19th century onward.
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  189. Schnitzler, Arthur. Jugend in Wien: Eine Autobiographie. Vienna; Munich; and Zurich, Switzerland: Molden, 1968.
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  191. Posthumously published autobiography by the celebrated Viennese Jewish author and playwright. Sheds colorful light on his personal life and the general Viennese cultural milieu at the turn of the century. (Published in English as My youth in Vienna. [New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970].)
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  193. Wechsberg, Joseph. The Vienna I Knew: Memories of a European Childhood. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1979.
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  195. Despite the title, this delightful memoir deals extensively with Mährisch-Ostrau (Moravská Ostrava), the author’s childhood home, at the beginning of the 20th century. Focuses on Czech-German conflict; relations with non-Jews; and educational, cultural, and social life as well as the rich coffee house culture in Mährisch-Ostrau and Vienna.
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  197. Collections of Historical Documents
  198.  
  199. In general, collections of historical documents related to the Jews of Austria-Hungary have focused on Hungary and the Bohemian lands. The recent, monumental publication Komoróczy 2013 is by far the most comprehensive.
  200.  
  201. “A Huszadik Század körkerdese.” In Zsidókérdés asszimiláció antiszemitizmus: Tanulmányok a zsidókérdésről a huszadik századi Magyarországon. Edited by Péter Hanák, 13–115. Budapest: Gondolat, 1984.
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  203. Selection of partially edited responses to the survey conducted in May 1917 by the Huszadik Század (Twentieth century) about the existence and solution of the “Jewish Question” in Hungary.
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  205. Iggers, Wilma. The Jews of Bohemia and Moravia: A Historical Reader. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1992.
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  207. Excerpts from memoirs, personal letters, newspapers, novels, travelogues, and historical writings dealing with the Jews of Bohemia and Moravia. The documents, covering the period between 1741 and 1952, are mostly translated from Czech and German. (Published in German as Die Juden in Böhmen und Mähren: Ein historisches Lesebuch [Munich: C. H. Beck, 1986].)
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  209. Komoróczy, Géza, ed. “Nekem itt zsidónak kell lenni”: Források és dokumentumok, 965–2012; A zsidók története Magyarszágon I–II. kötehez; Szöveggyűjtemény. Bratislava, Slovakia: Kalligram, 2013.
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  211. Companion volume to Komoróczy’s two-volume history of the Jews in Hungary. At nearly 1,500 pages, it contains archival sources and printed sources dealing with Hungarian Jewry from the 10th century until 2012.
  212. Find this resource:
  213. Miron, Guy, and Anna Szalai, eds. Jews at the Crossroads: The Jewish Identity Discourse in Hungary between Crisis and Renewal, 1908–1926. Ramat Gan, Israel: Bar-Ilan University Press, 2008.
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  215. Translations into Hebrew of Hungarian writings on the Jews between 1908 and 1926, with a particular focus on the nature of the “Jewish Question” and debates about how it should be framed.
  216. Find this resource:
  217. Journals
  218.  
  219. There is no single scholarly journal devoted to the Jews of Austria-Hungary, but several journals published in Hungarian, German, and English specialize in specific regions of the former monarchy and its successor states.
  220.  
  221. Hungarian-Jewish Studies. 1966–1969.
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  223. The three published volumes, with articles by Randolf L. Braham, Ernő Marton, Nathaniel Katzburg, Béla Vágo, and other leading scholars of Hungarian Jewry, examine the migration, demogaphy, politics, culture, and destruction of Hungarian Jewry.
  224. Find this resource:
  225. Jahrbuch der Gesellschaft für Geschichte der Juden in der Čechoslovakischen Republik. 1929–1938.
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  227. Yearbook of the Society for History of the Jews in the Czechoslovak Republic (1929–1938). Published scholarly articles—often of monograph length—on all aspects of Jewish life in the Bohemian lands. Publication ceased in 1938.
  228. Find this resource:
  229. Judaica Bohemiae. 1965–.
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  231. Published by the Jewish Museum in Prague from 1965 to the present. Conceived as the successor to the Jahrbuch der Gesellschaft für Geschichte der Juden in der Č echoslovakischen Republik. Primarily in English, but also contains articles in German, French, and Russian. Since 1989, the focus has been primarily the Czech lands, not Slovakia.
  232. Find this resource:
  233. Múlt es Jövő. 1911–1944, 1988–.
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  235. Translated as “Past and future.” Originally founded by József Patai, this literary, artistic, social, and critical periodical was published between 1911 and 1944 and reestablished in Budapest in 1988. This quarterly publishes many articles on Hungarian Jewish culture and history as well as a survey of contemporary publications dealing with Jewish issues.
  236. Find this resource:
  237. Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry. London: Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 1986–.
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  239. Leading journal of Polish Jewish studies. Often publishes individual articles or entire volumes on the Jews of Galicia. Volume 12 (Galicia: Jews, Poles and Ukrainians), Volume 23 (Jews in Krákow), Volume 26 (Jews and Ukrainians).
  240. Find this resource:
  241. Economic History
  242.  
  243. Jews played a pioneering role in the development of Austro-Hungarian industry and banking in the course of the 19th century. This was especially the case in “backward” Hungary, which is the focus of Janos 1982, McCagg 1972, Miller 2011, and Silber 1992. The recent monograph Gaugusch 2011 sheds light on Viennese business and family networks that often extended to other Austro-Hungarian cities.
  244.  
  245. Andlauer, Teresa. Die Jüdische Bevölkerung im Modernisierungsprozess Galiziens (1867–1914). Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 2001.
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  247. Examines the impact of the socioeconomic and political transformations on the Habsburg Monarchy’s largest Jewish community, which underwent a process of urbanization, proletarianization, and pauperization in the late 20th century. Particular focus on the economic restratification of Galician Jewry and relations with the various classes and national groups that comprised Galician society in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
  248. Find this resource:
  249. Don, Yehuda, and Victor Karady, eds. A Social and Economic History of Central European Jewry. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1990.
