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Building and Infastructure

cumic
Nov 15th, 2019
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  1. <p class="MsoNormal" align="center">
  2. <img src="/uploads/editor/image/20160718/20160718103136_12282.jpg" alt="" />
  3. </p>
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  5. <span style="color:#000000;font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;"><br />
  6. </span>
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  9. <span style="color:#000000;font-family:Verdana;font-size:14px;"> </span>
  10. </p>
  11. <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;">
  12. <span style="font-size:14px;font-family:Verdana;">Accounting for over 50% of global steel use, construction uses the most steel out of any other industry. Buildings- from houses to car-parks to schools and sky scrapers all rely on steel for their strength. Steel is also used on roofs, and as cladding for exterior walls.</span>
  13. </p>
  14. <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:2em;">
  15. <span style="color:#1F4B7D;"> <span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:14px;color:#000000;">According to the UN's
  16. population forecast from July 2015, world population will reach 8.5 billion in
  17. 2030 and 9.7 billion in 2050<sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10px;color:#000000;">1 </span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:14px;color:#000000;"> accompanied by rapid
  18. urbanisation. As the need for buildings and infrastructure continues to grow
  19. worldwide reducing consumption of natural resources and emissions
  20. will be crucial for future sustainability.<sup><span style="font-size:10px;">2 </span></sup> </span> </span></span>
  21. </p>
  22. <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:2em;">
  23. <span style="color:#1F4B7D;"> </span>
  24. </p>
  25. <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:2em;">
  26. <span style="color:#000000;font-family:Verdana;font-size:14px;">Steel is affordable, readily available and sturdier than other metal alternatives (like aluminum) due to its high strength and durability. Steelmakers around
  27. the world are finding construction solutions through steel that allow for energy-efficient and carbon-neutral buildings. These solutions reduce the
  28. environmental impact over the structure's life cycle. New designs also account for the end of the structure's life- allowing parts of buildings to be recycled and reused after demolition. While buildings currently account for about 20% of global greenhouse gas emissions, they also present many opportunities for reducing emissions and mitigating climate change.<sup><span style="font-size:10px;color:#000000;font-family:Verdana;">3 </span></sup>
  29. </p>
  30. <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:2em;">
  31. <span style="color:#1F4B7D;"> </span>
  32. </p>
  33. <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:2em;">
  34. <span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-size:14px;font-family:Verdana;"><span><span>Due to its aforementioned strength and affordability, steel can also provide the solution to infrastructure and construction needs in developing countries and in places that are prone to experiencing extreme weather. Many protective coastal and wind-resistant structures are constructed with steel.</span></span></span> </span>
  35. </p>
  36. <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:2em;">
  37. <span style="color:#000000;font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;"><br />
  38. </span>
  39. </p>
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  41. <span style="color:#1F4B7D;"> </span>
  42. </p>
  43. <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:2em;">
  44. <span style="color:#000000;font-family:Verdana;font-size:14px;">The advanced
  45. high-strength steels used in steel-plate applications also find uses in a
  46. number of related industries. Offshore oil rigs, bridges, civil engineering and
  47. construction machines, rail carriages, tanks and pressure vessels, nuclear,
  48. thermal and hydroelectric plants – all these applications benefit from the
  49. attributes of modern steels.</span>
  50. </p>
  51. <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:2em;">
  52. <span style="color:#000000;font-family:Verdana;font-size:14px;"><br />
  53. </span>
  54. </p>
  55. <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:0em;">
  56. <b><span style="color:#337FE5;font-family:Verdana;font-size:14px;">How Steel is Used in Buildings and Infrastructure</span></b>
  57. </p>
  58. <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:2em;">
  59. <span style="color:#1F4B7D;"> </span>
  60. </p>
  61. <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:2em;">
  62. <span style="color:#1F4B7D;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:14px;color:#000000;">The possibilities for
  63. using steel in buildings and infrastructure are limitless. The most common
  64. applications are listed below<sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10px;color:#000000;">4 </span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:14px;color:#000000;">.</span> </span>
  65. </p>
  66. <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:2em;">
  67. <b><span style="color:#000000;font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;"><br />
  68. </span></b>
  69. </p>
  70. <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:0em;">
  71. <b><span style="color:#337FE5;font-family:Verdana;font-size:14px;"></span></b>
  72. </p>
  73. <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:2em;">
