On the Test:
Four eras
Reformation, Renaissance, Age of Exploration, Absolute Monarchy
Similar/Different
Cause/Effect
Regions
Chronological order
NOT ALLOWED TO USE ELIZABETH I



Protestant Reformation
Martin Luther 95 theses (1517)
Explains 95 things that the Roman Catholicism should do to fix their religion


Examples
We always sinned, no matter what, you are a sinner
You could buy your way out of sins
People aren’t retarded, they can interpret the bible for themselves.
Church got mad because it went against everything they did
Excommunicated Luther
Luther leads movement of people who will make protestant a branch of catholicism.
Edict of Worms outlawed Luther’s ideas
Machiavellian (I have no clue where he goes) aka. “Secretary on steroids”
“Philosopher” for leaders
Had some really harsh and ruthless ways of ruling the people of a country
TLDR rule with fear
Winning wars makes you powerful
Do anything to stay in power
King “Really desperate” Henry VIII
Married to Catherine of Aragon(Which numeric value was it)
They had a kid, Mary I
Henry wanted a male heir (because women were questionable as leaders)
Made Anglican church since he couldn’t divorce Catherine because pope didn't let him
Married Anne Boleyn
Gave birth to Elizabeth the 1st
Henry ain't so happy
Divorces again
Kills Anne for treason and cheating(accused)
Marries Jane Seymour
Favorite waifu of Henry
Gave birth to Edward
Jane later died from birth
Rest aren’t too important, just fixed family things/




Renaissance
RELIGION
-Church, some Jews persecuted, Jewish communities prospered under Muslim rule in Spain
-Pope Boniface VIII says church>king, but Philip IV sends army to arrest pope and pope dies
	-New election organized by Philip w/ residency in France → Great Western Schism, Magna Carta
-
ECONOMICS
-9/10 ppl were farmers, poverty increased, Guilds created, higher wages demanded, more trade
POLITICS/GOV
-Feudalism, independent trade cities, church, Magna Carta, Parliament created
SOCIO-CULTURAL
-Nobles had 13-20 serf families under them, peasants work long, hard hours, serfdom disappeared after black death
-Discrimination against Jews, Jews became bankers, money dudes bc not against religion
-Universities, courses taught in Latin, humanism




Age of Exploration
Notable Explorers:
Portugal:
King John:
	Funded the exploration and was a big benefactor to others
They discovered Brazil, a route to India,
Traded with Japan and China (Macau) and Colonized areas of India, Brazil, and Africa (portugal in general)
Spain:
England:
		Francis Drake- Sent out by Elizabeth, circumnavigates the world.
		Sir Walter Raleigh: did some stuff
		Sir Martin Frobisher:
France:
Netherlands:
China
Middle Kingdom
Idea will influence trading policies as the Chinese don’t think they need anyone else as they are not as advanced as them
Mandate of Heaven/Dynastic Cycle
The right to rule
When things go wrong, they lose that
Confucianism→ Ancestor Worship
Importance of farmers/ Peasants

1279-1368: Yuan Dynasty (Mongols)
There will be contact between them and the Europeans, Marco Polo will contact them before the Age of Exploration
In 1368, they’ll lose the mandate, they were always viewed as foreigners

1368-1644: Ming Dynasty (Chinese)
They drove the Mongols out
Move capital from Nanjing to Beijing
Restore agriculture
Will try to erase all memory of Mongol rule
Work to restore Confucianism
Improve Imperial Administration through Civil Service exam
1405-1433: International (Ming has some interest in the outside world), the Ming wants tributes from the outside world
Zheng He will have numerous voyages, which will only confirm the ideas of Middle Kingdom because they weren’t impressed by the rest of the world and they think they can do it better, so Chinese decide to isolate themselves from the outside world/ Policy of Isolation is developed

1500s: Ming Government tightly controls trade
Tries to control every single economic transaction within and outside of the country
1514- first Europeans will arrive, the Portuguese, and they want to trade
The Chinese open three ports (Canton, Macao, Ningbo)
Smuggling (illegal trade)
Christian Merchants→ Matteo Ricci, an Italian Jesuit

On what grounds does yang Guangxian criticize Christianity?
They believe they’re trying to make China an offshoot
They believe that God, Jesus, and other Christian characters don’t recognize the relationships though they are saying that they rule over the relationships
They have a hard time to conceptualize the idea of heaven
They think that the Christians are trying to rebel
Jesus went against his own country
They don’t respect the relationships, and they don’t worship their ancestors
Christianity offends Confucianism
In Christianity, they worship God, not their ancestors