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  251. Based on a conference convened in Paris in 1986, bringing together Israeli, Hungarian, and American scholars of Central European Jewry. Focuses on socioeconomic patterns of the educated Jewish middle class, especially in Vienna and Budapest, from the late 19th century until 1938.
  252. Find this resource:
  253. Gaugusch, Georg. Wer einmal war: Das jüdische Grossbürgertum Wiens 1800–1938. Vienna: Amalthea, 2011.
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  255. After years of meticulous and painstaking research in archives and cemeteries of Central Europe, the leading genealogist of Habsburg Jewry has published detailed family trees of the wealthiest Jewish families in Vienna. Useful for reconstructing business and family networks among the Jewish (and often formerly Jewish) economic elite.
  256. Find this resource:
  257. Janos, Andrew. The Politics of Backwardness in Hungary, 1825–1945. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1982.
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  259. Nuanced study of the economic, social, and political history of Hungary between 1825 and 1945, exploring why the liberal institutions that were transplanted from the West did not produce a market economy and a robust democracy. One of the few works on Hungary to incorporate Jews into the larger narrative of political and economic development.
  260. Find this resource:
  261. Karady, Victor, and István Kemény. “Les juifs dans la structure des classes en Hongrie.” Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales 22 (June 1978): 25–60.
  262. DOI: 10.3406/arss.1978.2599Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  263. An effort to elucidate the conditions underlying the crisis of anti-Semitism in Hungary after World War I by examining class structures. The authors show that the Jewish bourgeoisie played a major role in building the country’s industrial, financial, and commercial infrastructure, yet remained outside the governing classes. By the beginning of the 20th century, the middle classes (and intelligentsia) remained divided into Jewish and Christian factions that were increasingly in competition with one another.
  264. Find this resource:
  265. McCagg, William. Jewish Nobles and Geniuses in Modern Hungary. Boulder, CO: East European Monographs, 1972.
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  267. Noticing the remarkable number of Hungarian Jews (and Hungarians of Jewish origin) who rose to the top of the Hungarian commercial and financial elite in the 19th century and were subsequently ennobled, the author samples the 346 Jewish families that acquired Hungarian nobility before 1918 to paint a prosopographical portrait of the Hungarian Jewish upper bourgeoisie.
  268. Find this resource:
  269. Miller, Michael L. “Going Native: Moritz Jellinek and the Modernization of the Hungarian Economy.” In The Economy in Jewish History: New Perspectives on the Interrelationship between Ethnicity and Economic Life. Edited by Gideon Reuveni and Sarah Wobick-Segev, 157–172. New York: Berghahn, 2011.
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  271. Study of Moritz Jellinek (1824–1883), young brother of the celebrated Viennese rabbi, Adolf, and the revolutionary martyr, Hermann. Through an examination of Moritz’s life and career, the author illustrates the role of Jews in the economic modernization of Hungary, showing how Moritz’s activities, including the development of a public transportation system in Budapest, were seen as an integral part of the Hungarian nation-building project.
  272. Find this resource:
  273. Silber, Michael, ed. Jews in the Hungarian Economy, 1760–1945. Studies Dedicated to Moshe Carmilly-Weinberger on His Eightieth Birthday. Jerusalem: Magnes, 1992.
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  275. Collection of essays by leading economic and social historians of Austria-Hungary, with a particular focus on Jewish commercial, industrial, entrepreneurial, and banking activity in Hungary’s backward, yet modernizing economy. Also includes essays on occupational and socioeconomic stratification, urbanization, and the standard of living of Jews.
  276. Find this resource:
  277. Demography
  278.  
  279. A number of demographic studies have been published in the last decades, especially on the Jews of the Czech lands. In this field, Vobecká 2007 draws on the important work in Heřman 1977 and Heřman 1980.
  280.  
  281. Don, Yehuda, and George Magos. “The Demographic Development of Hungarian Jewry.” Jewish Social Studies 45.3–4 (1983): 189–216.
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  283. Examines the demographic growth of Hungarian Jewry between 1720 and 1910 and the subsequent demographic decline after World War I. In trying to explain the decline, the authors examine various factors: aging, conversion, mixed marriage, and emigration.
  284. Find this resource:
  285. Heřman, Jan. “The Evolution of the Jewish Population of Bohemia and Moravia, 1754–1953.” In Papers in Jewish Demography, 1973: Proceedings of the Demographic Sessions Held at the 6th World Congress of Jewish Studies, Jerusalem, August 1973. Edited by U. O. Schmelz, Paul Glikson, and Sergio Della Pergola. Jerusalem: Institute of Contemporary Jewry, 1977.
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  287. Demographic study of Bohemian and Moravian Jewry from the 1754 census conducted in the reign of Maria Theresa until just after World War II.
  288. Find this resource:
  289. Heřman, Jan. “The Evolution of the Jewish Population in Prague, 1869–1939.” In Papers in Jewish Demography, 1977: Proceedings of the Demographic Sessions Held at the 7th World Congress of Jewish Studies, Jerusalem, August 1977. Edited by U. O. Schmelz, Paul Glikson, and Sergio Della Pergola, 14–18. Jerusalem: Institute of Contemporary Jewry, 1980.
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  291. Demographic study of Prague Jewry from just after emancipation until the eve of World War II.
  292. Find this resource:
  293. Rosenfeld, Max. “Die jüdische Bevölkerung Galiziens 1867–1910.” Zeitschrift für Demographie und Statistik der Juden 10–12 (1915): 96–105.
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  295. Demographic study of Galician Jewry from emancipation until the eve of World War II.
  296. Find this resource:
  297. Vobecká, Jana. Populační vývoj Židů v Čechách v 19. a první třetině 20. století: Společenské a hospodářské souvislosti. Prague: Národohospodářský ústav Josefa Hlávky, 2007.
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  299. Follows Jewish population trends in Bohemia from the mid-18th century to the mid-20th century, demonstrating that Jews started their transition from high fertility and high mortality to restricted fertility and low mortality decades before industrialization. Examines the social and economic characteristics that made Bohemia’s Jews among the first to adopt this reproduction model that has become almost universal in the developed world. (A revised and expanded version was published in English as “Demographic avant-garde: Jews in Bohemia between the Enlightenment and the Shoah.” Budapest: CEU, 2013.)