  74. <span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:14px;line-height:1.5;">● Structural
  75. sections: these provide a strong, stiff frame for the building and make up 25%
  76. of the steel use in buildings.</span>
  77. </p>
  78. <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:2em;">
  79. <span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:14px;line-height:21px;">● Reinforcing
  80. bars: these add tensile strength and stiffness to concrete and make up 44% of
  81. steel use in buildings. Steel is used because it binds well to concrete, has a
  82. similar thermal expansion coefficient and is strong and relatively
  83. cost-effective. Reinforced concrete is also used to provide deep foundations
  84. and basements and is currently the world’s primary building material.</span>
  85. </p>
  86. <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:2em;">
  87. <span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:14px;line-height:21px;">● Sheet
  88. products: 31% is in sheet products such as roofing, purlins, internal walls,
  89. ceilings, cladding, and insulating panels for exterior walls.</span>
  90. </p>
  91. <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:2em;">
  92. <span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:14px;line-height:21px;">● Non-structural
  93. steel: steel is also found in many non-structural applications in buildings,
  94. such as heating and cooling equipment and interior ducting.</span>
  95. </p>
  96. <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:2em;">
  97. <span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:14px;line-height:21px;">● Internal
  98. fixtures and fittings such as rails, shelving and stairs are also made of
  99. steel.</span>
  100. </p>
  101. <p style="text-indent:2em;">
  102. <br />
  103. </p>
  104. <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:2em;">
  105. <span style="color:#1F4B7D;"> </span>
  106. </p>
  107. <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:2em;">
  108. <span style="color:#1F4B7D;"> </span>
  109. </p>
  110. <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:2em;">
  111. <b><span style="color:#000000;font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;"><br />
  112. </span></b>
  113. </p>
  114. <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:0em;">
  115. <b><span style="color:#337FE5;font-family:Verdana;font-size:14px;">For Infrastructure</span></b>
  116. </p>
  117. <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:2em;">
  118. <span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:14px;line-height:21px;">● Transport
  119. networks: steel is required for bridges, tunnels, rail track and in
  120. constructing buildings such as fueling stations, train stations, ports and
  121. airports. About 60% of steel use in this application is as rebar and the rest
  122. is sections, plates and rail track.</span>
  123. </p>
  124. <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:2em;">
  125. <span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:14px;line-height:21px;">● Utilities
  126. (fuel, water, power): over 50% of the steel used for this application is in
  127. underground pipelines to distribute water to and from housing, and to
  128. distribute gas. The rest is mainly rebar for power stations and pumping houses.</span>
  129. </p>
  130. <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:2em;">
  131. <span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:14px;line-height:1.5;"><br />
  132. </span>
  133. </p>
  134. <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:2em;">
  135. <span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:14px;line-height:1.5;"><br />
  136. </span>
  137. </p>
  138. <p style="text-indent:2em;">
  139. <br />
  140. </p>
  141. <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center;">
  142. <img src="/uploads/editor/image/20160718/20160718110040_83701.png" alt="" /><br />
  143. <span style="color:#1F4B7D;"></span>
  144. </p>
  145. <p style="text-indent:2em;">
  146. <strong><i><span style="font-family:Arial;color:#000000;font-size:14px;"> </span></i></strong>
  147. </p>
  148. <p style="text-indent:2em;">
  149. <br />
  150. </p>
  151. <hr />
  152. <strong><i><br />
  153. </i></strong>
  154. <p>
  155. <br />
  156. </p>
  157. <p style="text-indent:2em;">
  158. <br />
  159. </p>
  160. <p style="text-indent:2em;">
  161. <strong><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;color:#333333;font-size:14px;"><em>Footnotes:</em></span></i></strong>
  162. </p>
  163. <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:2em;">
  164. <span style="color:#333333;font-family:Verdana;font-size:14px;"><em>1.World Population
  165. Prospects The 2015 Revision United Nations, World Population Prospects, The
  166. 2015 Revision, p. 2, issued, 29 July 2015</em></span>
  167. </p>
  168. <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:2em;">
  169. <span style="color:#333333;font-family:Verdana;font-size:14px;"><em>2.IPCC Fourth
  170. Assessment Report, Working Group III, ch 1</em></span>
  171. </p>
  172. <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:2em;">
  173. <span style="color:#333333;font-family:Verdana;font-size:14px;"><em>3.Metz, B.,
  174. Controlling Climate Change, 2010, Cambridge University Press.</em></span>
  175. </p>
  176. <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:2em;">
  177. <span style="color:#333333;font-family:Verdana;font-size:14px;"><em>4.Allwood J.M.,
  178. Cullen J.M., et al., 2012, Sustainable Materials: With both eyes open, p.
  179. 31-38. UIT Cambridge, England.</em></span>
  180. </p>
  181. <p style="text-indent:2em;">
  182. <br />
  183. </p>
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