Review: Motherboard PCI's, Cables
200, 266, 333, 400
x2 every ddr x8 industry name


BIOS(Basic Input Output System):

Old: Hardware > BIOS > OS
Now: Harware > BIOS > Hypervisor > OS[1,2,3...]
Hypervisor Allocates hardware resources. On 'host machine'
Start BIOS with F2(sometimes Del, Esc)
	Startup -> F2
		-I/O Devices(Turn on/off)
		-Wake On Lan - Remotely turn on computer
		-Date/Time
		-CPU Clock Speed
		-Virtualization
Changes saved on CMOS battery
Update BIOS:
	Determine Current Version: MSINFO/DXDIAG command
	Find Correct Update[computer manufacturers website] - Download Current and New
	Find Secure Power Source[UPS: Uninterruptable Power Supply]
	Install new BIOS
Diagnostics
POST- Power On Self Test
	CPU & BIOS Information
	System Timer
	Video Card
	Memory/Ram
	Keyboard
	Disk Drives
Post Card - Diagnostics tool, plug into PCI slot to give error code

Bios Security:
	Password
		Supervisor Password - change BIOS settings
		User Password - given permissions by supervisor,only view BIOS setting
	Lojac- Pesistance Module, reinstall software. Find location, delete personal information
	TPM(Trusted Platform Module) - Holds security/encryption keys
Boot up Hard Drive > CD > USB > PXE(get OS from a server)

                         Motherboard
Types:
ATX(Advanced Technology Extend)-[SIZE: width 12''x9.6'' depth] Rear I/O cluster, Expansion slots(short side), L. side case opening
7 expansion slots(MAX)
Micro ATX -[9.6'' x 9.6''] - 4 Expansion slots[MAX], Dual channel memory 2 slot banks(4 total)
ITX
Micro ITX - [6.7'' x 6.7''MAX]

Buses: 32/64 bit(theoretical width of highway) and speeds(MHz)
CPU -> North Bridge -> Memory, Graphics, south bridge > I/O ports PCI
Jumpers, small pins, change computer settings, provide power to buttons, front panel display, fan
Address-Memory Addresses
Data-Data between CPU and RAM
Expansion- for addon adapter cards
Expansion Cards: Sound, Video, Network, Wireless, Modem, Storage, TV Tuner, Video Capture
Ports: PCI, PICx, PCIe, AGP(Borrows computer memory),
Internal Connectors: SATA(Common) PATA(Parallel, wide), SCSI

						Processor
Slots:
Single Edge Contact Cartridge- Easy to install, but bulky and hard to fit in computer case
Plastic Dual in Line package - legs into housing
Pin Grid Array - Square CPU pins on underside
Land Grid Array - Pins are on motherboard
Cores - each core acts as individual processor
Hyperthreading(INTEL Only) - doesn't waste time, takes advantage of clock time to make cpu always working
Integrated GPU - Graphics processing is in Processor, discreet is graphics card
Sockets:
	INTEL:
		LGA775(Land Grid Array, 775 pins)- Used by Late Pentium 4, Pentium D, Late Celeron
		LGA1366 - used by core i7 9xx series, xeon
		LGA1156 - first gen core i3, i5, i7
		LGA1555 - Second gen(sandy bridge) i3, i5, i7
	AMD:
	Socket 940 - PGA, used by Athlon 64fx, early opteron
	Socket AM2 - Also 940 pins, 16GHz Sempron 30GHz Athlon
	Socket AM2+ - Also 940 pins, phenom x3 and x4, athlon x2
	Socket AM3 - Also 941 pins, phenom II x3,x4,x6 Atlon II x2, x5 sempron 1x
	Socket AM3+ - supports max 8 cores, 942 pins.
	Socket FM1 - 905 pins,  Athlon II x4, x6 A4-33xx series
	Socket F - 1207 pins, LGA. Made for servers. Athlon 64(x2)