  300. Find this resource:
  301. Cities and Their Jews
  302.  
  303. By the outbreak of World War I, the Jews of Austria-Hungary were largely concentrated in the monarchy’s big cities, such as Vienna, Budapest, Prague, Pressburg, Lemberg (Lwów/Lvov), and Czernowitz, but also in smaller cities such as Brody and Graz. There is a large and growing body of literature, written by social, cultural, and urban historians, on the Jews of these urban centers. Vienna, more than any other Austro-Hungarian city, has received considerable scholarly attention.
  304.  
  305. Beller, Steven. Vienna and the Jews, 1867–1938: A Cultural History. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
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  307. Points to the preponderance of Jews (or rather, individuals of Jewish descent) among the intellectuals and artists in fin de siècle Vienna, arguing that Viennese high culture in this period was, in essence, produced by Jews. Challenges Carl Schorske, who explained this vibrant cultural creativity as a product of the liberal bourgeoisie who sought refuge in the “temple of art” due to their alienation and political marginalization.
  308. Find this resource:
  309. Frojmovics, Kinga, Géza Komoróczy, Viktória Pusztai, and Andrea Strbik. Jewish Budapest: Monuments, Rites, History. Edited by Géza Komoróczy. New York: Central European University Press, 1999.
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  311. Monumental history of Jewish life in Budapest from the Middle Ages to the post-communist period. Organized by district. Rich historical sources along with colorful literary anecdotes and a wide selection of never-before-published illustrations. Focuses on communal, cultural, religious, architectural, and sepulchral history, with occasional excursions into linguistic, culinary, and other topics. Section on “invisible Jewish Budapest,” details buildings and institutions that were shaped and formed by Jews, even if not for Jewish purposes. (English translation of A zsidó Budapest [Budapest: Városháza, 1995].)
  312. Find this resource:
  313. Galas, Michal, and Antony Polonsky, eds. Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry. Vol. 23, Jews in Krákow. Oxford: Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 2011.
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  315. Collection of articles, primarily by Polish historians, on schooling, language use, communal life, religious organizations, and political activity of Jews in Krákow.
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  317. Gelber, Nathan M., ed. Lwów. Jerusalem and Tel Aviv: Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora, 1956.
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  319. Memorial book of the Jews of Lwów (Lemberg), written in large part by Nathan Michael Gelber, historian of the Zionist movement and himself a native of Lwów. Gelber has also edited memorial books for other Galician Jewish communities, such as Kraków, Drohobych, and Busk. In Hebrew.
  320. Find this resource:
  321. Gold, Hugo. Die Juden und die Judengemeinde Bratislava in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart: Eins Sammelwerk. Brno, Czechoslovakia: Jüdischer Buchverlag, 1932.
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  323. Anthology of essays on the Jews of Bratislava (Pressburg/Pozsony) with studies on demographic, economic, educational, institutional, associational, political, and religious history. Extensively illustrated, with portraits of important men and photos of long-destroyed sites, such as cemeteries, synagogues, and the Jewish quarter.
  324. Find this resource:
  325. Kuzmany, Börries. Brody: Eine galizische Grenzstadt im langen 19. Jahrhundert. Vienna: Böhlau Verlag, 2011.
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  327. A multifaceted history of Brody, tracing the rise and fall of this Habsburg border town, with an economic, educational, and cultural significance far greater than its relatively modest size. Without romanticizing this “microcosm of ethno-confessional coexistence” (p. 220) the author focuses on the institutions that constituted the primary loci of interaction among the Jews, Poles, Ruthenians, and Austrians who inhabited the town.
  328. Find this resource:
  329. Lamprecht, Gerald. Fremd in der eigenen Stadt: Die moderne jüdische Gemeinde von Graz vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg. Innsbruck, Austria: Studienverlag, 2007.
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  331. Sociocultural history of the Jewish community in Graz, capital of Styria and Austria’s second-largest city. Examines the arrival of Jews at the end of the 18th century, the establishment of an official Jewish community in 1863, and the integration of Jews into the economic life of Graz as well as the rising anti-Semitism from the late 19th century onward.
  332. Find this resource:
  333. Rozenblit, Marsha L. The Jews of Vienna, 1867–1914: Assimilation and Identity. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1983.
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  335. Social history of the Jews of Vienna in the half century before the outbreak of World War I, with a focus on the tremendous demographic growth, educational trends, occupational stratification, residential living patterns, Jewish communal networks, intermarriage, and conversion.
  336. Find this resource:
  337. Stern, Frank, and Barbara Eichinger, eds. Wien und die jüdische Erfahrung 1900–1938. Vienna: Böhlau, 2009.
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  339. Diverse collection of essays on Vienna as a cultural, social, political, and economic center of Austrian-Jewish acculturation and assimilation.
  340. Find this resource:
  341. Wistrich, Robert. The Jews of Vienna in the Age of Franz Joseph. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989.
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  343. An encyclopedic cultural history of Viennese Jewry in the half century before the First World War. Chapters organized around important preachers, politicians, publicists, musicians, and literati.
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  345. Religious Movements
  346.  
  347. Much of the scholarship on religious movements in Austria-Hungary has focused on the division of Hungarian Jewry into separate Orthodox, Neolog, and status quo ante streams following the Jewish Congress of 1868–1871. The classic study on this topic is Katz 1998. Hungary was also the ideological birthplace of ultra-Orthodoxy, the subject of Silber 1992 and Ravitzky 1998.
  348.  
  349. Frojmovics, Kinga. Szétszakadt történelem: Zsidó vallási irányzatok Magyarországon 1868–1950. Budapest: Balassi, 2008.
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  351. Denominational history of Hungarian Jewry, from the Jewish Congress of 1868, which led to the eventual tripartite division of the Jewish communities into Neolog, Orthodox, and status quo ante, until the forced unification of Hungarian Jewry under communism in 1950. First half of the book covers the period of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. Second half covers the period from 1920 until 1950, including the Holocaust.
