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Historia Augusta (Classics)

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  1.  
  2. Introduction
  3. The Historia Augusta (HA) is a collection of thirty biographies of Roman emperors, co-emperors, and usurpers in chronological order from Hadrian to Carus and his sons, attributed in the manuscripts to six different authors: Aelius Spartianus (1 Hadrian, 2 Aelius, 9 Didius Iulianus, 10 Septimius Severus, 11 Pescennius Niger, 13 Caracalla, 15 Geta), Iulius Capitolinus (3 Antoninus Pius, 4 Marcus Aurelius, 5 Verus, 8 Pertinax, 12 Clodius Albinus, 15 Opilius Macrinus, 19 Maximini duo, 20 Gordiani tres, 21 Maximus et Balbinus), Vulcacius Gallicanus (6 Avidius Cassius), Aelius Lampridius (7 Commodus, 16 Diadumenus, 17 Heliogabalus, 18 Alexander Severus), Trebellius Pollio (22 Valerianus, 23 Gallienus, 24 Thirty Tyrants [viz. usurpers], 25 Claudius Gothicus), and Flavius Vopiscus Syracusanus (26 Aurelianus, 27 Tacitus, 28 Probus, 29 Four Tyrants, 30 Carus and his sons). None of these biographers, purporting to write in the years 300–325 CE, are attested outside the HA. Some biographies are collective (e.g., 2 Maximini, 30 Tyrants, Carus and his two sons). There is a lacuna of at least four emperors between Maximus et Balbinus and Valerianus. Spartianus and Vulcacius Gallicanus purport to intend to write complete sets of imperial biographies (cf. Aelius 7.5; Avidius Cassius 3.3), Lampridius announces his intention to write the biographies of the successors of Alexander Severus (64.1–2), but there is no evidence that all these biographies were ever written. The existing set is not expressly presented as a selection from a richer corpus, and accordingly no mention is made of possible criteria for having selected the existing biographies from such a corpus. The collection puts together two quite different types of biographies: Hadrian, Pius, Aurelius, Verus, Commodus, Pertinax, Didius Iulianus, Septimus Severus, and Caracalla are full of valuable historical information and written in a banal Suetonian style. All the rest, and a few insertions in the aforementioned lives, have very limited historical value, two-thirds at least being pure fiction, it is a sort of entertaining historical novel presenting many puzzling problems on the level of inventio and elocutio.
  4.  
  5. General Overviews
  6. There is no general overview covering the entire collection that is at once detailed, neutral, and up to date. The fullest is also the oldest (Lécrivain 1904). The encyclopedic entry of Diehl 1913 registers only the beginnings of the controversy. Birley 1967 is short; Paschoud 1996 is deliberately skimpy; Chastagnol 1994 offers extremely valuable introductions; and Fündling 2006 is full, neutral, and up-to-date, but focused on the vita Hadriani.
  7.  
  8. Birley, Anthony R. 1967. The Augustan history. In Latin biography. Edited by Thomas A. Dorey, 113–138. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
  9.  
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  11.  
  12. A short scholarly presentation.
  13.  
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  15.  
  16. Chastagnol, André, ed. 1994. Histoire Auguste: Les empereurs romains des IIe et IIIe siècles. Paris: R. Laffont.
  17.  
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  19.  
  20. Offers a Latin text taken from Hohl, a French translation, a general introduction with a survey, and excellent introductions of each of the thirty lives.
  21.  
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  23.  
  24. Diehl, Ernst. 1913. Historia Augusta. In Paulys Realencyclopädie der classichen Alterumswissenschaft. Vol. 16, 8.2 Edited by Wilhelm Kroll, col. 2053–2062. Stuttgart: J. B. Metzler.
  25.  
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  27.  
  28. A complete presentation in German based on the abundant internal data concerning all authors, their works, and their opinions concerning their colleagues.
  29.  
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  31.  
  32. Fündling, Jörg. 2006. Kommentar zur Vita Hadriani der Historia Augusta. Bonn, Germany: Habelt.
  33.  
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  35.  
  36. The general introduction is extremely valuable, but by definition essentially restricted to the vita Hadriani.
  37.  
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  39.  
  40. Lécrivain, Charles. 1904. Études sur l’Histoire Auguste. Paris: Fontemoing.
  41.  
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  43.  
  44. Outdated, but still the fullest collection of basic data.
  45.  
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  47.  
  48. Paschoud, François. 1996. Histoire Auguste. Vol. 5, Part 1, Vies d’Aurélien et de Tacite. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.
  49.  
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  51.  
  52. A schematic presentation putting together on p. li some basic data of the thirty biographies.
  53.  
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  55.  
  56. The Title of the Collection, Its Original Extent, and the Lacuna
  57. The current title today is Historia Augusta, but the subject is burdened with unsolved basic problems: the original title of the collection is unknown (Thomson 2007); its modern title has varied (Paschoud 2009); some suppose that the original beginning is lost (Salmasius 1671, Stubenrauch 1982, Fündling 2006) and that the lacuna is artificial (Casaubon 1671, Birley 1976, Ratti 2000).
  58.  
  59. Birley, Anthony. 1976. The lacuna in the Historia Augusta. In Bonner Historia-Augusta–Colloquium, 1972/1974. Edited by Johannes Straub, 55–62. Bonn, Germany: Habelt.
  60.  
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  62.  
  63. Defends the hypothesis of the artificial character of the lacuna.
  64.  
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  66.  
  67. Casaubon, Isaac. 1671. Historiae Augustae scriptores VI. In the Variorum edition. Vol. 2, 166–167. Leiden, The Netherlands: Hack.
  68.  
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  70.  
  71. Originally published in 1603. The lacuna begins after the end of a sentence and finishes before a new sentence, Casaubon suggested that the gap is an artificial one.
  72.  
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  74.  
  75. Fündling, Jörg. 2006. Kommentar zur Vita Hadriani der Historia Augusta. Bonn, Germany: Habelt.
  76.  
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  78.  
  79. Recent survey of the discussion about the possibly lost beginning (pp. 10–13).
  80.  
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  82.  
  83. Paschoud, François. 2009. De Historiae Romanae scriptores latini minores à Historia Augusta. Giornale Italiano di Filologia 61:197–204.
  84.  
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  86.  
  87. In the ancient editions, the six authors are often not subsumed under a general title. They are published with other historians of the imperial period under the general title Historiae Augustae Scriptores (an expression borrowed from Tacitus 10,3, labeling the historian Tacitus), or separately as Hist. Aug. Scr. VI. The title Scriptores Historiae Augustae (without VI) only for the six authors first appears in the 19th century. Those who think that the six scriptores designates only one person prefer the title Historia Augusta.
  88.  
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  90.  
  91. Ratti, Stéphane. 2000. Histoire Auguste. Vol. 4, Part 2, Vies des deux Valériens et des deux Galliens. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.
  92.  
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  94.  
  95. Survey of the discussion about the possibly artificial character of the lacuna (pp. vii–xxviii).
  96.  
  97. Find this resource:
  98.  
  99. Salmasius, Claudius. 1671. Historiae Augustae scriptores VI. In the Variorum edition, Vol. 1, Part 3. Leiden, The Netherlands: Hack.
  100.  
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  102.  
  103. Originally published in 1620. The existing lacuna between Maximus and Balbinus and Valerianus suggests that there is also a gap at the beginning, the lost part establishing continuity with Suetonius.
  104.  
  105. Find this resource:
  106.  
  107. Stubenrauch, Karl-Heinz. 1982. Kompositionsprobleme der Historia Augusta. PhD diss., Georg-August-Univ. zu Göttingen.
  108.  
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  110.  
  111. Suetonius finishing with Domitian, some think that the collection began originally with an introduction, and biographies of Nerva and Trajan. The problem remains debated (pp. 59–104).
  112.  
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  114.  
  115. Thomson, Mark. 2007. The original title of the Historia Augusta. Historia 56:121–125.
  116.  
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  118.  
  119. The original title is lost. It can only be tentatively reconstructed following not the manuscripts, but the internal references “de vita principum.”
  120.  
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  122.  
  123. Bibliographies
  124. The controversy about date and authorship starting in 1889 generated an enormous production of papers and books. A rich series of Critical Surveys helps with orientation in that jungle, in which some of the oldest works remain useful today. From the 1960s on, a series of Colloquia collected the essential scientific production about the HA.
  125.  
  126. Critical Surveys
  127. From the end of the 19th century on, the HA was the object of extremely intricate polemics, to which even the specialist needs guidance. The Jahresberichte über die Fortschritte der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft annual series offers detailed discussion of every piece of work published in these years. Magie 1924 is an excellent resumé. During the postwar period, surveys were published in various forms (Johne 1976, Chastagnol 1964, Chastagnol 1970, Chastagnol 1994, Fündling 2006). Merten 1985–1987 gives extremely valuable access to bibliography for each line of the collection.
  128.  
  129. Chastagnol, André. 1964. Le problème de l’Histoire Auguste: État de la question. In Bonner Historia-Augusta–Colloquium, 1963. Edited by Andreas Alföldi, 43–71. Bonn, Germany: Habelt.
  130.  
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  132.  
  133. Survey in French for the years before 1963.
  134.  
  135. Find this resource:
  136.  
  137. Chastagnol, André. 1970. Recherches sur l’Histoire Auguste. Bonn, Germany: Habelt.
  138.  
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  140.  
  141. Survey for the years 1963 to 1969 (pp. 1–37). Complement to Chastagnol 1964.
  142.  
  143. Find this resource:
  144.  
  145. Chastagnol, André. 1994. Histoire Auguste: Les empereurs romains des IIe et IIIe siècles. Paris: R. Laffont.
  146.  
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  148.  
  149. A relatively full survey in the general introduction.
  150.  
  151. Find this resource:
  152.  
  153. Fündling, Jörg. 2006. Kommentar zur Vita Hadriani der Historia Augusta. Bonn, Germany: Habelt.
  154.  
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  156.  
  157. The most up-to-date survey (pp. xliii–cxxviii, 5–84). Rich, detailed, and balanced bibliography and survey in German focused on the vita Hadriani, but actually concerned with all the central problems of the HA.
  158.  
  159. Find this resource:
  160.  
  161. Jahresberichte über die Fortschritte der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft. Leipzig: Reisland.
  162.  
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  164.  
  165. Detailed critical bibliography in German about all the problems around the HA hotly debated since 1889. Useful for those who are interested in the earlier stages of the polemic about topics that unexpectedly spring up again in recent discussions. This periodical contains the following “Berichte” concerning the HA: 76, 1893, 119–161, by Hermann Peter, for the years 1883–1892; 130, 1906, 1–40, by Hermann Peter, years 1893–1905; 171,1915, 95–146, by Ernst Hohl, years 1906–1915; 200, 1924, 167–210, by Ernst Hohl years 1916–1923; 256, 1937, 127–156, by Ernst Hohl, years 1924–1935.