						RAM(Random Access Memory)
Types:
	SDRAM(Synchronous Dynamic RAM) - stays on same clock cycle as computer
	RAMbus
	DDR(Double Data Rate):
		DDR -184pin Dimm x2 Speed SDRAM
		DDR2 - 240pin Dimm + More latency DDR1
		DDR3 - 240pin Dimm Better Latency than DDR2
Error Checking:
	Pairity - takes first 8 bits, adds 9 for error checking
	ECC(Error Correcting Code) - Tries to correct problem
Memory Sizes:
	DIMM(Dual In Line Memory Module)- Desktop
	SODIMM (Small Outline Dual Inline Memory Module)- Laptops, Smaller
SIMM(Single In Line Memory Module) - one memory accessed independently
DIMM(Double In Line Memory Module) - Two sides accessed independently

						Disks
CD: 700mb
DVD: Single Layer - 4.7GB DL - 8.4GB
BD(Blue Ray): BD-R - 25GB(Max) BD-RE - 50GB
R- Write once RW- Write indefinetly ROM- Read Only
Disk Reader speeds(1-8x) - CD- 150kbps DVD - 1.35mbps BD -4.5mbps
Floppy Disks:
	DSDD-720kb
	DSHD-1.44mb
	DSED-2.88mb

					Drives/Memory Storage/Data Connections
RAID(Redundant Array Independant Disks)
RAID0 - write on two drives simultaniously. If one disk fails, the other does too. Double speed
Raid1 - Mirrors information on two drives.
Raid10(RAID0+1) - Striping + Mirroring, 4 drivers
Raid5-Pairity, backs some data on drives, some can be recovered >=3 drives

						Cloud Services
Cloud Services: Private-Business, Public-Everyone,Community-specific people, Hybrid-Mix
Cloud Service Models [x as a Service]:
	Software - offers Application
	Platform - Host application, not server itself, firewalls
	Infrastructure - VPS, total control



					Operating Systems
32 bit - 3GB~ RAM wall
64 bit -


pwd(present working directory) - location
ls-list of [blue-directories green-scripts white-files]
cd- go to directory
	+ .. go back
cat(concatonate) - open file
touch - create file
rm - remove files
ifconfig-ipconfig
ps - processescat
	+ -aux - all processes
| grep [searchfor]- searches input for message
Sudo - Root Perms
Passwd - Password
su - switch user
drwx - Directory Read Write Execute
mkdir [name]- Make Directory
rmdir [name]- Remove Directory
shutdown [-r(optional)] <delay till shutdown #/now>
	-r = Restart
vi editor commands:
vi [newfilename]
esc - command mode
: - command line start
wq - quit
apt(advanced packaging tool)
sudo apt-get install [package/program]
sudo apt-get upgrade - upgrades all
./ = run script
chown = change ownershipsu
perl [file] - interprets perl scripts