  352. Find this resource:
  353. Fuchs, Abraham. Hungarian Yeshivot from Grandeur to Holocaust. 2 vols. Jerusalem: Abraham Fuchs, 1978.
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  355. While many memorial volumes commemorate the Jewish communities destroyed in the Holocaust, this two-volume work celebrates and commemorates the Hungarian yeshivas that thrived prior to the Holocaust. In Hebrew.
  356. Find this resource:
  357. Katz, Jacob. A House Divided: Orthodoxy and Schism in Nineteenth-Century Central European Jewry. Hanover, NH: Brandeis University Press, 1998.
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  359. A comprehensive narrative and analysis of the trends leading to the Hungarian Jewish Congress of 1868 and the resulting schism of Hungarian Jewry into Orthodox, Neolog, and status quo ante communities. The Hungarian-born Israeli social historian examines the role of Samson Raphael Hirsch, in particular, focusing on the impact of his secessionist ideology on Hungarian Jewry.
  360. Find this resource:
  361. Kozinska-Witt, Hanna. Die Krakauer Jüdische Reformgemeinde 1864–74. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 1999.
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  363. A microhistorical study of the Reform Jewish community in Krakau (and, to some extent, Lemberg), using archival materials and local newspapers.
  364. Find this resource:
  365. Landesmann, Peter. Rabbiner aus Wien: Ihre Ausbildung, ihre religiösen und nationalen Konflikte. Vienna: Böhlau, 1997.
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  367. Prosopographical study of rabbis educated at and associated with the Beth ha-Midrasch and the Israelitisch-Theologische Lehranstalt in Vienna.
  368. Find this resource:
  369. Pietsch, Walter. Zwischen Reform und Orthodoxie: Der Eintritt des ungarischen Judentums in die moderne Welt. Berlin: Philo, 1999.
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  371. Collection of articles on Hungarian Orthodoxy and Reform, many of which first appeared in the Hungarian periodical, Múlt és Jővö. Topics include ultra-Orthodoxy, Zionism, and the religious schism in Hungary.
  372. Find this resource:
  373. Prepuk, Anikó. “Religious Equality and Jewish Emancipation: The Acceptance of the Jewish Denomination in Hungary in the 1890s.” In Tolerance and Intolerance in Historical Perspective. Edited by Csaba Lévai and Vasile Vese, 13–23. Pisa, Italy: Pisa University Press, 2003.
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  375. Examines debates in parliament and the public sphere in 1895 about the recognition of Judaism as a “received” religious denomination in Hungary.
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  377. Ravitzky, Aviezer. “Munkács and Jerusalem: Ultra-Orthodox Opposition to Zionism and Agudaism.” In Zionism and Religion. Edited by Shmuel Almog, Jehuda Reinharz, and Anita Shapira, 67–89. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1998.
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  379. Intellectual history of ultra-Orthodox opposition to Zionism, with a focus on the thought of Rabbi Hayim Elazar Shapira (1868–1937), the Munkácser Rebbe.
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  381. Silber, Michael K. “The Emergence of Ultra-Orthodoxy: The Invention of a Tradition.” In The Uses of Tradition: Jewish Continuity in the Modern Era. Edited by Jack Wertheimer, 23–84. New York and Jerusalem: Jewish Theological Seminary of America, 1992.
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  383. Pioneering study of ultra-Orthodoxy, demonstrating that this conservative, antimodernist movement is not “an unchanged and unchanging remnant of pre-modern, traditional Jewish society,” but rather a modern response to the manifold crises faced by Orthodox Jewry in the middle of the 19th century. Particular focus on the Hungarian milieu, showing how rabbis such as Moses Sofer, Hillel Lichtenstein, and Akiva Yosef Schlesinger drew on old strands and wove them into a new cloth.
  384. Find this resource:
  385. Gender
  386.  
  387. Gender studies is still in its infancy with regard to the Jews of Austria-Hungary. In fact, there is not even a scholarly monograph on Rosika Schwimmer (1877–1948), the Hungarian-born pacifist, feminist, and suffragette who also played an important role in American feminism. Since the 1990s, a few noteworthy works have appeared, but there is still much to be done.
  388.  
  389. Freidenreich, Harriet Pass. Female, Jewish and Educated: The Lives of Central European University Women. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2002.
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  391. Collective biography of Jewish women who attended university in Germany and Austria in the decades before the rise of Nazism.
  392. Find this resource:
  393. Hecht, Dieter J. Zwischen Feminismus und Zionismus: Die Biografie einer Wiener Jüdin; Anitta Müller-Cohen (1890–1962). Vienna: Böhlau, 2008.
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  395. During World War I, Müller-Cohen founded children’s homes, soup kitchens, and women’s vocational schools in Vienna, and after the war, she focused her activities on Vienna’s Jews. Subsequently, she spent time in Tel Aviv, London, and Luxembourg. The author uses her life as a prism to look at feminism and Zionism during World War I and in its aftermath.
  396. Find this resource:
  397. Iggers, Wilma A. “Jüdinnen in Böhmen und Mähren um 1900.” In Von einer Welt in die andere: Jüdinnen im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. Edited by Jutta Dick and Barbara Hahn, 157–166. Vienna: Christian Brandstätter, 1993.
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  399. Examines the role of women in Bohemia and Moravia between 1850 and World War I on the basis of sermons, women’s prayer books, Jewish belles lettres, and autobiographies.
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  401. Richers, Julia. “Johanna Bischitz, Katalin Gerő, and Budapest’s Jewish Women’s Association (1866–1943).” In Gender, Memory and Judaism. Edited by Judit Gazsi, Pető Andrea, and Zsuzsanna Toronyi, 126–141. Budapest: Balassi Kiadó, 2007.
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  403. Study of Budapest’s Jewish Women’s Association, its founders, and key members.
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  405. Culture
  406.  