  166.  
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  168.  
  169. Johne, Klaus-Peter. 1976. Kaiserbiographie und Senatsaristokratie. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag.
  170.  
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  172.  
  173. A more recent short and clear survey in German (pp. 11–46).
  174.  
  175. Find this resource:
  176.  
  177. Magie, David, ed. 1924. The Scriptores Historiae Augustae. Loeb Classical Library 2. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press.
  178.  
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  180.  
  181. A short survey in English about authorship and date until 1924 (pp. vii–xliv).
  182.  
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  184.  
  185. Merten, Elke W. 1985–1987. Stellenbibliographie zur Historia Augusta. 4 vols. Bonn, Germany: Habelt.
  186.  
  187. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  188.  
  189. Bibliography on each paragraph of each chapter of each life.
  190.  
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  192.  
  193. Colloquia
  194. The lively debate about the HA is reflected in detail in three series of colloquia: Colloquium Patavinum (Sartori 1963), Bonner Historia-Augusta-Colloquium, and Historiae Augustae Colloquium. The proceedings of these colloquia are a treasure trove of papers about all the aspects of the HA. They collect the majority of the important studies published on the HA since the 1960s.
  195.  
  196. Bonner Historia-Augusta-Colloquium. 1964–1991. 13 vols. Bonn, Germany: Habelt.
  197.  
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  199.  
  200. In June 1962, an Arbeitsgemeinschaft (“working group”) was founded by Andreas Alföldi and Johannes Straub with the remit to publish a full commentary on the entire collection. In 1963 the first Bonner Historia Augusta Colloquium was held. The series Beiträge zur Historia-Augusta-Forschung, published in Bonn by Habelt in the series Antiquitas 4, collects the majority of papers presented in the annual colloquia organized each year from 1963 until 1989. Some volumes cover the colloquia of two or more years.
  201.  
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  203.  
  204. Historiae Augustae Colloquium. 1994–2014. 11 vols. Bari, Italy: Edipuglia.
  205.  
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  207.  
  208. In 1990, the tradition of the Bonner Colloquia was taken over by a group of European universities, and the proceedings were published in Italy, the first by the University of Macerata and the following ones in the series Munera published by Edipuglia in Bari. The eleven volumes collect the majority of papers presented in eleven colloquia held first annually, and later every two or three years. The most recent colloquium was held in 2011 in Nancy, France. The last volume of that series with the proceedings of the Nancy colloquium was published in 2014. The next colloquium will be held in May 2015 at Düsseldorf.
  209.  
  210. Find this resource:
  211.  
  212. Sartori, Franco, ed. 1963. Atti del Colloquio Patavino sulla Historia Augusta. Rome: l’Erma di Bretschneider.
  213.  
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  215.  
  216. Five papers by four scholars. This attempt had no follow-up.
  217.  
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  219.  
  220. Texts, Translations, and Commentaries
  221. Bellezza 1959 provides a useful list of editions. The variorum Historiae Augustae Scriptores VI (Casaubon, et al. 1671) reprints the most important ancient commentaries. Hohl 1927 is still the basic edition of the Latin text. Magie 1921–1932 provides a Latin text and the standard English translation. Callu, et al. 1992– is the most recent edition, translation, and commentary in the French Budé series, still in progress. The aim of the Bonner Colloquia was to publish a full set of German commentaries, without text and translation, of the thirty biographies. Only five volumes have been published: Lippold 1991, Brandt 1996, Walentowski 1998, Fündling 2006, and Zinsli 2014. Chastagnol 1994 offers, at an attractive price, a Latin text (taken from Hohl 1927) and a French translation of the thirty biographies in paperback.
  222.  
  223. Bellezza, Angela. 1959. Historia Augusta, parte prima: Le edizioni. Genova, Italy: Pagano.
  224.  
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  226.  
  227. A commented list of all existing editions and translations in any language.
  228.  
  229. Find this resource:
  230.  
  231. Brandt, Hartwin. 1996. Kommentar zur Vita Maximi et Balbini. Bonn, Germany: Habelt.
  232.  
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  234.  
  235. At once full and concise, defends a modern position about date and authorship.
  236.  
  237. Find this resource:
  238.  
  239. Callu, Jean-Pierre, et al. eds. 1992–. Histoire Auguste. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.
  240.  
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  242.  
  243. The Budé edition of sixteen of the thirty biographies, with critical Latin text, French translation and full commentary. The series is in progress. See Vol. I, Part 1; Vol. III, Part 1–2; Vol. IV, Part 2–3; Vol. V, Part 1–2.
  244.  
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  246.  
  247. Casaubon, Isaac, Claudius Salmasius, and Jani Gruteri. 1671. Historiae Augustae scriptores VI . . . cum integris notis Isacii Casauboni, Cl. Salmasii & Jani Gruteri. 2 vols. Leiden, The Netherlands: Hack.
  248.  
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  250.  
  251. A useful variorum edition reprinting the only two existing full commentaries of the entire collection—Casaubon from 1603 (see Casaubon 1671, cited under Title of the Collection, Its Original Extent, and the Lacuna) and Saumaise from 1620 (see Salmasius 1671, cited under Title of the Collection, Its Original Extent, and the Lacuna)—and the critical notes of Gruteri (from 1611), who first published the variants of the best manuscript (P). Copies are available in a few libraries, but as of 2012 the text was not available online.
  252.  
  253. Find this resource:
  254.  
  255. Chastagnol, André, ed. and trans. 1994. Histoire Auguste: Les empereurs romains des IIe et IIIe siècles. Paris: R. Laffont.
  256.  
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  258.  
  259. A welcome annotated French translation, taking the place of old translations out of print since 1914.
  260.  
  261. Find this resource:
  262.  
  263. Fündling, Jörg. 2006. Kommentar zur Vita Hadriani der Historia Augusta. 2 vols. Bonn, Germany: Habelt.
  264.  
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  266.  
  267. Extremely detailed, providing full information about numerous questions arising also in other biographies.
  268.  
  269. Find this resource:
  270.  
  271. Hohl, Ernst, ed. 1927. Scriptores Historiae Augustae. 2 vols. Leipzig: Teubner.
  272.  
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  274.  
  275. Vol. I was reprinted with additions in 1955, and a reprint of both volumes, with additions by Ch. Samberger and W. Seyfarth, in 1965. The only modern critical edition of the entire collection.
  276.  
  277. Find this resource:
  278.  
  279. Lippold, Adolf. 1991. Kommentar zur Vita Maximini Duo. Bonn, Germany: Habelt.
  280.  
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  282.  
  283. Paradoxically, the first volume published from the Bonn series defends a traditional position about date and authorship in this commentary of a biography of key importance in the collection.
  284.  
  285. Find this resource:
  286.  
  287. Magie, David, ed. and trans. 1921–1932. The Scriptores Historiae Augustae. 3 vols. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press.
  288.  
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  290.  
  291. The most easily accessible English translation, with Latin text and short but useful notes. Still in print.
  292.  
  293. Find this resource:
  294.  
  295. Walentowski, Sabine. 1998. Kommentar zur Vita Antoninus Pius. Bonn, Germany: Habelt.
  296.  
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  298.  
  299. Ignores the basic problems discussed since 1889, and therefore not very useful.
  300.  
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  302.  
  303. Zinsli, Samuel C. 2014. Kommentar zur Vita Heliogabali der Historia Augusta. Bonn, Germany: Habelt.
  304.  
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  306.  
  307. A new long commentary of LXII, 924 pages with 28 pages of Latin text in the Hohl 1927 edition.
  308.  
  309. Find this resource:
  310.  
  311. Debate about Authorship and Date of the Collection
  312. The collection presents many strange and odd elements, internal inconsistencies, contradictions, invented documents, and so on. With only one exception, most of these problems did not catch scholars’ attention until the end of the 19th century. The discussion started in 1889 with an epochal paper and developed in various stages.
  313.  
  314. Until World War II
  315. Salmasius 1671 was the first to confront the inconsistencies of the multiple authorship. Nobody followed this pioneer until Dessau 1889. Hermann Dessau was partially refuted in Mommsen 1890. He responded in Dessau 1892. The same arguments were rehashed in every sense for a long period without decisive innovation. Norman H. Baynes was the first to put the question on an entirely new basis (Baynes 1926): his doctrine was dominant for at least twenty-five years, in spite of Hartke 1940.
  316.  
  317. Baynes, Norman H. 1926. The Historia Augusta: Its date and purpose. Oxford: Clarendon.
  318.  
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  320.  
  321. The work, with many hidden allusions to the emperor Julian, was written between 360 and 363.
  322.  
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  324.  
  325. Dessau, Hermann. 1889. Über Zeit und Persönlichkeit der Scriptores Historiae Augustae. Hermes 24:561–605.
  326.  
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  328.  
  329. This fundamental paper by Dessau marks the start of the hot modern debate still alive today: he asserts that the collection is the work of one anonymous author writing at the end of the 4th century.
  330.  
  331. Find this resource:
  332.  
  333. Dessau, Hermann. 1892. Über die Scriptores Historiae Augustae. Hermes 27:561–605.
  334.  
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  336.  
  337. Response to Mommsen 1890, with new arguments for the unique authorship and the date at the end of the 4th century.
  338.  
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  340.  
  341. Hartke, Werner. 1940. Geschichte und Politik im spätantiken Rom. Klio Beiheft 45. Leipzig: Dieterich.
  342.  
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  344.  
  345. A decisive return to the position of Dessau 1889, with important new arguments. Published at the beginning of World War II, this book did not have the impact it deserved.
  346.  
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  348.  
  349. Mommsen, Theodor. 1890. Die Scriptores Historiae Augustae. Hermes 25:228–292.
  350.  
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  352.  
  353. Partial refutation of Dessau 1889, with the “Diaskeuastentheorie”: the original work was twice reedited and supplemented.
  354.  
  355. Find this resource:
  356.  
  357. Salmasius, Claudius. 1671. Commentary of the Historia Augusta, at Valerian 1,1 and Probus 2,7. In Historiae Augustae scriptores VI . . . cum integris notis Isacii Casauboni, Cl. Salmasii & Jani Gruteri. Vol. II. Leiden, The Netherlands: Hack.
  358.  
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  360.  
  361. Following one manuscript, attributes the first eighteen biographies to Aelius Lampridius Spartianus, reducing the number of authors from six to four and eliminating the intermingling of authors in these eighteen biographies. Reprint of the 1620 edition is available in print only.
  362.  
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  364.  