1644-1911: Qing Dynasty (Manchus)
Last dynasty to rule China
From a region north called Manchuria, they’re invaders
They’re similar to the Ming
Tightly regulates trade
If you want to do business and do trade with us, you must follow a certain ritual
The Dutch are the first to do this because they are willing to do the Cauchow ritual (bow down 9 times before the emperor because this shows that they are below the Chinese emperor and he is the most important)
Problematic because the British don’t want to follow through with this, but the British want silk, porcelain, and TEA, but the Chinese don’t want anything from them
British flood Opium into China, and so they get tea for the drug, this leads to the Opium Wars
At one time the Chinese was the most technologically advanced, but once they isolated themselves, they isolated themselves, the outside world moves on. Europe rapidly advanced as they experienced the Industrial Revolution.
Japan
Culture is based on Chinese culture because of proximity
4000 islands make up Japan, and so there is isolation
Culture spreads easier than military invasion (hard for outside people to conquer but it is easy for culture to be introduced)
No natural resources, little farmland (this will later play a role in WWII as they are desperate for resources)
Shintoism- worship of nature, local gods, ancestor worship
Bushido- code of conduct, “Way of Warrior”, samurai, it is more honorable to die in battle than to live and have a long life, better to commit suicide, Kamikaze during WWII

1467-1608: “Warring States Period” “Civil War”
Daimyo- warrior chieftain
1540s- Europeans arrive, military warfare is changed in Japan after the introduction of guns, cannons, etc.
Vying for control, finally by 1608 one group has total control over Japan

Tokugawa Shogunate
Military dictatorship, even though there is an empire they have no power, only the military does
Unified Japan
Will have 200 years of peace and prosperity
They will have more food after trading with Europe, more caloric foods
Confucian values→ peasants more important than merchants
Society beery rigidly organized- only really includes men, Women and girls are not included
Emperor
Shogun
Daimyo
Samurai
Peasants, Farmers (make up ⅘ of the population)
Merchants
Mid 1700s- population shift, goes from rural to urban
Because of the European contact, Christianity will spread like wildfire, is taken very well
Now, with pockets of Christians in Japan, 30,000 Christians will revolt against the Tokugawa Shogunate
Because of this, Japan will close all contact with Europeans and shut themselves down
1639: Closed Country Policy because Christianity caused rebellion and because guns and cannons are threatening samurai culture because they traditionally use swords
Governmental tightly controls trade
Only 1 port open (Dutch, China)
No one can leave Japan
Similarities
Both trying to protect Cultural Identity

Differences
Japan’s people accepts Christianity but not the Chinese

Ottoman (Sunni), Safavid (Shia), Mughal (Sunni)

Currently, in Europe there is religious violence and cultural blending
The Inquisition
Millets
Ottoman Ruler Suleiman
Akbar
Illiterate, didn’t know how to read
Brought people to him (Scholars, religious leader, poets, etc.) in order to have them talk to him so that he can lear
Believes in the power of religion as a unifier rather than something that separates people
Decline of the Islamic Empires
Similarity is when they don’t believe in cultural blending, when they become intolerant, this becomes rebellions, revolts, chaos, discontent, etc.
No longer religiously tolerant→ go to decline
Islamic Empire Architecture
Rather than art on a canvas, chooses to invest in architecture
Taj Mahal built for one of his wife who died giving birth to their 14th child, has cultural blending
Connections
The Ottomans take control of Constantinople from Byzantine, these people (scholars, poets, etc.) then went to western Europe, where they started the Renaissance
Devshirme
They would take Christian boys and take them and give them the best education offered and they would go on to become either Janissaries or the political ruler of the city they were taken from since they have a connection to them and are still loyal to the Ottomans
Charles V
*look at Katie’s recording*
4 Eras
Renaissance: rebirth of the classical era
Reformation: challenge power of RCC
Exploration: Expand power of RCC and Absolute Monarchs
Absolute Monarchy: Kings rule as dictators (Sultans, Shahs, Emperors, Etc.)
WILL AS FOR CONNECTION BETWEEN ERAS, MAKE CONNECTIONS!
Similar/Different
Cause→ Effect