  407. Many Jews and individuals of Jewish origin played a central role in the cultural efflorescence in Austria-Hungary in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, but this section of the article is not intended to be a list of “Jewish contributions” to European culture, but rather a list of articles and books that explore art, architecture, literature, and popular culture that was identified by its creators and/or consumers as distinctly Jewish. Synagogue architecture, Yiddish language and literature, self-consciously Jewish art, and distinctively Jewish humor and popular culture are among the topics explored in these works.
  408.  
  409. Bechtel, Delphine. La renaissance culturelle juive en Europe centrale et orientale, 1897–1930: Langue, littérature et construction nationale. Paris: Belin, 2002.
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  411. The author, a Yiddish literary scholar, examines the interaction and cross-fertilization of German Jewish and East European Jewish culture in the early decades of the 20th century, arguing that this contact engendered a Jewish cultural renaissance, with national overtones, in both Central and Eastern Europe.
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  413. Borský, Maroš. Synagogue Architecture in Slovakia: A Memorial Landscape of a Lost Community. Bratislava, Slovakia: Jewish Heritage Foundation, 2007.
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  415. A richly illustrated and thoroughly researched study of synagogue architecture in early-21st-century Slovakia, providing extensive documentation of extant as well as demolished houses of worship. Uses current Slovak names, so the reader ought to be familiar with the Hungarian or German town names that were once in use.
  416. Find this resource:
  417. Gluck, Mary. “Jewish Humor and Popular Culture in Fin-de-Siecle Budapest.” Austrian History Yearbook 39 (April 2008): 1–22.
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  419. Explores the performance of Jewish humor in Budapest’s music halls, orpheums, coffee houses, and cabarets, whose directors, actors, audiences, and financiers were largely Jewish.
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  421. Klein, Rudolf. Zsinagógák Magyarországon 1782–1918. Budapest: TERC, 2011.
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  423. A monumental study and typology of synagogues on the territory of the former Kingdom of Hungary (including early-21st-century Hungary, Slovakia, Croatia, and parts of Romania, Austria, Ukraine, and Serbia). Richly illustrated and written by the foremost historian of synagogue architecture in the former Habsubrg lands.
  424. Find this resource:
  425. Manekin, Rachel. “Die hebräische und jiddische Presse in Galizien.” In Politische Öffentlichkeit und Zivilgesellschaft. Vol. 8.2 of Die Habsburgermonarchie 1848–1918. Edited by Helmut Rumpler and Peter Urbanitsch. Vienna: Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2006.
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  427. Survey of the Hebrew and Yiddish newspapers published in Galicia, primarily in the first two decades of the 20th century.
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  429. Mendelsohn, Ezra. Painting a People: Maurycy Gottlieb and Jewish Art. Hanover, Germany: Brandies University Press, 2002.
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  431. Study of Maurycy Gottlieb (1856–1879), the Galician-born painter best known for depicting Jewish scenes, such as Jews Praying in the Synagogue on the Day of Atonement. The author explores Gottlieb’s oevre, showing how the painter was embraced as an “authentic” voice of the Jews, but also represented “the beginning of a universalist tradition among Jewish artists.”
  432. Find this resource:
  433. Spector, Scott. Prague Territories: National Conflict and Cultural Innovation in Franz Kafka’s Find de Siècle. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000.
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  435. Cultural history of German-speaking Jewish writers of Prague (Franz Kafka, Max Brod, Egon Erwin Kisch, Hugo Bergmann, et al.) who carved out a distinct cultural, political, and linguistic “territory” and served as mediators between Czech and German culture and between Eastern and Western Jewish culture.
  436. Find this resource:
  437. Vörös, Kati. “‘Judapest’ Satirized: Visual Images of Jews in Satirical Magazines in Fin-de-Siècle Budapest.” In The Semiotics of Racism: Approaches in Critical Discourse Analysis. Edited by Martin Reisigl and Ruth Wodak, 363–389. Vienna: Passagen Verlag, 2000.
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  439. Discussion of visual representations of Jews in Hungarian satirical magazines between 1867 and 1895, arguing that the embodiment of the Jews as the ultimate Other is not the Orthodox Jew, but the seemingly invisible and inaudible assimilated Jew.
  440. Find this resource:
  441. Weiser, Kalman, and Joshua A. Fogel, eds. Czernowitz at 100: The First Yiddish Conference in Historical Perspective. Papers presented at a conference held at York University in Toronto, April 2008. Lanham, MD: Lexington, 2010.
  442. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  443. Collection of essays on the Czernowitz Yiddish Conference in 1908 and the proponents and ideologues of Yiddish-based nationalism.
  444. Find this resource:
  445. Assimilation, National Identity, and Ethnic Conflict
  446.  
  447. Due to the multinational character of Austria-Hungary and the increasingly volatile nationality conflict toward the end of the 19th century, much of the wider scholarship on the Jews of Hungary, Bohemia and Moravia, and Galicia focuses not only on efforts by Jews to integrate culturally, linguistically, and socially into the hegemonic national group, but also on the concomitant backlash on the part of oppressed or marginalized national groups that view these efforts as inimical to their own national movements.
  448.  
  449. Barany, George. “‘Magyar Jew or Jewish Magyar?’ Reflections on the Question of Assimilation.” In Jews and Non-Jews in Eastern Europe, 1918–1945. Edited by Bela Vago and George L. Mosse. New York: Wiley, 1974.
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  451. Beginning with debates about Jewish emancipation in the 1840s, this classic essay explores the contours and limits of Jewish assimilation in Hungary, examining the equivocal support of assimilation on the part of Hungarian Liberals in the 19th century, and the ardent rejection of assimilation on the part of the Hungarian Right, especially after the First World War.
  452. Find this resource:
  453. Čapková, Kateřina. Češi, Němci, Židé? Národní identita Židů v Čechách 1918–1938. Prague: Paseka, 2005.
  454. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  455. This study of Jewish identities in Bohemia focuses on interwar Czechoslovakia, but it also provides important background on the competing and sometimes overlapping identities (Czech-Jewish, German Jewish, and Zionist) in the late Habsburg period.