  365. After 1945: New Beginning
  366. From the middle of the 20th century, various factors—notably a privileged attention to the impact of religious problems on the collection and the detection of the influence of works belonging to the end of the 4th century—motivated a shift away from the position of Baynes 1926 back to that of Dessau 1889 (both cited under Until World War II). The standard bearers of this evolution were Hartke 1951 and Straub 1952, contradicted by Momigliano 1954.
  367.  
  368. Hartke, Werner. 1951. Römische Kinderkaiser: Eine Strukturanalyse römischen Denkens und Daseins. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag.
  369.  
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  371.  
  372. A long and difficult book, but the most important defense of the position of Dessau 1889 after its critique by Baynes 1926 (both cited under Until World War II). Develops the ideas of Hartke 1940 (also cited under Until World War II). Hartke holds that the HA was written by Nicomachus Flavianus Junior in the last months of 394.
  373.  
  374. Find this resource:
  375.  
  376. Momigliano, Arnaldo. 1954. An unsolved problem of historical forgery, the Scriptores Historiae Augustae. Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institute 17:22–46.
  377.  
  378. DOI: 10.2307/750131Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  379.  
  380. Fuller version in Secondo contributo alla storia degli studi classici (Rome, 1966), 105–143. Takes a systematically agnostic position about all the HA problems.
  381.  
  382. Find this resource:
  383.  
  384. Straub, Johannes. 1952. Studien zur Historia Augusta. Bern, Switzerland: A. Francke.
  385.  
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  387.  
  388. Insists on the political and religious tenor and detects influence of Ammianus Marcellinus (probably published about 392–394) in the HA.
  389.  
  390. Find this resource:
  391.  
  392. The War between Syme and Momigliano
  393. Syme 1968 provoked the response in Momigliano 1969, which in turn was at the origin of Syme 1971a. Syme 1971b deepens Syme 1968. Momigliano 1973 responds to Syme 1971b, Syme 1983 is a collection of short papers, and Momigliano 1984 is a review of Syme 1983.
  394.  
  395. Momigliano, Arnaldo. 1969. Ammiano Marcellino e la Storia Augusta. English Historical Review 84:566–569.
  396.  
  397. DOI: 10.1093/ehr/LXXXIV.CCCXXXII.566Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  398.  
  399. Review of Syme 1968. Rejects most of Syme’s thesis, in particular that Ammianus influenced the HA, but accepts the impact of Aurelius Victor on the HA, which places a terminus post quem at 360. Reprinted in Momigliano’s Quinto contributo alla storia degli studi classici e del mondo antico, Vol. 2 (Rome, 1975), pp. 93–108.
  400.  
  401. Find this resource:
  402.  
  403. Momigliano, Arnaldo. 1973. Review of Ronald Syme, Emperors and biography. English Historical Review 88:114–115.
  404.  
  405. DOI: 10.1093/ehr/LXXXVIII.CCCXLVI.114Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  406.  
  407. Reprinted in Momigliano’s Sesto contributo alla storia degli studi classici e del mondo antico, Vol. 2 (Rome, 1980), pp. 714–716.
  408.  
  409. Find this resource:
  410.  
  411. Momigliano, Arnaldo. 1984. Review of Ronald Syme, Historia Augusta papers. Times Literary Supplement 12.10: 1147–1148.
  412.  
  413. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  414.  
  415. Review of Syme 1983, showing a more relaxed position than in Momigliano 1969 and Momigliano 1973. Reprinted in Ottavo contributo alla storia degli studi classici e del mondo antico (Rome, 1987), pp. 392–398.
  416.  
  417. Find this resource:
  418.  
  419. Syme, Ronald. 1968. Ammianus and the Historia Augusta. Oxford: Clarendon.
  420.  
  421. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  422.  
  423. Important book on Late Antique historiography, centering on the contrast between elevated history and biography, and on the impact of Ammianus on the HA. Also proposes a nice portrait of the anonymous author.
  424.  
  425. Find this resource:
  426.  
  427. Syme, Ronald. 1971a. The Historia Augusta: A call of clarity. Bonn, Germany: Habelt.
  428.  
  429. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  430.  
  431. Systematic defense against Momigliano 1969.
  432.  
  433. Find this resource:
  434.  
  435. Syme, Ronald. 1971b. Emperors and biography: Studies in the Historia Augusta. Oxford: Clarendon.
  436.  
  437. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  438.  
  439. Develops the central themes of Syme 1968, centering on the biographical technique, and refines the portrait of the author as a “rogue scholar.”
  440.  
  441. Find this resource:
  442.  
  443. Syme, Ronald. 1983. Historia Augusta papers. Oxford: Clarendon.
  444.  
  445. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  446.  
  447. A useful collection of shorter papers on the HA not included in the Bonner Colloquia, illustrating and deepening the positions taken in Syme 1968 and Syme 1971b.
  448.  
  449. Find this resource:
  450.  
  451. Recent Interventions
  452. The Dessau thesis is dominant today, and the traditional interpretation no longer has competent defenders. Nevertheless the controversy continues about the exact date and the identification of the anonymous author. Den Hengst 2002 defends the idea that at least two authors were at work. Stéphane Ratti proposes a precise date and a precise author (Ratti 2007); he is criticized in Paschoud 2007. M. Thomson proposes another date and another author (Thomson 2008); he is criticized in Paschoud 2010. Mastrandrea 2011 defends a revolutionary thesis about the authorship of the HA, and Cameron 2011 reaffirms positions close to those of Momigliano.
  453.  
  454. Cameron, Alan. 2011. The last pagans of Rome. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.
  455.  
  456. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  457.  
  458. The HA was written before 386, that is before Ammianus, Claudian, and most of Jerome. It was not a work of reaction against the Christians (pp. 743–782).
  459.  
  460. Find this resource:
  461.  
  462. den Hengst, Daniel. 2002. The discussion of authorship. Paper presented at a colloquium held in Perugia, Italy, in 2000. In Historiae Augustae Colloquium Perusinum. Edited by Giorgio Bonamente and François Paschoud, 187–195. Bari, Italy: Edipuglia.
  463.  
  464. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  465.  
  466. A partial renaissance of the “Diaskeuastentheorie” presented in Mommsen 1890 (cited under Until World War II).
  467.  
  468. Find this resource:
  469.  
  470. Mastrandrea, Paolo. 2011. Vita dei principi e Storia Romana, tra Simmaco e Giordane. Il Calamo della Memoria 4:207–245.
  471.  
  472. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  473.  
  474. The HA was written, or at least revised, by Memmius Symmachus, around 485.
  475.  
  476. Find this resource:
  477.  
  478. Paschoud, François. 2007. Chronique d’historiographie tardo-antique. Antiquité Tardive 15:349–364.
  479.  
  480. DOI: 10.1484/J.AT.2.303128Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  481.  
  482. Review of Ratti 2007 and critique of his theory on pp. 360–362.
  483.  
  484. Find this resource:
  485.  
  486. Paschoud, François. 2010. Chronique. Antiquité Tardive 18:309–320.
  487.  
  488. DOI: 10.1484/J.AT.3.72Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  489.  
  490. Review of Thomson 2008, and critique of his theory.
  491.  
  492. Find this resource:
  493.  
  494. Ratti, Stéphane. 2007. Nicomaque Flavien senior auteur de l’Histoire Auguste. Paper presented at a colloquium held in Bamberg, Germany, in 2005. In Historiae Augustae Colloquium Bambergense. Edited by Giorgio Bonamente and Hartwin Brandt, 305–317. Bari, Italy: Edipuglia.
  495.  
  496. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  497.  
  498. The collection was written by Nicomachus Flavianus senior (d. 394).
  499.  
  500. Find this resource:
  501.  
  502. Thomson, M. 2008. Logodaedalia: Ausonius and the Historia Augusta. In Studies in Latin literature and Roman history XIV. Edited by C. Deroux, 445–475. Collection Latomus 315. Brussels: Latomus.
  503.  
  504. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  505.  
  506. The HA was written by Naucellius, and published in 398.
  507.  
  508. Find this resource:
  509.  
  510. Sources of Authentic Historical Information
  511. One has to distinguish the many sources of inspiration of the HA from those that provide the basic and authentic historical information. The HA covers a long period of about 170 years, so it takes its basic historical information from sources that change from one period to other. There are only few studies covering the entire problem of the sources. Barnes 1978 is the only book dedicated to a general analysis of the sources of the whole HA. Barnes 1995 brings Barnes 1978 up to date. More specific works, cited in the subsections following, concern the particular sources for shorter periods (117–180, 180–235, 235–270, 270–285) or are dedicated to the special category of sources known as the Latin Epitomators.
  512.  
  513. Barnes, T. D. 1978. The sources of the Historia Augusta. Brussels: Latomus.
  514.  
  515. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  516.  
  517. Clear and concise presentation of the topic, though sometimes too peremptory.
  518.  
  519. Find this resource:
  520.  
  521. Barnes, T. D. 1995. The sources of the Historia Augusta (1967–1992). Paper presented at a colloquium held in Macerarta, Italy, on 6–9 June 1992. In Historiae Augustae Colloquium Maceratense. Edited by Giorgio Bonamente and Gianfranco Paci, 1–34. Bari, Italy: Edipuglia.
  522.  
  523. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  524.  
  525. Complements Barnes 1978, followed by a bibliography and a discussion.
  526.  
  527. Find this resource:
  528.  
  529. For the Period 117–180 (Hadrian–Marcus Aurelius)
  530. For this period, the possible sources are essentially an unknown collection of biographies (Syme 1968, Paschoud 1999) and Marius Maximus, known principally through quotations in the HA, whose reliability is questionable (Birley 1997, Schlumberger 2010).
  531.  
  532. Birley, Anthony. 1997. Marius Maximus: The consular biographer. In Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II.34.3. Edited by Wolfgang Haase, 2678–2757. Berlin: de Gruyter.
  533.  
  534. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  535.  
  536. Defends against Syme 1968 the traditional view that the lost collection of biographies by Marius Maximus is the main source for the HA from Hadrian to Heliogabalus.
  537.  
  538. Find this resource:
  539.  
  540. Paschoud, François. 1999. Propos sceptiques et iconoclastes sur Marius Maximus. Paper presented at a colloquium held in Geneva, Switzerland, on 21–24 May 1998. In Historiae Augustae Colloquium Genevense. Edited by François Paschoud, 241–254. Bari, Italy: Edipuglia.
  541.  
  542. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  543.  
  544. The data on Marius Maximus, derived nearly totally from the HA, are dubious.
  545.  
  546. Find this resource:
  547.  