Age of Absolute Monarchs
England-The Tudors
-Henry VIII had 6 wives:
Catherine of Aragon- had one child, Henry wants to divorce but requires permission from the pope who is held by Holy Roman Emperor, so Henry divorces Catherine, creates Anglican church and declares himself head, makes everyone sign the Act of Supremacy
Thomas Moore is Henry’s close friend but a devout Catholic, so he won’t sign the Act o’ Bourne Supremacy, so he is executed and secretary Thomas Cromwell closes Catholic monasteries
Context
Came to power in the War of Roses, Lancasters (represented with a red rose) vs the Yorks (represented with a white rose)
Henry VII killed Richard III, and claims the throne in 1485
Henry VII wants to make his family claim stronger as he is not comfortable yet. So, Henry gets in his head that he wants to form an alliance with Spain, and so he wants to marry his way in. He has a son named Arthur and Spain has a daughter, Catherine of Aragon Catholic. When the children are 2 or 3 years old, they enter an agreement that when they come of age, they will marry. After 6 months into the marriage, Arthur died. Now, Henry VII is on shaky ground as he has a political alliance in the balance. However, Henry VII has another 10 year old son, Henry VIII, and 16 year old Catherine agrees to marry him. Then, in 1509 they get married.

Henry VIII’s children
1510 Daughter- died
1511 Son- died
1513 Son- died
1514 Son- died
1516 Mary (Catholic)- survived
1518 Daughter- died
^with Elizabeth
1533 Elizabeth (Anglican)- survived
1534 Son- died
Etc.

Henry VIII puts Luther on blast, which makes the Pope so happy, that he is named “Defender of the Faith”
Henry VIII is a cheat, and he is having illegitimate sons and daughters, so he knows that it is possible, however the child must be of one from the queen
Henry believes that although Catherine says she did not do the deed with his brother, she did and so his marriage is cursed
Henry finds a passage in the Bible in which it says it is not okay to marry a brother’s wife, so he writes a letter to the Pope (the Pope is currently being held hostage by a family member of Catherine’s nephew at this time though…), because the Pope does not want to anger his captor, he refuses

2: Anne Boleyn
She is very into the Reformation
She asks Henry VIII to break from the Roman Catholic Church, starts a new religion (Anglicanism), and then marry her
Henry’s Reformation
He is also a spiritual leader as well, head of the Anglican church- this has endured this entire time (Queen Elizabeth is currently the head of the Anglican church)
Has everyone in England swear before God that he is the head of the Church
Because there was a lot of people who thought he was a foreign ruler, was tired of paying tithes, etc. so some people go along with this
Thomas More refuses this, and so he is beheaded. So, the role he used to play foes to Thomas Cromwell. Thomas is then old to shut down the Catholic monasteries and the land goes to Henry.

2: Anne Boleyn (again)
Turned to Anglican
Marry in January of 1533, even though he is still married to Catherine
The rush to marry her is because Anne is pregnant, and because the baby needs to be legitimate and come from a Queen
The divorce doesn’t go through until March of that year
She gives birth to a girl and then has two miscarriages for boy
Now, Mary is an illegitimate daughter as he has now divorced Catherine
Three years after their wedding, he wants another divorce. However, he doesn’t want to put the country through another divorce, so he accuses her of an affair. So, he accuses her of having an affair and having inces
So, Elizabeth is declared illegitimate, if he were to die, he’d have no heir

3: Jane Seymour
Catholic
Married 11 days after Anne’s execution
Henry’s favorite wife, he is buried with her
Gives birth in 1537 to a boy (Edward)
Jane died a few weeks later as she contracted a disease from childbirth

4: Anne of Cleves
He sends Thomas Cromwell and a Renaissance artist to find a lady, so that he will have a political alliance with Germany (he is not cool with Spain as he divorced his wife and France is catholic)
German Protestant
Says she resembles a horse, he recoils from her
He doesn’t find her attractive, so he tries to get out of the marriage, but Thomas says that is not possible as they have a Political agreement
He doesn’t even kiss her at the end of their wedding ceremony
They both agree to end the marriage together, annuls the marriage (declares a marriage to have no legal existence)
He adopts her as a sister
From this mishap, Henry VIII executes Cromwell

5: Katherine Howard
She is 19 at the time
Katherine has affairs with a few men and is executed at 21 since she is put on trial and put to death for treason
All the men she has affairs with are also executed
Anne Boleyn’s first cousin

6: Katherine Parr, 4 years older than Mary
She is Protestant (had switched to Henry’s religion)
She reunites him with his daughters and makes him reinstate them as in the line for the throne, meaning that Henry would be first in line
Survives Henry by a year, in which she moves on quickly to Henry’s ex-brother-in-law, Thomas Seymour, which is Jane’s brother (the favorite wife’s brother)
Married 2x before
Educated