  456. Find this resource:
  457. Cohen, Gary B. The Politics of Ethnic Survival: Germans in Prague, 1861–1914. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1981.
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  459. Detailed study of the beleaguered German minority in Prague in the last decades of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. Jews in this largely Czech-speaking city made up a large percentage of this cultural, political, and economic elite in decline.
  460. Find this resource:
  461. Giustino, Cathleen M. Tearing Down Prague’s Jewish Town: Ghetto Clearance and the Legacy of Middle-Class Ethnic Politics around 1900. Boulder, CO, and New York: East European Monographs, 2003.
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  463. Places the massive urban renewal project (“Finis ghetto”) within the context of Prague’s social and ethnic politics at the end of the 19th century, focusing on struggles between Czech middle-class interest groups and general attitudes toward the Jewish quarter that was slated for demolition.
  464. Find this resource:
  465. Kieval, Hillel J. The Making of Czech Jewry: National Conflict and Jewish Society in Bohemia, 1870–1918. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988.
  466. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  467. Written by the leading scholar of Czech Jewry, this book challenges the conventional view of Czech (and especially Prague) Jewry as a bastion of German culture and political loyalties by focusing on the “Czech-Jewish Movement,” which promoted Czech cultural and linguistic assimilation, and the “Prague Zionists,” who promoted a Jewish national program as an alternative to the German and Czech national movements.
  468. Find this resource:
  469. Konrad, Miklós. “Jews and Politics in Hungary in the Dualist Era, 1867–1914.” East European Jewish Affairs 39.2 (2009): 167–186.
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  471. In this period, which witnessed the unprecedented economic, social, and even political ascendency of newly emancipated Hungarian Jewry, representatives of the various Jewish groups were reluctant to pursue specifically “Jewish” interests. No organization was even established to fight against anti-Semitism.
  472. Find this resource:
  473. Manekin, Rachel. “The Debate over Assimilation in Late Nineteenth-Century Lwów.” In Insiders and Outsiders: Dilemmas of East European Jewry. Edited by Richard I. Cohen, Jonathan Frankel, and Stefani Hoffman, 120–130. Oxford: Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 2010.
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  475. Study of the pro-Polish Jewish integrationists in late 19th-century Galicia, and their failure to overcome the suspicions of the conservative Poles and the opposition of the Orthodox and the Zionists.
  476. Find this resource:
  477. Miller, Michael L. “The Rise and Fall of Archbishop Kohn: Czechs, Germans and Jews in Turn-of-the-Century Moravia.” Slavic Review 63.3 (Fall 2006): 446–474.
  478. DOI: 10.2307/4148659Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  479. Using the curious career of Theodor Kohn (1845–1915), archbishop of Olmütz/Olomouc, this article explores how this Catholic clergyman’s Jewish ancestry—and identifiably Jewish name—served as a lightning rod for debates over Jewish identity, the “Jewish Question,” and the Czech-German conflict around 1900.
  480. Find this resource:
  481. Ranki, Vera. The Politics of Inclusion and Exclusion: Jews and Nationalism in Hungary. New York and London: Holmes & Meier, 1999.
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  483. Argues that anti-Semitism is endemic to Hungary. The book’s controversial thesis contends that the Holocaust became inevitable in Hungary as inclusionary liberalism (1867–1918) gave way to exclusionary, antimodern conservatism (1920–1945) following World War I.
  484. Find this resource:
  485. Anti-Semitism and the “Jewish Question”
  486.  
  487. Anti-Semitism, as a political movement, emerged in Germany and Austria-Hungary in the 1870s and 1880s, and Pulzer 1964 (cited under Anti-Semitism and the “Jewish Question”: Austria) remains the classic work on this subject. Recently, the blood libels in Tiszaeszlár and Polná (The Hilsner Affair) have received considerable scholarly attention in Frankl 2000, Kieval 1996 (both cited under Anti-Semitism and the “Jewish Question”: Bohemia and Moravia), and Kövér 2011 (cited under Anti-Semitism and the “Jewish Question”: Hungary). Anti-Jewish violence in late-19th-century Galicia has been examined in Buchen 2012 and Unowsky 2010 (both cited under Anti-Semitism and the “Jewish Question”: Galicia). Frankl 2007 (cited under Anti-Semitism and the “Jewish Question”: Bohemia and Moravia) and Gyurgyák 2001 (cited under Anti-Semitism and the “Jewish Question”: Hungary) have examined the emergence of the “Jewish Question” in the Czech and Hungarian contexts, respectively, examining the interplay of anti-Semitism and nationalism.
  488.  
  489. Hoensch, Jörg K., Stanslav Biman, and L’ubomir Lipták, eds. Judenemanzipation—Antisemitismus—Verfolgung in Deutschland, Österreich-Ungarn, den Böhmischen Ländern und in der Slowakei. Essen, Germany: Klartext, 1999.
  490. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  491. Examines anti-Semitic violence in Germany as well as the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and its successor states.
  492. Find this resource:
  493. Katz, Jacob. From Prejudice to Destruction: Anti-Semitism, 1700–1933. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1980.
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  495. This comprehensive overview of cultural, political, and racial anti-Semitism includes important chapters on anti-Semitism and the “Jewish Question” in Austria and Hungary.
  496. Find this resource:
  497. Austria
  498.  
  499. Scholarship on anti-Semitism in Austria is intimately linked to scholarship on anti-Semitism in Germany. This is particularly the case with Pulzer 1964, which examines political anti-Semitism. Pauley 1992 focuses on the social and political sphere, paying special attention to Jewish responses to political anti-Semitism.
  500.  
  501. Pauley, Bruce F. From Prejudice to Persecution: A History of Austrian Anti-Semitism. Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 1992.
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  503. A chronological and typographical survey of Austrian anti-Semitism from the late 19th century until the 1980s, with a particular focus on the period from 1914 to 1938.
