2017-08-03 TOEFL: compare/contrast language

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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https://ed.ted.com/lessons/will-we-ever-be-able-to-teleport-sajan-saini
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Homework: DELTA p. 217-220, exercises 2.3.A, B, C
2.3.A
1 B
2 A
3 D
4 C
5 B
6 A
7 C
8 C
9 A
10 B
exercise 2.3.B
1 A
2 D
3 A
4 C
5 D
6 A
7 D
8 A
9 C
10 B
exercise 2.3.C
1 D
2 B
3 B
4 B C
5 A
6 D
7 C
8 C
9 A
10 D
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Language for Comparing and Contrasting
- You almost always need to use this for integrated writing.
- You often need it for independent writing.
- You also might use it in any speaking task where you state and explain an opinion (1, 2, 3, 5) and occasionally when you have to summarize a lecture, if the lecture itself compares or contrasts (4, 6).
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Handout - complete the sentences with correct words (sometimes more than one answer is possible)
1 similarities between
2 Both...and
3 have in common, both
4 In the same way / Similarly / Likewise, also
5 Like / Similar to
6 resembled / were similar to
7 Neither...nor
8 difference between
9 While / Whereas
10 however / on the other hand / in contrast
11 Unlike / In contrast to / Compared to
12 differs from / is different from
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“likewise” is a sentence adverb (“similarly”): Likewise, photography can express a subjective viewpoint.
“like” is a preposition (“similar to”): Like painting, photography can express a subjective viewpoint.
“alike” is an adjective (“similar”): Painting and photography are alike in their ability to express a subjective viewpoint.
	(Together with most adjectives beginning with the a- prefix, “alike” can only come after a linking verb, not before a noun. We can say “a similar painting”, but not “an alike painting”.)
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“while” is a conjunction (so it goes with complete sentences): While a photograph is taken in a single moment, a painting takes longer to complete.
“compared to” is a preposition (so it goes with noun phrases) Compared to a photograph, a painting takes longer to complete.
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Painting is different from photography. (from + noun)
This class is different than I thought it would be. (than + sentence)
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Handout (Collins) p. 21 part A - Choose the correct word to complete each sentence.
1 b
2 b
3 a
4 b
5 c
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part B - With your partner, choose a word to complete each sentence.
1 both
2 like
3 however
4 differ / are different
5 difference
6 While / Whereas
7 resemble
8 on the other hand
9 in common
10 unlike / in contrast to
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BREAK
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Listen to part of a lecture and take notes.
Answer the questions on p. 22 of the handout.
1 C
2 D
3 B
Listen again and mark the comparison and contrast language you hear.
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Differences in meaning among contrast language
Whereas some people are rich, others are poor. - simple/direct contrast: these two different things are both true
Even though some people are rich, others are poor. - unexpected result: the speaker implies that if there are rich people, no one should be poor
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https://books.google.com/ngrams/ - Compare the frequency of different words or phrases in English books.
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Punctuating connectors
- Coordinating conjunctions within a sentence might have a comma before, but not after.
	(In formal writing, there shouldn’t be a comma after “and”, “or”, “but”.)
	*I live in Boston and, I am a teacher. (WRONG)
	*I live in Boston but, my sister lives in Florida. (WRONG)
	*We could go to a restaurant or, we could order delivery. (WRONG)
- Subordinating conjunctions can start a sentence, but aren’t followed by a comma.
	*Because, it was raining, I stayed inside. (WRONG)
	*While, some people are rich, others are poor. (WRONG)
- Sentences with a subordinate clause or phrase need a comma if and only if the subordinate comes first
	Correct: Because it was raining, I stayed inside.
	WRONG: I stayed inside, because it was raining.
	WRONG: Because it was raining I stayed inside.
- Don’t connect two independent clauses with just a comma.
*It was raining and I stayed inside, I didn’t see the accident. (WRONG)
Use a coordinating conjunction: It was raining and I stayed inside, so I didn’t see the accident.
Use a period or semicolon: It was raining and I stayed inside. I didn’t see the accident.
				   It was raining and I stayed inside; I didn’t see the accident.
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Handout (Grammar Dimensions 4) p. 228 - Concession language
We use concession language when two facts are both true, but it might seem like they shouldn’t be.
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p. 235 - Correct the punctuation in these sentences.
1 The rainbow plays a role in the myths and religious stories of cultures throughout the world. In fact, most cultures hold symbolic beliefs about what rainbows consist of and what they represent.
2 In some Native American myths, the rainbow is thought to be a bridge or ladder to other worlds. Likewise, in Norse myths(,) the rainbow Asbru is a bridge connecting heaven and earth.
3 The rainbow has also been perceived as an object similar to manmade ones. For example, in a German creation myth(,) it is a bowl holding the paint God used to color the birds.
4 The Mojave Tribe of Arizona also sees the rainbow as a manmade object. Unlike the German myth, however, they believe it is a toy used by the creator to stop rain storms.
5 Some Native Americans say that the rainbow was created from the souls of wildflowers that once lived in the forest. They believe that lilies from the prairies were also used to complete it.
6 In Islam, four colors of the rainbow are thought to correspond to the four elements. Some Buddhists, on the other hand, believe there are seven colors of the rainbow which relate to the seven planets and the seven regions of the earth.
7 In some cultures, the rainbow represents reconciliation between God and humanity. For example, in Mayan mythology(,) the rainbow stands as a promise that God will not destroy the world again after devastating rains. Similarly, in the Old Testament of the Bible, a rainbow appears to Noah after the great flood.