				Cables
Types:
	Analog - wave like pattern of information
	Digital - block like pattern, binary
	Serial - 1 bit at a time
	Parallel - byte(8 bits) at a time(Electromag. interruption, more wire, worse)
 USB - 12mbps 5m
 USB 2.0 - 480mbps 5m
 USB 3.0 - 5gbps 5m
 Low Power USB - 1.5mbps 3m
Firewire - IEEE - 1394
 IEEE1394a - 400 Mbps - 6 pin (4 data 2 power)
 IEEE1394b - 800 Mbps - 9 pin
SATA - 7 pin, 1ft min 1m max 1 to 1 port to device
	SATA1 - 1.5 Gbps
	SATA2 - 3.0 Gbps
	SATA3 - 6.0 Gbps
	eSATA - 5.0 Gbps
PATA/IDE - 40 pins 80 wires. 100/133Mbps 18inch max
Serial/COM/rs-232 - one bit at a time
	DB-9M(ale) - 9 pins 5 over 4
	DB-25M - 25 pins
PS/2 Ports Purple - Keyboard, Green - Mouse
VGA(Analog) - 15 Pins used for monitor, transmitted in waves
DVI(Digital Visual Interface) - 24 pins trasnmitted 1's or 0's. D has analog(4 square pins)
HDMI(Digital) - Video & Audio Type A: 29pin 1080p, B: 29, 3840x2400, C: 19 MiniHDMI, D: 19 MicroHDMI
DVI: D-Digital A-Analog '+' pin has analog  I-Both
Display - Yellow - Composite Red,Blue,Green- Component more colors red,white- audio
Audio:
	1/8'' - Analog
	HDMI - Digital
	MIDI - Musical Inst. Digital Interface
	Coax S/PDIF - Sony Phillips Digital Interface
twisted pair - twist cancel electro-mag interference
	RJ-45(Registered Jack)- 8 wires/connectors, T568A/T568B
		Cat 3 - 10Mbs, 16Mhz
		Cat 5 - 100Mbs, 100Mhz (ATM - 155MHz)
		Cat 5e - 1000Mbps (slightly better performance)
		Cat 6 - 1Gbs, 250MHz - ATM(155MHz)
		Cat 6a - 10GBs, 550MHz
	Straight same connections computer->router
	Crossover - different color connection on each side
	T1 Crossover - straight but 1,2,4,5 go to 4,5,1,2
To replace, need new internet card, cabling in wall replaced, ISP speeds
	RJ-11 - 6 Wires/ 2 Connectors - Telephones, smaller than RJ-45
		TS68A/TS68B -
Fiber - light signals. fragile | Core-light goes through cladding-reflects light to core flexible, inner insulation - humidity, protection outer insulation sc-standard lc-local st-straight tip fc-fiber channel
No Electromagnetic interference  Single Mode Fiber(SMF) - Single Core 50 miles. Multimode fiber(MMF)- Thicker Core, 500 meters
Coaxial- sheathe is ground screw or twist and lock
RG-59 - Old Television Cable
RG-6 -Shielding better, modern, F connectors
Bluetooth - 2.4GHz, 10m length, self configuring
Infared - 16Mbs, 1m line of sight
RF(Wi-Fi)- 802.11a, 802.11n, 802.11g

			NETWORKING
TCP/IP -(Transmission Control Protocol, Internet Protocol)
MAC(PHYSICAL ADDRESS) - Media Access Control  UNIQUE, 6 Pairs/Hexadecimal 0-F  XX-XX-XX-XX-XX-XX
IPV4 Network: 192.168.1.X HOST: XXX.XXX.X.1
SUBNET MASK - 255.255.0.0 255's are the network id so 10.0.0.1 it's be 10.0.x.x
Classless Inter Domain Routing(CIDR) e.g. /8 /12 8 bits every bracket 192.168.001.001 is 32  /8 is one segment back is network ID
IPV4 Class A - (0-126).x.x.x HUGE /32
	 Class B - (128-191).(0-255).x.x /16
	 Class C -192.0.0.x - 223.255.255.x /8
	 Class D - 224.0.0.0-239.0.0.0 multicasting
	 Class E - 240.0.0.0-255.0.0.0 experimental
	 255.255.255.255-broadcasts to all
Router: Private address-used for internal routing public-used on internet
Automatic Private IP Addresses(APIPA)169.254.0.0 Connection Diagnostics
Default Gateway - 192.168.1.1 usually, usually router
	STATIC - Self Address, Servers, Printers, Routers
	Dynamic - DHCP(DHCP Discover broad messsages to all routers for IP, sends new IPP, Default Gateway, DNS, lease/exp)
	Domain Name System
		FQDN(Fully Qualified Domain Name) - Domain Name ->IP
		Cybrary.it Router>DNS>IT>CYBRARY> WWW. FILE ON SERVER
IPV6- 128bit 3.4x10^38 addresses, hexadecimal, :: means entire area of missing :0000:'s
	Unicast- Link Local(Starts with FE8) Site Local -starts with FE(C-F)  Unique Local - FCO, FDO Global Unicast - Single Globally Routable Interface IPV4 Public 001 Binary header with 45 bit global routing 16bit net ID 64bit individual
	MultiCast- start with FF, broadcast to multiple computers
	AnyCast - sends message to closest computerz
Ports: 65.535 ports 192.168.1.4:80, work in TRANSPORT LAYER
	Layers of communication: Application, Transport, Network, Link, Physical
UDP(User Datagram Protocol)- Smaller Packet Size. Packet Header is 8 bytes. Connectionless protocol - doesn't get acknowledgemnt of data sent. Doesn't resend corrupted/lost packages (streaming, DNS) sends in chunks
TCP(Transmission Control protocol) - Larger Packets, header 20bytes. Connection Oriented. Three way handshake. Continued stream of data. Good for files
Networking Protocols - uses ports to classify info
	FTP(File Transfer Protocol) - 21 TCP(Insecure, no encryption) | TFTP(Trivial FTP) - 69 UDP | SFTP(Secure FTP) - 22 TCP (SSH Encryption)
	Telnet - 23 UDP/TCP, Insecure Remote Terminal
	SMTP(Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) - 25 TCP sends email {Computer > EMAIL service > Reciever} | POP3(Post Office Protocol) 110 TCP  used to recieve email | IMAP 143 TCP  POP3 but always keeps backup on server
	DNS - 53 TCP/UDP | HTTP(Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) - 80 TCP [Send/Recieve info to web servers] | HTTPS(Secure) - 443 TCP
	RDP(Remote Desktop) - 33,389 TCP/UDP DHCP(Dynamic Host Config Protocol) - IP settings | LDAP -Modify info on directory servers) SNMP (Simple Network management) - manages switches, routers, printers, work stations
	SMB(Server Message Block)/CIFS(Common Inf. File system) - access files on servers | SSH(Secure Shell) - Encryption, keys between server and client Command Line Control