  504. Find this resource:
  505. Pulzer, Peter. The Rise of Political Anti-Semitism in Germany and Austria. New York: John Wiley, 1964.
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  507. Pioneering study of political anti-Semitism in Germany and Austria. Sees rejection of liberalism by large segments of the population as the key to understanding the political and cultural resonance of anti-Semitism.
  508. Find this resource:
  509. Hungary
  510.  
  511. The Tiszaeszlár blood libel trial (1882–1883) divided Hungarian society the way the Dreyfus Affair divided French society a decade later. Handler 1980, Handler 1989, and Kövér 2011 are devoted monographs to the trial and its primary instigator, Győző Istóczy, while Katzburg 1969 and Gyurgyák 2001 incorporate the trial into each author’s longer study of Hungarian anti-Semitism. Hanebrink 2006 explores the role of anti-Semitism in Hungarian nationalism from the late 19th century until the Holocaust.
  512.  
  513. Gyurgyák, János. A zsidókérdés Magyarországon: Politikai eszmetörténet. Budapest: Osiris, 2001.
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  515. A comprehensive digest of the literature on the “Jewish Question” in Hungary from the 19th century until the end of the 20th century.
  516. Find this resource:
  517. Handler, Andrew. Blood Libel at Tiszaeszlár. Boulder, CO: East European Monographs, 1980.
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  519. Detailed narrative of the trial surrounding the ritual murder accusation in Tiszaeszlár, Hungary, in 1882–1883.
  520. Find this resource:
  521. Handler, Andrew. An Early Blueprint for Zionism: Győző Istóczy’s Political Anti-Semitism. Boulder, CO: East European Monographs, 1989.
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  523. Biography of Istóczy (1842–1915), the founder of Hungarian political anti-Semitism, who in 1878 called on the Jews of Hungary to move to Palestine.
  524. Find this resource:
  525. Hanebrink, Paul. In Defense of Christian Hungary: Religion, Nationalism and Antisemitism, 1890–1944. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2006.
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  527. Examines how Hungarian nationalism, which had been liberal and inclusive in the 19th century, was redefined in narrowly “Christian” terms after World War I. The destructive “Jewish spirit” came to be seen as the national enemy.
  528. Find this resource:
  529. Katzburg, Nathaniel. Antishemiyut ba-Hungarya, 1867–1914. Tel Aviv: Dvir, 1969.
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  531. History of political anti-Semitism in Hungary, with a focus on the blood libel at Tiszaeszlár, the debate over civil marriage, the Catholic People’s Party, and the attitudes of national minorities (e.g., Romanians and Slovaks) toward Hungary’s Jews. In Hebrew.
  532. Find this resource:
  533. Kövér, György. A Tiszaeszlári Drama. Budapest: Osiris, 2011.
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  535. Using the tools of microhistory, history of mentalities, and social drama theory, the author reconstructs the daily life and social relations in the remote village of Tiszaeszlár at the time of the ritual murder trial in 1882–1883.
  536. Find this resource:
  537. Bohemia and Moravia
  538.  
  539. The Hilsner Affair takes center stage in the scholarship on anti-Semitism in Bohemia and Moravia in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Kieval 1996 and Frankl 2000 are important works on this topic. Frankl 2007 revises the traditional view of Czech anti-Semitism, placing it in the context of other antiliberal ideologies at the turn of the century.
  540.  
  541. Frankl, Michal. “The Background of the Hilsner Case: Political Antisemitism and Allegations of Ritual Murder, 1896–1900.” Judaica Bohemiae 36 (2000): 34–118.
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  543. Argues that the growth in intensity of Czech anti-Semitism in the late 19th century was a prerequisite for the Hilsner Affair, the anti-Semitic cause célèbre in which a Jew was tried for—and actually found guilty of—ritual murder.
  544. Find this resource:
  545. Frankl, Michal. “Emancipace od židů”: Český antisemitismus na konci 19. století. Prague: Paseka, 2007.
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  547. Examines the development of anti-Semitism among the Czech-speaking population between 1879 and 1899, challenging the traditional characterization of Czech anti-Semitism as nonracial and rooted in the Czech-German conflict in the Bohemian lands. The author argues, instead, that the Czech anti-Semitism is not exceptional and must be understood on the backdrop of the regnant antiliberal ideologies in Europe at the end of the 19th century. (Published in German as “Prag ist nunmehr antisemitisch”: Tschechischer Antisemitismus am Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts [Berlin: Metropol, 2011].)
  548. Find this resource:
  549. Kieval, Hillel J. “Death and the Nation: Ritual Murder as Political Discourse in the Czech Lands.” Jewish History 10.1 (1996): 75–91.
  550. DOI: 10.1007/BF01848254Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  551. Examines the role of the Hilsner Affair and other Central European ritual murder accusations in elaborating politics and political relationships in the Czech lands, in determining group boundaries, and in defining allegiances.
  552. Find this resource:
  553. Galicia
  554.  
  555. Recent scholarship on anti-Semitism in Galicia has focused primarily on the anti-Jewish riots in 1898. Unowsky 2010 and Buchen 2012 place these riots in the context of mass politics at the turn of the century.
  556.  
  557. Buchen, Tim. Antisemitismus in Galizien: Agitation, Gewalt und Politik gegen Juden in der Habsburgermonarchie um 1900. Berlin: Metropol Verlag, 2012.
  558. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  559. Examines the outbreak of anti-Jewish violence in Galicia in 1898 on the backdrop of efforts by clerical and populist politicians to exclude Jews from the social and economic life of this Habsburg crownland.
  560. Find this resource:
  561. Unowsky, Daniel. “Peasant Political Mobilization and the 1898 Anti-Jewish Riots in Western Galicia.” European History Quarterly 40.3 (2010): 412–435.
  562. DOI: 10.1177/0265691410370098Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  563. The author examines the anti-Jewish riots in Galicia in 1898, seeing them not merely as a manifestation of backwardness on the part of the peasant population, but as a beginning of mass politics in the Habsburg countryside.
  564. Find this resource:
  565. Zionism
  566.  