Edward VI
At the age of 10, he begins his rule (for 6 short years- died at 16)
Raised as an Anglican
He contracts smallpox, measles, and then tuberculosis and died because he could no longer breathe from this
Some Speculate whether he was poisoned
By his uncle: Thomas Seymour- Katherine Parr’s husband and Jane’s brother
Someone killed him in order to get Mary, a catholic, to the throne
He changes his will so that his first cousin to be his heir, who is a Protestant
Regent is his uncle

Lady Jane Grey
seventeen
Queen for 9 days
Mary amasses a group that overthrows her and she is executed by Mary, and so is anyone who helped her get to power\

Queen Mary I
Will only rule for five years
Very quickly goes to abolish the Anglican Church in order to convert everyone ot Catholic
Forces everyone to change to Catholicism and burns everyone else at the stake
300 protestant leaders burned at the stake as heretics
“Bloody Mary”
Marries Philip II in order to try and get a heir- Elizabeth (an Anglican) will get power
Dies without an heir
Philip II goes home after reaching out to Elizabeth, who turns him down

Elizabeth I
Rules the country for 45 years, comes to power in 1558
Never marries, says she is married to her country (even though many want her to)
Highly educated
Spoke 9 languages including English, Greek, Latin, French, Spanish, and Italian
Protestant
Is the embodiment of absolute monarchy, Age of Exploration, and the Reformation
Major obstacles to overcome
Philip II is upset with Elizabeth and sends the Spanish Armada (most powerful at the time) in order to attack England in 1583→ defeats them, elements p	lay a big role in this
Mary (QUeen of Scots) sees her as the legitimate Catholic heir, so they want her on the throne→ has her executed
Opposition from Catholic monarchs who want to destroy her
Proves to Europe that she’s powerful enough from ^
Becomes a major world power
Skillful Politician
Managed to control Parliament…..
Arguably England’s greatest ruler
Settles religious disputes
Encourages Protestantism
Church services in English, not Latin
Act of Supremacy (Nobles swear to her above God)
Religious “tolerance” (Catholics can do that they want- in private)
Exploration:
Funds Sir Walter Raleigh
Receives patent to explore and settle in North America
Founds Roanoke colony (in Virginia)
Sir Francis Drake







Similarities and Differences

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>Renaissance vs Reformation
The Renaissance was more (similar/different) than the Reformation because...
Both a result of the public gaining more knowledge and being able to think for themselves → independent thinking. Renaissance: people started to think differently/influenced by ideas from different countries
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>Renaissance vs Exploration
The Renaissance was more (similar/different) than the Age of Exploration because...
Similar as Elizabeth was a renaissance woman who was educated i.e. in multiple languages and she sent out various explorers to explore the New World.


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>Renaissance vs Absolute Monarchy
The Renaissance was more (similar/different) than the age of Absolute Monarchy because...
Similar because both led to allowed for lots of change within Europe very quick and in both the change was beneficial.
In Renaissance there was a return to classical ideas
In Absolute Monarchy they started to trade more because they would explore more
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>Reformation vs Exploration
The Reformation was more (similar/different) than the Age of Exploration because...


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>Reformation vs Absolute Monarchy
The Reformation was more (similar/different) than the age of Absolute Monarchy because...
Similar: King Henry VIII was an absolute monarch who broke off from the RCC so he could have total control over the religion(he used the reformation in order to break off from to RCC- consolidates power within him.
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>Exploration vs Absolute Monarchy
The Age of Exploration was more (similar/different) than the Age of Absolute Monarchy because…

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Chronological Comparisons
Renaissance and Reformation
Renaissance led to reformation
More humanist Views
And Free Thinking


































Causes and Effects

Major events (the causes, the effects)
The Crusades
Causes: The Muslims take over Jerusalem, which prompts the RCC to attempt to gain the Holy Land back.
Effects: Leads to the Renaissance, since the Europeans brought back the classical ideas that the Muslims had during the Dark Ages.
The Sacking of Constantinople
Causes: The Ottoman Turks see a weakened city, Constantinople. They conquer the city, and turn it to Muslim.
Effects: Also leads to Renaissance, as the remaining Europeans don’t want to become Muslim, so they go back to Europe. This leads to them bringing their culture and ideas back to Europe, spreading the classical ideas.
ALSO: Helps create the Ottoman golden age, due to them taking the city and pillaging it.