  548. Schlumberger, Jörg A. 2010. Epitome, Historia Augusta und Marius Maximus. Paper presented at a colloquium held in Geneva, Switzerland, on 1–3 May 2008. In Historiae Augustae Colloquium Genevense. Edited by Lavinia Galli Milić and Nicole Hecquet-Noti, 195–209. Bari, Italy: Edipuglia.
  549.  
  550. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  551.  
  552. Defends the reliability of the data on Marius Maximus in the HA.
  553.  
  554. Find this resource:
  555.  
  556. Syme, Ronald. 1968. Ignotus, the good biographer. In Bonner Historia-Augusta–Colloquium, 1966/1967. Edited by Andreas Alföldi, 131–153. Bonn, Germany: Habelt.
  557.  
  558. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  559.  
  560. Challenges the traditional opinion that Marius Maximus is the main source from Hadrian to Heliogabalus: the basic source from Hadrian to Caracalla is an unknown but good biographer. Marius Maximus is used only as a complementary source.
  561.  
  562. Find this resource:
  563.  
  564. For the Period 180–235 (Commodus–Alexander Severus)
  565. The same problem as for the period 117–180 arises also for the years 180–222, but from 180 on, a direct impact of Herodian is evident, whereas the use of Cassius Dio, taken as granted by Kolb 1972, is disputed by Barnes 1975.
  566.  
  567. Barnes, T. D. 1975. Review of Kolb 1972. Gnomon 47:368–372.
  568.  
  569. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  570.  
  571. Challenges the direct use of Cassius Dio by the HA for this period.
  572.  
  573. Find this resource:
  574.  
  575. Kolb, Frank. 1972. Literarische Beziehungen zwischen Cassius Dio: Herodian und der Historia Augusta. Bonn, Germany: Habelt.
  576.  
  577. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  578.  
  579. The fullest work about the sources of the HA for this period: HA directly uses Herodian and Cassius Dio.
  580.  
  581. Find this resource:
  582.  
  583. The Latin Epitomators
  584. The influence of the Latin Epitomators on the HA plays a key role in the discussion about its date. Alexander Enmann (Enmann 1884) convincingly postulated the existence of a common source to Aurelius Victor and Eutropius. His thesis was confirmed by Dessau 1889. The evident contacts between the Latin Epitomators and the HA are overshadowed by a difficult question: Is the HA following the common source, or directly following Victor (Chastagnol 1968) and Eutropius (Schmid 1964)? There are also clues of a direct use of the common source (Barnes 1970); this last opinion has been accepted in an important handbook (Schmidt 1989), and further developed by Bleckmann 1997 and Burgess 2005.
  585.  
  586. Barnes, T. D. 1970. The lost Kaisergeschichte and the Latin historical tradition. In Bonner Historia-Augusta–Colloquium, 1968/1969. Edited by Andreas Alföldi, 13–43. Bonn, Germany: Habelt.
  587.  
  588. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  589.  
  590. The only reason to date the “Enmannsche Kaisergeschichte” (EKG) shortly after 284/285 is the assumption that the HA was written in the beginning of the 4th century. Proofs of the direct use of the EKG in the HA, particularly in the vita Alexandri Severi.
  591.  
  592. Find this resource:
  593.  
  594. Bleckmann, Bruno. 1997. Überlegungen zur Enmannschen Kaisergeschichte und zur Formung historischer Traditionen in Tetrarchischer und Konstantinischer Zeit. Paper presented at a colloquium held in Bonn, Germany, on 12–15 May 1994. In Historiae Augustae Colloquium Bonnense. Edited by Giorgio Bonamente and Klaus Rosen, 11–37. Bari, Italy: Edipuglia.
  595.  
  596. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  597.  
  598. Place of the EKG in the context of Late Antique historiography.
  599.  
  600. Find this resource:
  601.  
  602. Burgess, R. W. 2005. A common source of Jerome, Eutropius, Festus, Ammianus and the Epitome de Caesaribus between 358 and 378, along with further thoughts on the date and nature of the Kaisergeschichte. Classical Philology 100:166–192.
  603.  
  604. DOI: 10.1086/432844Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  605.  
  606. Suggests with interesting arguments that the EKG was three times completed and reedited, after 358, after 364, and after 378.
  607.  
  608. Find this resource:
  609.  
  610. Chastagnol, André. 1968. L’utilisation des “Caesares” d’Aurélius Victor dans l’Histoire Auguste. In Bonner Historia-Augusta–Colloquium, 1966/1967. Edited by Andreas Alföldi, 53–65. Bonn, Germany: Habelt.
  611.  
  612. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  613.  
  614. Shows that the author of the HA used directly Aurelius Victor as source.
  615.  
  616. Find this resource:
  617.  
  618. Dessau, Hermann. 1889. Über Zeit und Persönlichkeit der Scriptores Historiae Augustae. Hermes 24:561–605.
  619.  
  620. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  621.  
  622. Among others clues that the collection cannot have been written at the beginning of the 4th century, Dessau shows that vita Severi 17.5–19.4 is close to Aurelius Victor 20.1 and 10–30 (published after 360) and vita Marci 16.3–18.2 is close to Eutropius 8.11–14 (published after 369). Since then, Aurelius Victor and Eutropius, along with the EKG, have been considered important sources of the HA, especially for the last nine biographies.
  623.  
  624. Find this resource:
  625.  
  626. Enmann, Alexander. 1884. Eine verlorene Geschichte der römischen Kaiser und das Buch De viris illustribus Vrbis Romae. Philologus Supplementum 4:335–501.
  627.  
  628. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  629.  
  630. Postulates a common source for the HA, Aurelius Victor, Eutropius, and the Epitome de Caesaribus. Assuming in 1884 that the HA belonged to the beginning of the 4th century, Enmann thought that the lost work he hypothesized (called today the “Enmannsche Kaisergeschichte” [EKG]) stopped in 284/5, and he was obliged to suppose a continuation of that work until 357, given the close contacts among the Latin Epitomators up to that date.
  631.  
  632. Find this resource:
  633.  
  634. Schmid, Wolfgang. 1964. Eutropspuren in der Historia Augusta. In Bonner Historia-Augusta–Colloquium, 1963. Edited by Andreas Alföldi, 123–133. Bonn, Germany: Habelt.
  635.  
  636. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  637.  
  638. Shows that the author of the HA used Eutropius directly as a source.
  639.  
  640. Find this resource:
  641.  
  642. Schmidt, Peter L. 1989. Die sogenannte Enmannsche Kaisergeschichte. In Handbuch der lateinischen Literatur der Antike. Vol. 5. Edited by Reinhard Herzog and Peter L. Schmidt, 196–198. Munich: Beck.
  643.  
  644. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  645.  
  646. As a majority of scholars accept today that HA was written at the end of the 4th century, the dominant opinion is that the EKG ended with the death of Constantine (337).
  647.  
  648. Find this resource:
  649.  
  650. For the Period 235–270
  651. For the period 235–270, the HA uses as sources Herodian (until the end of his work, 238), the Latin Epitomators, and the Greek Chronicle of Dexippus. The only debated point is the question of direct (Paschoud 1991) or indirect (Bleckmann 1995) use of Dexippus, now easily accessible in Martin 2006.
  652.  
  653. Bleckmann, Bruno. 1995. Zu den Quellen der Vita Gallieni duo. Paper presented at a colloquium held in Macerarta, Italy, on 6–9 June 1992. In Historiae Augustae Colloquium Maceratense. Edited by Giorgio Bonamente and Gianfranco Paci, 75–103. Bari, Italy: Edipuglia.
  654.  
  655. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  656.  
  657. The HA knows Dexippus only through an intermediary Latin source.
  658.  
  659. Find this resource:
  660.  
  661. Martin, Gunther. 2006. Dexipp von Athen: Edition, Übersetzung und begleitende Studien. Tübingen, Germany: Narr.
  662.  
  663. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  664.  
  665. See pp. 64–66 on the relation between Dexippus and the HA and the question of direct or indirect use of Dexippus by the HA.
  666.  
  667. Find this resource:
  668.  
  669. Paschoud, François. 1991. L’Histoire Auguste et Dexippe. Paper presented at a colloquium held in Chantilly, France, on 2–4 June 1990. In Historia Augustae Colloquium Parisinum. Edited by Giorgio Bonamente and Noël Daval, 217–269. Paris: Boccard.
  670.  
  671. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  672.  
  673. List of the quotations of Dexippus in the HA: some of them are invented, but others are based on direct consultation of this historian.
  674.  
  675. Find this resource:
  676.  
  677. For the Period 270–285
  678. It is commonly assumed that, for the five last biographies, the HA used the Latin Epitomators and one other source. An identification of that source as the Annales of Nicomachus Flavianus was proposed by Werner Hartke (Hartke 1940). It was later confirmed by Jörg Schlumberger (Schlumberger 1974). Barnes 1978 challenges this thesis and is in turn contradicted by Schlumberger 1985. Bleckmann 1992 puts the Hartke 1940 thesis into a wider context. Festy 1999 stands in the continuity of Schlumberger 1974. Paschoud 2006 qualifies the Flavianus thesis, challenged in Cameron 2011.
  679.  
  680. Barnes, T. D. 1978. The sources of the Historia Augusta. Brussels: Latomus.
  681.  
  682. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  683.  
  684. Thinks the additional source is a Greek one, namely Eunapius.
  685.  
  686. Find this resource:
  687.  
  688. Bleckmann, Bruno. 1992. Die Reichskrise des III. Jahrhunderts in der spätantiken und byzantinischen Geschichtsschreibung. Munich: Tuduv.
  689.  
  690. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  691.  
  692. Embeds the Hartke 1940 thesis in the larger context of the Byzantine historiographical tradition.
  693.  
  694. Find this resource:
  695.  
  696. Cameron, Alan. 2011. The last pagans of Rome. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.
  697.  
  698. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  699.  
  700. Long refutation (pp. 627–690) of the Nicomachus Flavianus thesis and its variants.
  701.  
  702. Find this resource:
  703.  
  704. Festy, Michel, ed. and trans. 1999. Pseudo-Aurélius Victor: Abrégé des Césars. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.
  705.  
  706. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  707.  
  708. Supports and develops Hartke 1940 and Schlumberger 1974.
  709.  
  710. Find this resource:
  711.  
  712. Hartke, Werner. 1940. Geschichte und Politik im spätantiken Rom. Klio Beiheft 45. Leipzig: Dieterich.
  713.  
  714. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  715.  
  716. Identifies the additional source as the lost Annales of Nicomachus Flavianus.
  717.  
  718. Find this resource:
  719.  
  720. Paschoud, François. 2006. Chronique d’historiographie tardive. Antiquité Tardive 14:338–339.
  721.  
  722. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  723.  