					Wireless
SSID(Service Set identifier) Key - Password: WEP(FLAWED),WPA[Wifi protected access] TKIP Encryption, WPA2-AES Encryption
802.11x A-[54mb/s-5Ghz-50ft] B-[11mbs-2.4GHz-150ft] G-[53MB/s-2.4GHz-50ft] N-[600MB/s-2.4GHz-175ft]/[300MB/s-5GHz-50ft]
2.4GHz- 14 channels, U.S. 1-11 are available , No overlapping channels, interference, 1-6-11 are good
Bluetooth: Class 1- 100mW, 100m | Class 2 - 2.5mW, 10m(shorter, so faster connection) | Class 3  - low power 1mW, 1m

					ROUTERS
SSID - Nickname, 32 characters, disable broadcast WEP<WPA<WPA2-AES
DHCP can be disabled, MAC Filtering, modify channels (1-14)
Firewall: Filter ports, protocols, Inboud/Outbound, implied deny
	Port Forwarding - Gives priority of ports  to certain devices Port Triggering- IF port 1444 out, then port 4455 is allowed
NAT
	Static -1 to 1 internal, to public address
	Dynamiic - 1 to pool address, multiple external
	Overloading(PAT, Port Address Translation) - Many to one
DMZ - Buffer Zone. External router allows(DMZ), internal router very secure.
WPS- Security Shortcut, insecure
QOS(Quality Of Service) - based on MAC Address, gives devices Priority.

					Internet Types
ISP types: Dial up(56KB/s)
ISDN(Dial Up) - Terminal Adaptor, 64kbs per channel, BRI[2 data 1 control], PRI[23 data 1 control]
DSL(Dial Up Higher Frequency) - DSL Filters(use phone and internet), 3mbs standard / 20mbs ADSL(Asymmetric) / 52mbs VDSL
CABLE- Modem(Transciever)- Digial(computer), Analog(OverLine), Digital(Other Computer), 100mbps
Satellite- 12MBs, HUGE latency
Wimax(Line of site)-802.16e, disperse wireless connection from single station to multiple devices, 70mbs 2-11GHz(Unlicensed) 19-66GHz(Licensed)
Cellular - 3G(14Mbs max), 4G(100mbs MAX), 4G LTE(Up to 1Gbs)
Fiber - Beams of light(300mbps-1000mbps), FTTN(Fiber To The Node)- ISP -> Street Box, FTTC(Fiber To The Curb)- ISP -> close street box, FTTP(Fiber To The Premice)- ISP ->Building

