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Galen (Classics)

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  1.  
  2. Introduction
  3. After remaining for a long time in Hippocrates’ shadow, the Galenic corpus has attracted considerable scholarly attention since the 1970s. Born in Pergamum, Roman Asia Minor, in 129 CE, Galen was the most influential physician in antiquity after Hippocrates of Cos (flourished c. 425 BCE) and considered himself to be the latter’s legitimate heir. His tremendous impact on the medical world and the wide circulation of his works until the modern era contrast with the way he then faded into a relative obscurity. Galen spent his career mainly in Rome during the reigns of Emperor Marcus Aurelius, Commodus, and Septimius Severus and described himself as both a physician and a philosopher. He was the author of nearly 150 treatises (one-eighth of the entire preserved Greek literature) covering all fields of medicine (anatomy, physiology, pathology, pharmacology, and therapeutics) without neglecting hygiene, gymnastics, or cosmetics, and other treatises on philosophy, logic, ethics, and the vocabulary of comedy. An important part of his work consisted of commentaries on the main Hippocratic treatises. After the Galenic corpus became a standard in medical education in late Byzantine Alexandria, interest in Galen’s works slowly ebbed, so that by the French Revolution in 1789 Galen had taken a lesser place in medical education than Hippocrates, although some medical schools still taught Galen in translation, most often in Latin. Thus it was not until the 1970s that a full resurgence took hold among medical historians, students of Greek and Roman history, and classical philologists: numerous studies are now available on Galen and Galenic medicine, and this renewed interest has led to fresh discoveries of basically unknown tracts in manuscript holdings. Since the 1980s, thanks to philologists’ constant curiosity about his works, numerous studies were produced and they led to important discoveries as well as to significant renewal of our knowledge of the Galenic corpus. Although a large part of this huge corpus still remains to be translated into a modern language, Galen’s work is finally beginning to receive the attention it deserves from medical doctors, philosophers, historians of medicine, and archeologists.
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  5. General Overviews
  6. Galeni opera omnia (Kühn 1964) is a huge endeavor of almost 20,000 pages and, despite the lack of any translation in a modern language, is the only complete and still irreplaceable edition of Galen’s work since the 19th century. A few notices in dictionaries or encyclopedias and some histories of medicine among such as Grmek 1995 are useful for a first approach, although they do not always take into account the latest state of knowledge on the Galenic corpus. The discovery in 2005 of a new Greek manuscript (Vlatadon 14) in Thessaloniki has electrified Galen scholars. It is partly published in Galen 2007, also giving a general introduction on Galen’s life and works. Nevertheless, Hankinson 2008 remains a useful introduction to the subject, along with Haase 1994, which covers various aspects of Galen’s medical practice. Gill, et al. 2012 places Galen in the context of the intellectual life, while Nutton 1981 focuses principally on the history of the Galenic text.
  7.  
  8. Galen. 2007. Œuvres tome 1: Introduction générale, sur l’ordre de ses propres livres, sur ses propres livres, que l’excellent médecin est aussi philosophe. Edited and translated by V. Boudon-Millot. Collection des Universités de France. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.
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  11.  
  12. First volume of the works of Galen in the Collection des Universités de France (CUF) that includes a general introduction on the life and works of the physician as well as a history of the Galenic corpus that provides a comprehensive update on the current state of knowledge at the dawn of the 21st century and highlights potential directions for future work. The volume also takes into account the new Thessaloniki manuscript (Vlatadon 14) discovered in 2005 in the edition of two of the three treatises it contains.
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  16. Gill, Christopher, Tim Whitmarsh, and John Wilkins, eds. Galen and the world of knowledge. 2012. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
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  20. Volume of stimulating essays that places Galen firmly in the intellectual life of his period and tries to provide valid answers to the following questions: How did Galen present himself as a reader and an author in comparison with other intellectuals of his day? How did he fashion himself as a medical practitioner? Did he see medicine as taking over some of the traditional roles of philosophy?
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  24. Grmek, M., ed. 1995. Histoire de la pensée médicale en Occident. Vol. 1, Antiquité et Moyen Age. Paris: Seuil.
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  27.  