  724. The “Nicomachus Flavianus thesis” is strongly opposed by some scholars. If the identification of a lost, relatively detailed narrative source of pagan and senatorial convictions for the history of the century with the work Nicomachus Flavianus cannot be proved, the existence of such a source, used among others by Ammianus, the HA, the Epitome de Caesaribus and Eunapius, has until now not been disproved.
  725.  
  726. Find this resource:
  727.  
  728. Schlumberger, Jörg. 1974. Die Epitome de Caesaribus. Munich: Beck.
  729.  
  730. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  731.  
  732. Supports and develops the thesis of Hartke that the Annales of Nicomachus Flavianus were used not only by the HA, but also by the Epitome de Caesaribus and Eunapius, the source of Zosimus.
  733.  
  734. Find this resource:
  735.  
  736. Schlumberger, Jörg. 1985. Die verlorenen Annalen des Nicomachus Flavianus: Ein Werk über Geschichte der römischen Republik oder Kaiserzeit? In Bonner Historia-Augusta–Colloquium, 1982/1983. Edited by Johannes Straub, 305–329. Bonn, Germany: Habelt.
  737.  
  738. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  739.  
  740. There is no strong reason to maintain, as does Barnes 1978, that the lost Annales of Nicomachus Flavianus did not cover the imperial period.
  741.  
  742. Find this resource:
  743.  
  744. Echoes, Mentions, or Quotations of Latin Authors Prior to 300
  745. The author of the HA has a good literary and grammatical culture. He mentions and quotes (with or without names) many authors belonging to the period prior to 300 CE without contradicting the purported date of composition of the biographies. Chastagnol 1994 offers a general overview of this topic. The question of contacts with Tacitus is treated in Velaza 1997, with Suetonius in Chastagnol 1972, with Juvenal in Cameron 1964, and more generally in Cameron 2011.
  746.  
  747. Cameron, Alan. 1964. Literary allusions in the H. A. Hermes 92:363–377.
  748.  
  749. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  750.  
  751. Juvenal in the HA.
  752.  
  753. Find this resource:
  754.  
  755. Cameron, Alan. 2011. The last pagans of Rome. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.
  756.  
  757. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  758.  
  759. Traces of various classical authors in the HA (pp. 743–782).
  760.  
  761. Find this resource:
  762.  
  763. Chastagnol, André. 1972. L’Histoire Auguste et les “Douze Césars” de Suétone. In Bonner Historia-Augusta–Colloquium, 1970. Edited by Johannes Straub, 109–123. Bonn, Germany: Habelt.
  764.  
  765. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  766.  
  767. List of passages illustrating the influence of Suetonius on the HA.
  768.  
  769. Find this resource:
  770.  
  771. Chastagnol, André. 1994. Histoire Auguste: Les empereurs romains des IIe et IIIe siècles. Paris: R. Laffont.
  772.  
  773. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  774.  
  775. General overview (pp. lxxiv–xcix), in particular echoes of Cicero, Sallust, and Juvenal.
  776.  
  777. Find this resource:
  778.  
  779. Velaza, Javier. 1997. Tacite dans l’H.A.: Vers une révision. Paper presented at a colloquium held in Bonn, Germany, on 12–15 May 1994. In Historiae Augustae Colloquium Bonnense. Edited by Giorgio Bonamente and Klaus Rosen, 241–253. Bari, Italy: Edipuglia.
  780.  
  781. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  782.  
  783. The author of the HA knows about the history of Tacitus, but there are no evident proofs that he ever read it.
  784.  
  785. Find this resource:
  786.  
  787. Echoes of Authors after 360
  788. Are there in the HA echoes of authors from the end of the 4th century? This is a hot debate on which depends the question of dating. The first influences to be detected were from Aurelius Victor (about 360) and from Eutropius (about 370); see Latin Epitomators. Many today accept that the author of the HA had a good knowledge of Ammianus Marcellinus, Jerome and Other Authors later than 360.
  789.  
  790. Ammianus
  791. Straub 1952 was the first to detect the impact of Ammianus in the HA. This was later confirmed by Syme 1968 and Birley 1991. For confirmation and survey on this point, see the indices in Callu, et al. 1992– (cited under Texts, Translations, and Commentaries), Volumes IV.3, V.1, and V.2 under “Ammien Marcellin.”
  792.  
  793. Birley, Anthony. 1991. Further echoes of Ammianus in the Historia Augusta. Paper presented at a colloquium held in Chantilly, France, on 2–4 June 1990. In Historiae Augustae Colloquium Parisinum. Edited by Giorgio Bonamente and Noël Daval, 53–58. Paris: Boccard.
  794.  
  795. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  796.  
  797. Detection of new clues showing the author of the HA had a good knowledge of Ammianus.
  798.  
  799. Find this resource:
  800.  
  801. Straub, Johannes. 1952. Studien zur Historia Augusta. Bern, Switzerland: A. Francke.
  802.  
  803. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  804.  
  805. First detection of evident influence of Ammianus on the HA (pp. 19–39). The idea was strongly opposed by Momigliano 1969 (cited under War between Syme and Momigliano), but many newly discovered contacts present it today as evident.
  806.  
  807. Find this resource:
  808.  
  809. Syme, Ronald. 1968. Ammianus and the Historia Augusta. Oxford: Clarendon.
  810.  
  811. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  812.  
  813. Confirmation of the influence of Ammianus at various levels on the HA.
  814.  
  815. Find this resource:
  816.  
  817. Jerome
  818. Bernhard Schmeidler (Schmeidler 1927) first detected an influence of Jerome on the HA. He was challenged by Alan Cameron (Cameron 1965). Den Hengst 1981 defends the priority of Jerome, but Neil Adkin (Adkin 2003) thinks the passages in Schmeidler 1927 are independent. Cameron 2011 defends again the priority of the HA. Other passages in the HA were also detected as deriving from Jerome in Straub 1968 and Schlumberger 1976.
  819.  
  820. Adkin, Neil. 2003. Is the Historia Augusta really indebted to Jerome? Klio 85:436–441.
  821.  
  822. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  823.  
  824. There is no interdependence between Jerome and the HA in the passages analyzed by Schmeidler 1927.
  825.  
  826. Find this resource:
  827.  
  828. Cameron, Alan. 1965. Review of Heidnische Geschichtsapologetik in der christlichen Spätantike: Untersuchungen über Zeit und Tendenz der Historia Augusta by Johannes Straub. Journal of Roman Studies 55:245.
  829.  
  830. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  831.  
  832. About the passages discussed in Schmeidler 1927: Jerome is the imitator.
  833.  
  834. Find this resource:
  835.  
  836. Cameron, Alan. 2011. The last pagans of Rome. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.
  837.  
  838. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  839.  
  840. Long argumentation in defense of the position taken in Cameron 1965 (pp. 761–772).
  841.  
  842. Find this resource:
  843.  
  844. den Hengst, Daniel. 1981. The prefaces in the Historia Augusta. Amsterdam: Grüner.
  845.  
  846. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  847.  
  848. Meticulous analysis of the passages discussed in Schmeidler 1927 and Cameron 1965 (pp. 122–127). New arguments for the priority of Jerome.
  849.  
  850. Find this resource:
  851.  
  852. Schlumberger J. 1976. “Nono scribo, sed dicto” (HA. T. 33,8): Hat der Autor der Historia Augusta mit Stenographen gearbeitet? In Bonner Historia-Augusta–Colloquium, 1972/1974. Edited by Johannes Straub, 221–238. Bonn, Germany: Habelt.
  853.  
  854. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  855.  
  856. Shows close contacts between HA Trig. tyr. 33,8 and Jerome, In Isaiam 5 prol. (published 397) and In Matth. prol. (published 398). The concentration in one point of the HA of the same topic developed by Jerome in two different prologues about his method of working in Palestine is the most persuasive clue that the HA imitates Jerome.
  857.  
  858. Find this resource:
  859.  
  860. Schmeidler, Bernhard. 1927. Die scriptores Historiae Augustae und der heilige Hieronymus: Ein Beitrag zur Enstehungszeit der falschen Kaiserviten. Philologische Wochenschrift 47:955–960.
  861.  
  862. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  863.  
  864. The first to show the close contact between HA Four Tyrants 1.1–2 and Jerome, vita Hilarionis 1.1–3; he thinks that the HA is the imitator.
  865.  
  866. Find this resource:
  867.  
  868. Straub, Johannes. 1968. Calpurnia univiria. In Bonner Historia-Augusta–Colloquium, 1966/1967. Edited by Andreas Alföldi, 101–118. Bonn, Germany: Habelt.
  869.  
  870. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  871.  
  872. Shows the close contact between HA Trig. tyr. 32.5 and Jerome, Epist. 108.1 and 4.
  873.  
  874. Find this resource:
  875.  
  876. Other Authors
  877. Contacts with Claudian are listed in Chastagnol 1994 and Paschoud 2011, with Vegetius in Chastagnol 1974, and with Prudentius in Paschoud 2011.
  878.  
  879. Chastagnol, André. 1974. Végèce et l’Histoire Auguste. In Bonner Historia-Augusta–Colloquium, 1971. Edited by Johannes Straub, 103–112. Bonn, Germany: Habelt.
  880.  
  881. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  882.  
  883. List of parallels between Vegetius and the HA. Even if these parallels could prove an influence of Vegetius on the HA, it would be useless for establishing the date of HA because the date of Vegetius himself is still debated.
  884.  
  885. Find this resource:
  886.  
  887. Chastagnol, André. 1994. Histoire Auguste: Les empereurs romains des IIe et IIIe siècles. Paris: R. Laffont.
  888.  
  889. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  890.  
  891. Imitations of Claudian in the HA (pp. xcvii–xcix).
  892.  
  893. Find this resource:
  894.  
  895. Paschoud, François. 2011. Histoire Auguste. Vol. IV, Part 3,Vies des Trente tyrans et de Claude. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.
  896.  
  897. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  898.  
  899. Pages 176–177 show contacts between Prudentius, Peristephanon 11.77–78: 83–84 and HA Trig. tyr. 29.4: 274–276 new contacts between Claudian and the HA.
  900.  
  901. Find this resource:
  902.  
  903. Literary and Historiographical Features: The Fiction
  904. The HA is full of fiction. One step in studying it was the identification of invented items (Inventory of Fictitious Elements), and a second step was the analysis of the Technique of Invention, which allows us to determine the idiosyncrasies of the literary and historiographical features of the collection.
  905.  
  906. Inventory of Fictitious Elements
  907. The importance of fiction in the HA was gradually discovered during the 19th century. A full list of invented documents is established in Lécrivain 1904. Syme 1966 studies the bogus names, and Syme 1976 the bogus authors. Syme 1980 detects fiction also in the Epitomators. Birley 2002 shows humor at play in the invention of two of the six names of authors.
