2017-06-13 TOEFL: word roots, reading reference

Greg Malivuk
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Word Roots - List 3 - With your partner, try to think of one or two words to explain the meaning of each root.
ego = self
endo = inside
equi = same (especially for quantities)
erg = work
esth/aesth = feeling (some words that begin with this root are more specifically related to beauty)
eu = good
ex/ect = out (if someone is out of the relationship, they are an ex)
	(Before some consonants this becomes ‘e-’, as in “eject”.)
extra = outward/beyond
fac/fact = make
fer = carry
flect/flex = bend
fore = before (related to the root for “first”, “front”, and “pre”)
fract/frag = break
fug = escape
funct = work/perform
gen = birth/creation
	(In words like “genre” and “genus”, its meaning is more similar to “kind”, which has the same root, along with “kin”, which means family.)
geo = Earth (especially the whole Earth or the interior of Earth)
graph = write/draw
grat = grace/please
helio = sun
hemo = blood
hetero = different
homo = same
hydro = water/fluid
hyper = over
hypo = under
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We often have words from different origins with synonymous roots, but sometimes the meaning is very different.
Different denotation (it’s talking about a completely different thing):
supersonic (“super” is from Latin) = faster than sound
ultrasonic (“ultra” is from Greek) = higher frequency than sound
Different connotation (it’s talking about more or less the same thing, but in different ways):
predict (“pre” and “dict” are from Latin) = tell about something before it happens, usually from reasonable and educated guessing
foretell (“fore” and “tell” are from Germanic) = tell the future from some kind of magical power
prophecy (“pro” and “phe” are from Greek) = foretell in some kind of religious or spiritual context
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Reading Question Types:
- fact
- negative fact
- vocabulary
- inference
- reference
- paraphrase
- purpose
- sentence insertion
- summarize
- organize
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Reference Questions
DELTA p. 125 has a list of pronouns that you should know
Handout (Cambridge) - Identify what each reference refers to on p. 167
1 themselves: Arctic people
  they: Arctic people
  these natural resourses: environment and wild animals
2 who: individuals
  their: prisoners
3 when: 1863
  he: a Hungarian count
  the first European variety: wine grapes (This is an example of a reference question that is not about a pronoun. They can also ask about the object of an omitted prepositional phrase, like “of wine grapes”.)
  there: California
4 the lawyer and lexicographer: Noah Webster
  who: Noah Webster
  at this time: 1828
  that: English
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Handout (Cengage) p. 118-119 - Identify the referents of each highlighted word from passages 12 to 18.
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BREAK
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12 this method: satellite photography
13 them: American importers
14 where: New York
   the time: 1920s
   there: Paris
15 this creature: anemone
   it: clownfish or the nest
16 his: Hamlin Garland
   his mentor: William Dean Howells
17 they: fats
   these: (basic types of) nutrients
   which: vitamins
   some: fats
18 there: the Wisconsin Dells
   others: formations
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Handout (Longman) p. 19 and 21 - Read the paragraphs and answer the reference questions about each.
1 C
2 B (or C)
3 A
4 A
10 A
11 C
12 A
13 B
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Handout (Oxford) p. 70-71 - Read the short passage and answer the reference and sentence insertion questions.
1 c (These are often called macronutrients.)
2 d
3 b
4 b
5 d
6 b
7 c
8 c
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http://www.calculator.net/calorie-calculator.html - To calculate how many calories you need each day to stay the same weight.
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p. 72-74 - Read about Gandhi’s hunger strikes and answer the questions.
1 c
2 b
3 c (“this aim” is independence)
4 c
5 c
6 c
7 b
8 d
9 b
10 b/d
11 d
12 b
13 c
14 c
15 b (“Neither side” means two sides, and including Sikhs makes three sides, so C doesn’t work.)
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Go back to p. 116-117 of the handout (from Cengage) and identify the referents of each highlighted word in passages 1-11
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Homework: Handout p. 24-25 (about Coral Colonies)