  567. Theodor Herzl (1860–1904) and Max Nordau (1849–1923) were both born in Budapest, and Herzl spent much of his short life in Vienna, so a bibliography of Zionism in Austria-Hungary could be devoted to the many biographies and writings of these founders of political Zionism. Instead, this section primarily includes general histories of the Zionist movement in Austria-Hungary, with a broader focus on organizational politics and ideological debates.
  568.  
  569. Gaisbauer, Adolf. Davidstern und Doppeladler: Zionismus und jüdischer Nationalismus in Österreich, 1882–1918. Vienna: Böhlau, 1988.
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  571. Detailed survey of the Zionism in Cisleithania, drawing on newspapers, archives, and memoirs to reconstruct the movement on the local level. Emphasizes the strength of cultural Zionism, especially in Bohemia, Moravia, and Austria.
  572. Find this resource:
  573. Gelber, Nathan M. Toldot ha-tenua ha-tsiyonit be-Galitsya 1875–1918. 2 vols. Jerusalem: Rubin Mass, 1958.
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  575. Comprehensive history of the Zionist movement in Habsburg Galicia, written by Nathan Michael Gelber (1891–1966), the Galician-born historian and Zionist leader. Examines the Zionism movement and Jewish national politics in Galicia on the basis of extensive archival and publicist sources.
  576. Find this resource:
  577. Handler, Andrew. Dori: The Life and Times of Theodor Herzl in Budapest (1860–1878). Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1983.
  578. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  579. Biography of Theodor Herzl, focusing on his childhood and youth in Budapest.
  580. Find this resource:
  581. Mendelsohn, Ezra. “From Assimilation to Zionism in Lvov: The Case of Alfred Nossig.” Slavonic and East European Review 49 (1971): 521–534.
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  583. Son of a Germanophile, Habsburgtreu father, Alfred Nossig (1864–1943) gravitated toward pro-Polish assimilation and then Zionism. Through Nossig, the author explores the different Jewish political orientations available to Galician Jews at the end of the 19th century.
  584. Find this resource:
  585. Shumsky, Dimitry. Beyn Prag li-Yerushalayim: Tsiyonut Prag ve-raʻayon ha-medinah ha-du-leʼumit be-Erets-Yisraʼel. Jerusalem: Leo Baeck Institute, 2010.
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  587. A study of the sociocultural background of Prague Zionism with a focus on key figures, such as Hugo Bergmann, Hans Kohn, Robert Weltsch, and Max Brod. By placing these thinkers in the bilingual (Czech and German) and multiethnic context of turn-of-the-century Prague, the author seeks to understand their later attraction in Jerusalem to Brith Shalom, which advocated a binational state in Palestine. Published in German as Zweisprachigkeit und binationale Idee: Der Prager Zionismus 1900–1930 (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2013).
  588. Find this resource:
  589. Zehavy, Yekutiel Zvi. Meha-Hatam Sofer ve-’ad Hertsel: Toldot Hibat Tsiyon ve-reshit ha-Tsiyonut be-Hungarya . . . mi-shenat 559 (1799) ‘ad 664 (1904). Jerusalem: ha-Sifriyah ha-Tsiyonit, 1965.
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  591. The author traces the history of Zionism back to a Moses Sofer, rabbi of Pressburg, and presents Theodor Herzl’s political Zionism as a natural outgrowth of the Hungarian-Jewish milieu.
  592. Find this resource:
  593. World War I
  594.  
  595. Austria-Hungary dissolved at the end of World War I, torn asunder and replaced by various successor states. The scholarship on the Jews of Austria-Hungary focuses primarily on anti-Jewish violence, the Galician refugee crisis, and the rising doubts about Jewish loyalty to the emerging nation-states.
  596.  
  597. Bihari, Péter. Lövészárkok a hátországban: Középosztály, zsidókérdés, antiszemitizmus az első világháború Magyarországán. Budapest: Napvilág, 2008.
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  599. Study of the Hungarian home front during World War I, with a focus on the middle classes and the rising antagonism toward Jews. Argues that the war was a turning point in the division of Hungarian society into the two hostile camps that have dominated public life ever since.
  600. Find this resource:
  601. Rechter, David. The Jews of Vienna and the First World War. London: Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 2001.
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  603. Based on extensive archival research, this monograph explores Viennese Jewry before and during World War I, arguing that the three main ideological camps (nationalist, integrationist, and Orthodox) remained steadfast in their views, even after the end of the Great War. The focus on social and communal history—and especially on the Galician refugees—distinguishes this work from much of the other scholarship on the Jews of late imperial Vienna.
  604. Find this resource:
  605. Rozenblit, Marsha. Reconstructing a National Identity: The Jews of Habsburg Austria during World War I. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
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  607. Explores the impact of the Great War on the “tripartite identity” of Habsburg Jews in Vienna, Bohemia, and Moravia. This tripartite identity, which combined steadfast loyalty to the state, affiliation with a major culture (usually German), and a sense of separate Jewish ethnicity, helps explain the Jews’ enthusiastic support for the war and their postwar nostalgia for multinational Austria-Hungary, which was more tolerant than most of the successor states.
  608. Find this resource:
  609. Schuster, Frank M. Zwischen allen Fronten: Osteuropäische Juden während des Ersten Weltkrieges (1914–1919). Cologne: Böhlau Verlag, 2004.
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  611. Focusing on the Eastern front, the author surveys the daily life of Jews in Galicia, Bukovina, Congress Poland, and Lithuania during the successive Russian, Austrian, and German occupations, examining pogroms and deportations, hardships and hunger, and interactions between Jews and various ethnic and national groups in the contested region.
  612. Find this resource:
  613. Victor Prusin, Alexander. Nationalizing a Borderland: War, Ethnicity and Anti-Jewish Violence in East Galicia, 1914–1920. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2005.
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  615. Occupied by Russian forces during World War I, Habsburg Galicia was caught between Russification and Polonization campaigns, and its Jews suffered violence at the hands of Austrian, Polish, Russian, and Ukrainian troops during the war and in its aftermath. The author examines the interplay of mob violence and state-sponsored violence against the Jews.
  616. Find this resource:
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