  908.  
  909. Birley, Anthony. 2002. “Trebellius Pollio” and “Flavius Vopiscus Syracusanus.” Paper presented at a colloquium held in Perugia, Italy, in 2000. In Historiae Augustae Colloquium Perusinum. Edited by Giorgio Bonamente and François Paschoud, 33–47. Bari, Italy: Edipuglia.
  910.  
  911. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  912.  
  913. Many attempts were made to explain the names of the six pretended authors. This is the only persuasive one concerning these two.
  914.  
  915. Find this resource:
  916.  
  917. Lécrivain, Charles. 1904. Études sur l’Histoire Auguste. Paris: A. Fontemoing.
  918.  
  919. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  920.  
  921. List of about 150 inserted documents, practically all of them invented (pp. 45–51). They are especially numerous in the secondary vitae and in those of the second half of the collection.
  922.  
  923. Find this resource:
  924.  
  925. Syme, Ronald. 1966. The bogus names in the Historia Augusta. In Bonner Historia-Augusta–Colloquium, 1964/1965. Edited by Andreas Alföldi, 257–272. Bonn, Germany: Habelt.
  926.  
  927. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  928.  
  929. Already in Dessau 1889 (cited under Until World War II), Dessau, a prosopographer, was struck that many names in the HA belong to the social context of the 4th century, not the 3rd—hence his suspicion about the date of the HA. The presence of about 200 persons not elsewhere attested is a basic characteristic of the HA.
  930.  
  931. Find this resource:
  932.  
  933. Syme, Ronald. 1976. Bogus authors. In Bonner Historia-Augusta–Colloquium, 1972/1974. Edited by Johannes Straub, 311–321. Bonn, Germany: Habelt.
  934.  
  935. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  936.  
  937. Treats the many pretended historians quoted as sources by the HA. All those not attested elsewhere, notably Cordus and Onesimus, are invented.
  938.  
  939. Find this resource:
  940.  
  941. Syme, Ronald. 1980. Fiction in the Epitomators. In Bonner Historia-Augusta–Colloquium, 1977/1978. Edited by Johannes Straub, 267–278. Bonn, Germany: Habelt.
  942.  
  943. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  944.  
  945. The resort to fiction can also be identified in the contemporary Latin Epitomators.
  946.  
  947. Find this resource:
  948.  
  949. Technique of Invention
  950. Gradually, many features typical of the HA were discovered, all of them related to the implementation of fiction. Treucker 1966 analyzes the technique of lending credentials to fiction by pretending that invented items still exist in the author’s own time. Mouchová 1970 illustrates the use of a traditional element of imperial biographies in fictitious contexts. Syme 1970 clarifies the old notion of the so-called secondary vitae. Birley 1978 illustrates the imitation of Suetonius as a technique for authentication of fiction. Den Hengst 1981 shows the part played by the introductions of certain lives in the economy of fiction. Den Hengst 1987 studies the construction of fiction in the invented documents. Den Hengst 1995 extracts information on the literary techniques of the “authors” from the data given by themselves on their way of working.
  951.  
  952. Birley, Eric. 1978. Tales of my grandfather. In Bonner Historia-Augusta–Colloquium, 1977/1978. Edited by Johannes Straub, 91–97. Bonn, Germany: Habelt.
  953.  
  954. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  955.  
  956. To confirm the veracity of pieces of reserved information that the reader could suspect, the author quotes as a source his father (Aurelian 43.2) or his grandfather (Thirty Tyrants 25.3; Four Tyrants 9.4–5 and 15.4; Carus 13.3, 14.1, 15.1 and 5). It is an imitation of Suetonius (Caligula 19.3 and Otho 10.1).
  957.  
  958. Find this resource:
  959.  
  960. den Hengst, Daniel. 1981. The prefaces in the Historia Augusta. Amsterdam: Grüner.
  961.  
  962. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  963.  
  964. Systematic analysis of the repartition and content of the prefaces that open sixteen of the thirty biographies, ten of them in the second half of the collection. One of the first works on a literary aspect of the collection, completely neglected before.
  965.  
  966. Find this resource:
  967.  
  968. den Hengst, Daniel. 1987. “Verba, non res”: Über die inventio in den Reden und Schriftstücken in der Historia Augusta. In Bonner Historia-Augusta–Colloquium, 1984/1985. Edited Johannes Straub, 157–174. Bonn, Germany: Habelt.
  969.  
  970. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  971.  
  972. Some examples illustrating the technique of invention in the fictive documents.
  973.  
  974. Find this resource:
  975.  
  976. den Hengst, Daniel. 1995. Selbstkommentare in der Historia Augusta. Paper presented at a colloquium held in Macerarta, Italy, on 6–9 June 1992. In Historiae Augustae Colloquium Maceratense. Edited by Giorgio Bonamente and Gianfranco Paci, 151–167. Bari, Italy: Edipuglia.
  977.  
  978. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  979.  
  980. Comments of the author of the HA about his methods of writing biography.
  981.  
  982. Find this resource:
  983.  
  984. Mouchová, Bohumila. 1970. Omina mortis in der Historia Augusta. In Bonner Historia-Augusta–Colloquium, 1968/1969. Edited by Andreas Alföldi, 111–149. Bonn, Germany: Habelt.
  985.  
  986. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  987.  
  988. Role in the elaboration of fiction in the HA of a typical component of imperial biographies, the omina mortis (omens of death).
  989.  
  990. Find this resource:
  991.  
  992. Syme, Ronald. 1970. The secondary vitae. In Bonner Historia-Augusta–Colloquium, 1968/1969. Edited by Andreas Alföldi, 285–307. Bonn, Germany: Habelt.
  993.  
  994. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  995.  
  996. Modifies a distinction made already by Mommsen 1890 (cited under Until World War II). Five biographies of co-emperors and usurpers in the initial part of the collection (Aelius, Avidius Cassius, Pescennius Niger, Clodius Albinus, Geta) are short, and their content is limited to elements derived from the parallel primary vitae and fiction. Their features put them close to the biographies of the second half of the collection. They are probably a later addition.
  997.  
  998. Find this resource:
  999.  
  1000. Treucker, Arnim. 1966. Kriterien der Aktualisierung in der Historia Augusta. In Bonner Historia-Augusta–Colloquium, 1964/1965. Edited by Andreas Alföldi, 273–292. Bonn, Germany: Habelt.
  1001.  
  1002. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1003.  
  1004. Frequently, it is asserted by the author that monuments, institutions, habits, and so on still exist in his own time.
  1005.  
  1006. Find this resource:
  1007.  
  1008. Religion
  1009. The religious aspects of the HA were ignored in the initial period of the controversy and were first examined in Geffcken 1920. Straub 1963 considers them as the central preoccupation of the collection. Liebmann-Frankfort 1983 concerns the Jews in the HA. Paschoud 1980 analyzes the role of providentialism in the HA, and Chastagnol 1983 studies the allusions to Christian topics. Birley 1991 offers a full list of religious elements in the HA. Cameron 2011 plays down the role of religious problems in the HA. Today, it is generally admitted that the problems of Christianity and traditional religions are one of the interests of the author, but not the central one.
  1010.  
  1011. Birley, Anthony. 1991. Religion in the Historia Augusta. Paper presented at a colloquium held in Chantilly, France, on 2–4 June 1990. In Historiae Augustae Colloquium Parisinum. Edited by Giorgio Bonamente and Noël Daval, 29–51. Paris: Boccard.
  1012.  
  1013. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1014.  
  1015. Full list of the passages of the collection related to religion in one way or another.
  1016.  
  1017. Find this resource:
  1018.  
  1019. Cameron, Alan. 2011. The last pagans of Rome. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.
  1020.  
  1021. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1022.  
  1023. The HA cannot be used as a testimony for a pagan reaction in Rome at the end of the 4th century (pp. 743–782).
  1024.  
  1025. Find this resource:
  1026.  
  1027. Chastagnol, André. 1983. Quelques thèmes bibliques dans l’Histoire Auguste. In Bonner Historia-Augusta–Colloquium, 1979/1981. Edited by Johannes Straub, 115–126. Bonn, Germany: Habelt.
  1028.  
  1029. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1030.  
  1031. Shows that the author of the HA knew well the Christian world and the Bible.
  1032.  
  1033. Find this resource:
  1034.  
  1035. Geffcken, Johannes. 1920. Religionsgeschichtliches in der Historia Augusta. Hermes 55:279–295.
  1036.  
  1037. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1038.  
  1039. First paper on the religious problems in the HA, a topic that became important and much discussed in the second half of the 20th century.
  1040.  
  1041. Find this resource:
  1042.  
  1043. Liebmann-Frankfort, Thérèse. 1983. Les Juifs dans l’Histoire Auguste. Latomus 33:579–607.
  1044.  
  1045. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1046.  
  1047. The data given in the HA on the Jews are pseudo-historical inventions.
  1048.  
  1049. Find this resource:
  1050.  
  1051. Paschoud, François. 1980. Raisonnements providentialistes dans l’Histoire Auguste. In Bonner Historia-Augusta–Colloquium, 1977/1978. Edited by Johannes Straub, 163–178. Bonn, Germany: Habelt.
  1052.  
  1053. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1054.  
  1055. Lists and comments on the passages in the HA in which certain contexts are interpreted as religious rewards or punishments. This important notion in the debate between pagans and Christians plays a certain part in the HA, but not a central one.
  1056.  
  1057. Find this resource:
  1058.  
  1059. Straub, Johannes. 1963. Heidnische Geschichtsapologetik in der christlichen Spätantike: Untersuchungen über Zeit und Tendenz der Historia Augusta. Bonn, Germany: Habelt.
  1060.  
  1061. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1062.  
  1063. An important, much-discussed work. Its insights remain significant even if its central thesis did not find wide acceptance: it interprets the HA as a history antagonistic to the Christians. The majority of scholars today consider that the collection has no dominant tenor or aim.
  1064.  
  1065. Find this resource:
  1066.  
  1067. Various Contents of Interest
  1068. The author of the HA has various interests or even obsessions on which he comments frequently. Moreover, he touches—intentionally or not— on many topics, often disclosing an environment that is chronologically not the purported one: Society and Economy, Institutions and Politics, Pageantry, and material culture (Realia).
  1069.  
  1070. Society and Economy
  1071. Kohns 1966 examines the data given by the HA about economic questions. Alföldy 1978 describes the image of society given by the HA. Wallinger 1990, Frézouls 1994, and Raepsaet-Charlier 1998 present the place of women in the HA. Johne 1991 analyzes the data given by the HA on the institution of the colonate.
  1072.  