  28. First published in Italy in 1993 under the title: Storia del pensiero medico occidentale—Vol. 1. Antichità e Medioevo, Bari-Roma, Laterza editori, and in 1995 in French with a traduction of Maria Laura Bardinet Broso, Paris: Le Seuil, this volume is an original approach through the history of medical thought rather than just medicine. The chapter by D. Gourevitch (pp. 94–122) focusing on medicine in the Roman world offers an insightful presentation of Galen’s life and works.
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  31.  
  32. Haase, Wolfgang, ed. 1994. Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt (ANRW). Teil II: Principat. Band 37, 2 Wissenschaften (Medizin und Biologie). Berlin and New York: W. de Gruyter.
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  36. Of the seventeen chapters covering nearly 700 pages (pp. 1351–2017) of this encyclopedia on the various aspects of Galen’s medical practice, written in English, German, French, or Italian. Note especially the annotated bibliography by J. Kollesch and D. Nickel (pp. 1351–1420), which covers the entire period from 1900 to 1993.
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  40. Hankinson, R. J., ed. 2008. The Cambridge companion to Galen. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
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  43.  
  44. Comprehensive book in fourteen chapters written by eleven of the best Galen specialists takes stock of the knowledge accumulated during the thirty years prior to its release. After two chapters on Galen’s life and medical career, the following eleven chapters cover each of the fields of knowledge explored by the physician, before concluding with an overview devoted to the works’ posterity. With list of works and bibliography.
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  47.  
  48. Kühn, C. G., ed. 1964. Galeni opera omnia. 1821–1833. 20 vols. Repr. Hildesheim, Germany: G. Olms.
  49.  
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  51.  
  52. Reprint of the 1821–1833 edition (Leipzig: Car. Cnoblochii; freely available online). This edition essentially reproduces René Chartier’s Paris edition (André Pralard) (Chartier 1638–1689, cited under Corpus Galenicum). As it has still not been replaced, Kühn’s edition remains to this day the reference for the vast majority of Galen’s treatises that have not received a recent critical edition. Its text dates back to the 17th century and should therefore be used with caution. Greek text and Latin translation.
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  55.  
  56. Leven, K.-H., ed. 2005. Antike Medizin, Ein Lexicon. Munich: C. H. Beck.
  57.  
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  59.  
  60. The three articles in German devoted to “Galen” (pp. 316–319), “Galenismus” (pp. 319–321) and “Galenkritik” (pp. 321–322) amount to a synthetic and well-informed introduction.
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  63.  
  64. Lloyd, G. E. R. 1973. Greek science after Aristotle. London: Chatto and Windus.
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  67.  
  68. The penultimate chapter, 9, devoted to Galen, briefly presents the main principles of Galen’s medical system: the four primary qualities (hot, cold, dry, and wet) and the four elements (air, earth, fire, and water), the role of three major organs (brain, heart, and liver), the natural faculties, the primacy of anatomy, and the practice of dissection and animal vivisection.
  69.  
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  71.  
  72. Nutton, Vivian, ed. 1981. Galen: Problems and prospects, a collection of papers submitted at the 1979 Cambridge conference. London: Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine.
  73.  
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  75.  
  76. The first six chapters of this two-part pioneering collection of multilingual papers focus on Galen as a writer on medicine and philosophy; the second part discusses the history of his works through Syriac, Hebrew, Arabic, and medieval Latin translations up to the 16th century, translations that played a significant role in the dissemination of research on the Galenic corpus. This collection continues to provide very useful insights on many aspects of the Galenic corpus.
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  79.  
  80. Nutton, Vivian. 2004. Ancient medicine. London and New York: Routledge.
  81.  
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  83.  
  84. History of ancient medicine written by a leading expert on Galen contains two excellent introductory chapters (15 and 16) entitled respectively, “The Life and Career of Galen” and “Galenic Medicine.” French translation by Alexandre Hasnaoui, 2016, Paris: Les Belles Lettres.
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  87.  