					Networks
LANs(Local Area Network)- Home/Office 2nd smallest
WANs(Wide Area Network)- Connect multiple buildings/lans, Internet biggest WAN
PANs(Personal Area Network) - Bluetooth, Infared, Desktop connected with phone, bluetooth speakers, monitor webcam Internet Of Things
MANs(Metro. Area Network)- Cities, Subway, Colleges
Topologies
	MESH - several different nodes connected to more than 1 other node Good: Withstand more traffic Bad: Cost, Difficult to maintain
	RING - All nodes connected to two neighbor, ring shape. Token(Hot Potato): one person can send at a time. Good: Less Collisions, equal access Con: Data takes path through commputers, 1 node down destroys it
	BUS - Each node sends messages with broadcast. One single cable, terminators on each side. Coaxil Bad: One node off fails entire topology.
	STAR - All nodes connected to central device. Other devices can leave, but not main one(router) Good: Better handling of traffic, easier to troubleshoot
	HYBRID - Two or multiple Topologies integrated

					Network Devices
HUB - Star Topology. Active- router broadcasts incoming signal, boosts and regens signal. Passive- Active without boost. Intelligent- Processes packages recieved
Switches - HUBs but keep MAC address, each node is a port. Layer 2 - Just remembers MAC. Layer 3 - Address Resolution Protocol, similar to routers but no internet
Router - Connects private to public network. Routing tables - how to go point a to point b.
PoE(Power over Ethernet) - powered RJ-45, supported by switch/cable
Access Points - Router wired to access point for WiFi/wireless connection, has WEP/WPA/WPA2 encryption
Bridge(Range Extenders, also through electric sockets) - Router > Wireless to another wireless > computer
NAS(Network Attached Storage) - Can use RAID, connected to router, access via private site
VOIP(Voice Over IP)
Tools
Crimper - Attach a terminating and connecting end.
Tone Prober, one side sends tone, other makes noise when near other side.
Cable Tester- two parts, one sends power over ethernet to other. 1-8 lights up for each wire.
Punch Down Tool - punches down cables into head.

INKJET Printers
DPI - 1200DPI is good, print head, rollers, feeder
IMPACT - 9-24 pin print head
INSTALLING PRINTERS -
get drivers, USB a to USB B or parallel ports, maybe serial.
Wireless, Wifi, Bluetooth, Infrared.
LASER - Replacing Toner, Maintenance Kit, Calibration(auto), cleaning
Inkjet - Replace cartridges, clogged nozzles, leaky cartrdge, dust.
thermal - get thermal paper, clean heating element(sometimes beginning of paper cleans), remove debris
Impact - Print Head, replace ribbon, impact paper

ESD(ElectroStatic Discharge) - have grounding

					Laptop Components
PCMCIA(PC Memory Card International Association) - Old cards, hot swapppable. Parallel bus. Type 1- 3.3mm Memory. Type 2- 5mm I/O's and peripherals. Type 3- 10.5mm Additional hard drives
Express Cords - Serial(faster, one weay)- Modern, Serial Bus. USB - 480Mbps PCIebus - 2.5Gbps 134-23mm width 154 - 54mm width
SODIMM(Small Outline, Dual Inline Memory) - 100, 144, 200, 204, 256 pins
Laptop backlights - CCFL more heat, less contrast, more electricity, less expensive. LED - opposite of CCFL
Power Supply
	Yellow - 12V
	Black - Ground
	Red - 5V
	Orange - 3.3V
problems: LCD Monitor - scrach or broke, inverter - Dim, no brightness DC jack - solder it back
Size: ATX, Micro ATX
Wattage - 50% PSU Max
Input devices - Keyboard, Mouse, Touch Screen, Scanner, Barcode reader, Microphone, KVM, biometric, gamepads/joysticks, digitizer
Multimedia - Digital Cameras, webcam, MIDI
Custom Designs
	Graphic CAD/CAM
		Powerful Processor
		3.0GHz, 6 core, 8mb cache, 64 bit
		High End Video (2GB GPU Ram, Optimized Directx11/OpenGL)
	Audio/Video(AV) Editing
	Specialized Audio Card 24bit 192KHz PCIe, 1TB+ Drive 10/15K RPM + SSD, Dual Monitors
		-MIDI ports	PCIe
	Specialized Video(Fastest GPU, HDMI/DVI Ports, no VGA, 2GB GPU RAM)
	Virtualization (Maximum RAM 8-16, 6 CPU cores )
	Gaming (6core 64 bit processor, graphics card,powerful audio,