  1073. Alföldy, Geza. 1978. Die Sozialordnung in der Historia Augusta. In Bonner Historia-Augusta–Colloquium, 1975/1976. Edited Johannes Straub, 1–51. Bonn, Germany: Habelt.
  1074.  
  1075. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1076.  
  1077. Full presentation of Roman society as depicted in the HA.
  1078.  
  1079. Find this resource:
  1080.  
  1081. Frézouls, Edmond. 1994. Le rôle politique des femmes dans l’Histoire Auguste. Paper presented at a colloquium held in Geneva, Switzerland on 9–12 May 1991. In Historiae Augustae Colloquium Genevense. Edited by Gorgio Bonamente and François Paschoud, 121–136. Bari, Italy: Edipuglia.
  1082.  
  1083. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1084.  
  1085. Commented list of women mentioned in the HA who played a political role.
  1086.  
  1087. Find this resource:
  1088.  
  1089. Johne, Klaus-Peter. 1991. Kolonen und Kolonat in der Historia Augusta. Paper presented at a colloquium held in Chantilly, France, on 2–4 June 1990. In Historiae Augustae Colloquium Parisinum. Edited by Giorgio Bonamente and Noël Daval, 107–116. Paris: Boccard.
  1090.  
  1091. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1092.  
  1093. The data on the colonate bring insights not only on this institution, but also on the nature of the HA itself.
  1094.  
  1095. Find this resource:
  1096.  
  1097. Kohns, Hans Peter. 1966. Wirtschaftsgeschichtliche Probleme in der Historia Augusta. In Bonner Historia-Augusta–Colloquium, 1964/1965. Edited by Andreas Alfödi, 99–126. Bonn, Germany: Habelt.
  1098.  
  1099. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1100.  
  1101. The HA on food shortages in the city of Rome.
  1102.  
  1103. Find this resource:
  1104.  
  1105. Raepsaet-Charlier, Marie-Thérèse. 1998. Les femmes sénatoriales des IIe et IIIe siècles dans l’Histoire Auguste. Paper presented at a colloquium held in Strasbourg, France, on 9–11 May 1996. In Historiae Augustae Colloquium Argentoratense. Edited by Giorgio Bonamente, 271–284. Bari, Italy: Edipuglia.
  1106.  
  1107. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1108.  
  1109. Methodological essay, with many examples, on the problem of distinguishing real from invented senatorial women in the HA. The latter are frequent in the biographies of emperors of the 3rd century.
  1110.  
  1111. Find this resource:
  1112.  
  1113. Wallinger, Elizabeth. 1990. Die Frauen in der Historia Augusta. Vienna: Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Archäologie.
  1114.  
  1115. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1116.  
  1117. Full inventory of all the passages of the HA concerning women, with more paraphrase than analysis.
  1118.  
  1119. Find this resource:
  1120.  
  1121. Institutions and Politics
  1122. Hartke 1951 comments on the topic of “boy emperors,” and Chastagnol 1970 on the data on the pretorian prefects. Johne 1976 is concerned with the question of imperial succession and senatorial bias, Chastagnol 1978 with the form of accession to the Senate, Delmaire 1991 with imperial liberalities, Eck 1994 with the consulate, and Chastagnol 1995 with censorship.
  1123.  
  1124. Chastagnol, André. 1970. L’Histoire Auguste et le rang des préfets du prétoire. In Recherches sur l’Histoire Auguste. By André Chastagnol, 39–68. Bonn, Germany: Habelt.
  1125.  
  1126. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1127.  
  1128. Evolution of the office of praetorian prefect from the Severians to Constantine following various sources, and notably the HA (with a list of the praetorian prefects for the years 202–326).
  1129.  
  1130. Find this resource:
  1131.  
  1132. Chastagnol, André. 1978. Latus clavus et adlectio dans l’Histoire Auguste. In Bonner Historia-Augusta–Colloquium, 1975/1976. Edited Johannes Straub, 107–131. Bonn, Germany: Habelt.
  1133.  
  1134. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1135.  
  1136. Homines novi in the HA.
  1137.  
  1138. Find this resource:
  1139.  
  1140. Chastagnol, André. 1995. La “censure” de Valérien. Paper presented at a colloquium held in Macerarta, Italy, on 6–9 June 1992. In Historiae Augustae Colloquium Maceratense. Edited by Giorgio Bonamente and Gianfranco Paci, 138–150. Bari, Italy: Edipuglia.
  1141.  
  1142. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1143.  
  1144. Starting from an invention of the HA, inquiry about the censorship in the 3rd and 4th centuries.
  1145.  
  1146. Find this resource:
  1147.  
  1148. Delmaire, Roland. 1991. Les donations impériales dans l’Histoire Auguste. Paper presented at a colloquium held in Chantilly, France, on 2–4 June 1990. In Historiae Augustae Colloquium Parisinum. Edited by Giorgio Bonamente and Noël Daval, 147–158. Paris: Boccard.
  1149.  
  1150. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1151.  
  1152. The imperial largitiones mentioned in the second part of the HA are invented, anachronistic and unrealistic.
  1153.  
  1154. Find this resource:
  1155.  
  1156. Eck, Werner. 1994. Zum Konsulat in der Historia Augusta. Paper presented at a colloquium held in Geneva, Switzerland, on 9–12 May 1991. In Historiae Augustae Colloquium Genevense. Edited by Giorgio Bonamente and François Paschoud, 109–120. Bari, Italy: Edipuglia.
  1157.  
  1158. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1159.  
  1160. Mentioned consuls in couple as a way of dating, fulfilling their duties, as authors or addressees of invented discourses and letters.
  1161.  
  1162. Find this resource:
  1163.  
  1164. Hartke, Werner. 1951. Römische Kinderkaiser: Eine Strukturanalyse römischen Denkens und Daseins. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag.
  1165.  
  1166. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1167.  
  1168. A difficult but important book, offering the fullest treatment of one of the principal fads of the author of the HA, the question of the boy emperors.
  1169.  
  1170. Find this resource:
  1171.  
  1172. Johne, Klaus-Peter. 1976. Kaiserbiographie und Senatsaristokratie. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag.
  1173.  
  1174. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1175.  
  1176. Gives clear access to two central topics of interest of the author of the HA: the question of dynastic succession or choice of the best, and the importance that the emperor govern in harmony with the senate.
  1177.  
  1178. Find this resource:
  1179.  
  1180. Pageantry
  1181. The author of the HA enjoys describing invented pageantry. Merten 1968 is about two imperial festivals, and Merten 1991 about hunting.
  1182.  
  1183. Merten, Elke. 1968. Zwei Herrscherfeste in der Historia Augusta. Bonn, Germany: Habelt.
  1184.  
  1185. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1186.  
  1187. Commentary of Gallienus 8–9 (celebration of the decennalia of Gallienus) and Aurelian 33–34 (the triumph of Aurelian).
  1188.  
  1189. Find this resource:
  1190.  
  1191. Merten, Elke. 1991. Venationes in der Historia Augusta. Paper presented at a colloquium held in Chantilly, France, on 2–4 June 1990. In Historiae Augustae Colloquium Parisinum. Edited by Giorgio Bonamente and Noël Daval, 139–178. Paris: Boccard.
  1192.  
  1193. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1194.  
  1195. Commentary of the passages of the HA describing various exhibitions (hunts, games, etc.).
  1196.  
  1197. Find this resource:
  1198.  
  1199. Realia
  1200. The HA abounds with data concerning the material environment: Pekári 1970 is about statues, Kolb 1976 about clothes, Merten 1983 about baths, Turcan 1991 about descriptions of works of art, and Kolb 1994 about the topography of the city of Rome.
  1201.  
  1202. Kolb, Frank. 1976. Kleidungsstücke in der Historia Augusta. In Bonner Historia-Augusta–Colloquium 1972/1974. Edited Johannes Straub, 153–171. Bonn, Germany: Habelt.
  1203.  
  1204. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1205.  
  1206. Mentions of clothes in the HA. Their exact identification is often difficult.
  1207.  
  1208. Find this resource:
  1209.  
  1210. Kolb, Frank. 1994. Zur Topographie Roms in der Historia Augusta. Paper presented at a colloquium held in Geneva, Switzerland, on 9–12 May 1991. In Historiae Augustae Colloquium Genevense. Edited by Giorgio Bonamente and François Paschoud, 149–172. Bari, Italy: Edipuglia.
  1211.  
  1212. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1213.  
  1214. There is no description of Rome in the HA, or data on Roman topography taken from sources, but there are many clues that the author had a good personal knowledge of that city; he was probably a “Roman from Rome.”
  1215.  
  1216. Find this resource:
  1217.  
  1218. Merten, Elke. 1983. Bäder und Badegepflogenheiten in der Darstellung der Historia Augusta. Bonn, Germany: Habelt.
  1219.  
  1220. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1221.  
  1222. Everything about baths in the HA: description, buildings, operating, medical and moral aspects.
  1223.  
  1224. Find this resource:
  1225.  
  1226. Pekári, Thomas. 1970. Statuen in der Historia Augusta. In Bonner Historia-Augusta–Colloquium, 1968/1969. Edited by Andreas Alkföldi, 151–172. Bonn, Germany: Habelt.
  1227.  
  1228. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1229.  
  1230. Commentary on the passages of the HA concerning statues.
  1231.  
  1232. Find this resource:
  1233.  
  1234. Turcan, Robert. 1991. Les monuments figurés dans l’Histoire Auguste. Paper presented at a colloquium held in Chantilly, France, on 2–4 June 1990. In Historiae Augustae Colloquium Parisinum. Edited by Giorgio Bonamente and Noël Daval, 287–309. Paris: Boccard.
  1235.  
  1236. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1237.  
  1238. This paper is devoted to a particular feature of the HA: the writer’s interest in works of art, in particular pictures and mosaics, which are often mentioned and even described.
  1239.  
  1240. Find this resource:
  1241.  
  1242. Language
  1243. The language of the HA was not a privileged object of research until recently. Works on General Problems are few. Important data were nevertheless collected in polemical discussions about date and authorship.
  1244.  
  1245. General Problems
  1246. With the exception of a full lexicon (Lessing 1901–1906), which can be completed by the Thesaurus Linguae Latinae, no comprehensive study on the language and style of the HA exists. Various particular points are the theme of short monographs or papers: Tidner 1922 is concerned with coordinating conjunctions, Hallén 1941 with various syntactic and morphologic problems, den Hengst 2007 with causal conjunctions, and Fry 2010 with stylistic features. The best-studied aspect is the clausulae: Zernial 1956 and Zernial 1986 (about accentual clausulae), and Béranger 1983 (about metrical clausulae).
  1247.  
  1248. Béranger, Jean. 1983. Observations sur les clausules dans l’Histoire Auguste. In Bonner Historia-Augusta–Colloquium, 1979/1981. Edited by Johannes Straub, 43–66. Bonn, Germany: Habelt.
  1249.  
  1250. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1251.  
  1252. Metrical clausulae in the HA. Interesting inventory, but the metrical clausulae system seems nevertheless not to be the dominant one.
  1253.  
  1254. Find this resource:
  1255.  
  1256. den Hengst, Daniel. 2007. Die Kausalkonjunktionen quod, quia und quoniam in der Historia Augusta. Paper presented at a colloquium held in Bamberg, Germany, in 2005. In Historiae Augustae Colloquium Bambergense. Edited by Giorgio Bonamente and Hartwin Brandt, 165–182. Bari, Italy: Edipuglia.
  1257.  
  1258. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1259.  
  1260. About the causal conjunctions in the HA.
  1261.  
  1262. Find this resource:
  1263.  
  1264. Fry, Carole. 2010. Suetonianus quidem: L’auteur de l’Histoire Auguste en utilisateur du style suétonien. Paper presented at a colloquium held in Geneva, Switzerland, 1–3 May 2008. In Historiae Augustae Colloquium Genevense. Edited by Lavinia Galli Milić and Nicole Hecquet-Noti, 135–151. Bari, Italy: Edipuglia.
  1265.  
  1266. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1267.  
  1268. Peculiar stylistic forms in the HA imitated from various models, especially Suetonius.
  1269.  
  1270. Find this resource:
  1271.  
  1272. Hallén, Manne. 1941. In Scriptores Historiae Augustae studia. Uppsala, Sweden: Wretman.
  1273.  
  1274. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1275.  
  1276. About several syntactic and morphological features of the HA.
  1277.  
  1278. Find this resource:
  1279.  
  1280. Lessing, Karl. 1901–1906. Scriptorum Historiae Augustae lexicon. Leipzig: Reisland.
  1281.  
  1282. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1283.  
  1284. Full inventory of the vocabulary of the HA. A basic tool for any study of the language of the HA. His data nevertheless have to be checked against the general usage of Latin, available in the fullest existing Latin dictionary, Thesaurus Linguae Latinae, 1900–, in progress, ten volumes published [A–M, O, P].
  1285.  
  1286. Find this resource:
  1287.  
  1288. Tidner, Erik. 1922. De particulis copulativis apud Scriptores Historiae Augustae: Quaestiones selectae. Uppsala, Sweden: Akademiska Bokhandeln.
  1289.  
  1290. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1291.  
  1292. Various aspects of the use of the coordinating conjunctions in the HA.
  1293.  
  1294. Find this resource:
  1295.  
  1296. Zernial, Hans Leberecht. 1956. Über den Satzschluss in der Historia Augusta. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag.
  1297.  
  1298. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1299.  
  1300. This basic study shows that the HA, in the rhetorically well-groomed passages, uses systematically accentual clausulae.
  1301.  
  1302. Find this resource:
  1303.  
  1304. Zernial, Hans Leberecht. 1986. Akzentklausel und Textkritik in der Historia Augusta. Bonn, Germany: Habelt.
  1305.  
  1306. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1307.  
  1308. Complements Zernial 1956. The observation of the accentual clausulae can often suggest interesting corrections of the text.
  1309.  
  1310. Find this resource:
  1311.  
  1312. Language Analysis and the Question of Authorship
  1313. Since the publication of the epochal paper Dessau 1889 (cited under Until World War II), many studies used linguistic analysis to solve the question of unique or multiple authorship, for instance, Klebs 1892, and more recently White 1967. While shedding much light on many aspects of the language of the HA, none of these was conclusive on the central question. More recently, the same problem was addressed by computer-based studies, with no more success; for instance, see Paschoud 2003 and Rudman 1998.
  1314.  
  1315. Klebs, E. 1892. Die Sammlung der S.H.A. Rheinisches Museum 47:1–52, 515–549.
  1316.  
  1317. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1318.  
  1319. An example among others of an inconclusive attempt to show by language analysis that Dessau 1889 (cited under Until World War II) was wrong.
  1320.  
  1321. Find this resource:
  1322.  
  1323. Paschoud, François. 2003. La question de l’unicité ou de la multiplicité des auteurs de l’Histoire Auguste: Intérêt et limites des méthodes d’analyse de texte d’attribution douteuse assistées par les moyens électroniques modernes. Antiquité Tardive 11:329–330.
  1324.  
  1325. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1326.  
  1327. Survey of computer-based language studies of the HA concerned with authorship.
  1328.  
  1329. Find this resource:
  1330.  
  1331. Rudman, J. 1998. Non-traditional authorship attribution studies in the Historia Augusta: Some caveats. Literary and Linguistic Computing 13.3: 151–157.
  1332.  
  1333. DOI: 10.1093/llc/13.3.151Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1334.  
  1335. His conclusion: “Clearly, I feel that every non-traditional authorship study of the HA is fraught with problems (some insurmountable) that make any valid study next to impossible.”
  1336.  
  1337. Find this resource:
  1338.  
  1339. White, Peter. 1967. The authorship of the Historia Augusta. Journal of Roman Studies 57:115–133.
  1340.  
  1341. DOI: 10.2307/299349Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1342.  
  1343. Rich collection of linguistic elements that confirm Dessau 1889 (cited under Until World War II).
  1344.  
  1345. Find this resource:
  1346.  
  1347. Reception and Tradition
  1348. Written about 400 CE, the HA, extremely incorrect politically, in all likelihood did not circulate then. In fact, there is no trace of it before one century later, when it began to be less scandalous. In Jordanes Getica 83–88, there is a quotation of the Roman History of Memmius Symmachus (written at the beginning of the 6th century), which is a nearly verbatim extract from HA Maximini duo 1–5, with additions from Orosius (Baldini 2007). No other evident traces exist until the 9th century, the date of the oldest surviving manuscript P (Callu 1985). Belonging to another ramification of the tradition (Hohl 1913), the manuscripts of the class Σ were copied in the 14th and 15th centuries (Callu 1987). From the Pre-Renaissance on, the HA was widely used as the most detailed Latin source for the Roman history of the 2nd and 3rd centuries CE (Vidal and Cabrera 1996). The question of date and authorship stimulated the interest of eminent classical historians of the 20th century (Béranger 1980, Kolb 1998, Brandt 2010).
  1349.  
  1350. Baldini, A. 2007. Tra Historia Augusta e Storia romana di Q. Aurelio Memmio Simmaco. Paper presented at a colloquium held in Bamberg, Germany, in 2005. In Historiae Augustae Colloquium Bambergense. Edited by Giorgio Bonamente and Hartwin Brandt, 9–34. Bari, Italy: Edipuglia.
  1351.  
  1352. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1353.  
  1354. Turns on the insertion of pages of HA Maximini in Jordanes quoting Memmius Symmachus. History of the debate and discussion of the problem, still hotly debated.
  1355.  
  1356. Find this resource:
  1357.  
  1358. Béranger, Jean. 1980. Mommsen et l’Histoire Auguste. In Bonner Historia-Augusta–Colloquium, 1977/1978. Edited by Johannes Straub, 17–34. Bonn, Germany: Habelt.
  1359.  
  1360. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1361.  
  1362. Opinions of Mommsen about the HA, not only in Mommsen 1890 (cited under Until World War II), but also in his other works.
  1363.  
  1364. Find this resource:
  1365.  
  1366. Brandt, Hartwin. 2010. Hermann Dessau, Otto Hirschfeld, Otto Seeck, Theodor Mommsen und die Historia Augusta. Paper presented at a colloquium held in Geneva, Switzerland, 1–3 May 2008. In Historiae Augustae Colloquium Genevense. Edited by Lavinia Galli Milić and Nicole Hecquet-Noti, 93–103. Bari, Italy: Edipuglia.
  1367.  
  1368. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1369.  
  1370. Relations and private discussions about the HA between some prominent German scholars before World War I.
  1371.  
  1372. Find this resource:
  1373.  
  1374. Callu, Jean-Pierre. 1985. La première diffusion de l’ “Histoire Auguste.” In Bonner Historia-Augusta–Colloquium, 1982/1983. Edited by Johannes Straub, 89–120. Bonn, Germany: Habelt.
  1375.  
  1376. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1377.  
  1378. The first period of the reception of HA.
  1379.  
  1380. Find this resource:
  1381.  
  1382. Callu, Jean-Pierre. 1987. L’ “Histoire Auguste” et Pétrarque. In Bonner Historia-Augusta–Colloquium, 1984/1985. Edited by Johannes Straub, 81–115. Bonn, Germany: Habelt.
  1383.  
  1384. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1385.  
  1386. The reception of the HA in the 14th and 15th centuries.
  1387.  
  1388. Find this resource:
  1389.  
  1390. Hohl, Ernst. 1913. Beiträge zur Textgeschichte der Historia Augusta. Klio 13:258–288, 387–423.
  1391.  
  1392. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1393.  
  1394. Demonstrates that the class Σ of manuscripts is independent of the P tradition.
  1395.  
  1396. Find this resource:
  1397.  
  1398. Kolb, Frank. 1998. Andreas Alföldi und die Historia-Augusta-Forschung. Paper presented at a colloquium held in Strasbourg, France, on 9–11 May 1996. In Historiae Augustae Colloquium Argentoratense. Edited by Giorgio Bonamente, 213–222. Bari, Italy: Edipuglia.
  1399.  
  1400. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1401.  
  1402. Interests of Alföldi in the HA before 1950. His role in the creation of the Bonner Colloquia. Unexpected impact on the HA-debate of the discord between Momigliano and Alföldi.
  1403.  
  1404. Find this resource:
  1405.  
  1406. Paschoud, François. 2014. Casaubon et Saumaise commentateurs de l’Histoire Auguste. Paper presented at a colloquium held in Nancy, France, on 2–4 June 2011. In Historiae Augustae Colloquium Nanceiense. Edited by Cécile Bertrand-Dagenbach and François Chausson, 405–418. Bari, Italy: Edipuglia.
  1407.  
  1408. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1409.  
  1410. About the method of the two first commentaries of the Historia Augusta.
  1411.  
  1412. Find this resource:
  1413.  
  1414. Vidal, José-Luis, and Ramón Cabrera. 1996. Notas (incluso musicales) a la tradición de la HA en el siglo XVIII. Paper presented at a colloquium held in Barcelona on 28–30 May 1993. In Historiae Augustae Colloquium Barcinonense. Edited by Giorgio Bonamente and Marc Mayer, 307–318. Bari, Italy: Edipuglia.
  1415.  
  1416. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1417.  
  1418. Reception of the HA in the 18th century, in particular as a source of inspiration for opera libretti.
  1419.  
  1420. Find this resource:
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