  88. Life and Career
  89. The very bulk of Galen’s surviving works most likely explains why biographies were rare until fairly recently. Even though no other ancient author has ever written so much about himself, some gray areas still remain, in particular the date of his many scientific expeditions and especially the date of his death (traditionally placed in 199). Sarton 1954 is the first modern monograph on Galen’s life and works. Moraux 1985 constitutes a quick, useful, and accessible introduction to Galen’s life and career. Nutton 1988 revises many particulars of Galen’s origins, early studies, and travels, and his first encounters with the Roman imperial family. Nutton also offers a concise argument, based on Arabic traditions, for Galen’s later death, giving the death date in 216 CE, at age eighty-seven. Although the author of Schlange-Schöningen 2003 could not take advantage of the particulars revealed in the Vlatadon manuscript discovered two years later, he offers the most excruciatingly detailed “social” history of Galen’s life and times. Galen 2007 takes into account the new data provided by the manuscript Vlatadon 14 and provides the main events in Galen’s life, based on his two bio-bibliographical treatises, in which Galen lists his own works along with valuable information on the date and circumstances that led to writing them. Boudon-Millot 2012 gives a fresh biography of Galen, based on the texts with numerous new translations, taking into full account the latest discoveries about his life, family, and writings, from his childhood in Pergamum, where he received a dual medical and philosophical education, until he moved to Rome. There he spent most of his career and rapidly became enormously successful, especially when the emperor entrusted the care of his son Commodus to Galen. During the tragedy of the fire of Rome in 192, he lost most of his books, which he then sought to rewrite before his death under the reign of Septimius Severus (193–211).
  90.  
  91. Boudon-Millot, Véronique. 2012. Galien de Pergame: Un médecin grec à Rome. Collection Histoire. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.
  92.  
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  94.  
  95. This new biography of Galen of Pergamum, based on texts with many new translations, takes into account the latest discoveries about the physician’s life, family, and works, and includes the evidence from the new Thessaloniki manuscript. At the end is a list of Galen’s works, indicating for each treatise the main editions and available translations in a number of modern languages. Italian translation by Maria Luisa Garofalo, 2016, Rome: Carocci.
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  98.  
  99. Galen. 2007. Œuvres tome 1: Introduction générale, sur l’ordre de ses propres livres, sur ses propres livres, que l’excellent médecin est aussi philosophe. Edited and translated by V. Boudon-Millot. Collection des Universités de France. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.
  100.  
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  102.  
  103. This edition, which contains the two bio-bibliographical treatises in which Galen tells us about the main events of his career and the circumstances that led to writing his treatises, takes into account the new evidence provided by the Thessaloniki manuscript (discovered in 2005), which has, for example, enabled us to restore several important passages where Galen discusses his anatomical research.
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  106.  
  107. García Ballester, Luis. 1972. Galeno en la sociedad y en la ciencia del su tiempo (c. 130–c. 200 d de C). Madrid: Ediciones Guadarrama.
  108.  
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  110.  
  111. After a short biography, this monograph in Spanish discusses the basics of Galenic medical knowledge and Galen’s conceptions of anatomy, physiology, pathology, and therapeutics. The author highlights the debt Galen owed Hippocrates, Plato, and especially Aristotle, but does not sufficiently emphasize the influence of Galen’s medical thought throughout the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. At the end of the book is a list of Galen’s works.
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  115. Mattern, Susan P. 2013. Prince of medicine: Galen in the Roman world. Oxford and New York: Oxford Univ. Press.
  116.  
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  118.  
  119. The most recent biography to date of Galen in English. It provides an accessible and useful summary of the main events in Galen’s career.
  120.  
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  122.  
  123. Moraux, Paul, ed. and trans. 1985. Galien de Pergame Souvenirs d'un médecin. Collection d’Études Anciennes. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.
  124.  
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  126.  
  127. Collection of excerpts from Galen’s major texts and helpful for tracking important events in the physician’s life and medical career. These carefully chosen texts, most of which are translated for the first time in French, are a quick, useful, and accessible introduction to Galen’s works.
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  130.  
  131. Nutton, Vivian. 1988. From Democedes to Harvey: Studies in the history of medicine. London: Variorum Reprints.
  132.  
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  134.  
  135. Collection of articles from a leading Galenic scholar. The first part, “Galen of Pergamum,” contains three main papers that V. Nutton devoted to Galen’s biography: 1. Galen and Medical Autobiography (original publication 1972, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press); 2. The chronology of Galen’s early career (1973, Oxford: Oxford University Press); 3. Galen in the eyes of his contemporaries (1984, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press), in which he revised the dates of Galen’s Roman stays.
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  138.  
  139. Sarton, George. 1954. Galen of Pergamum. Lawrence: Univ. of Kansas Press.
  140.  
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  142.  
  143. The first true monograph devoted to a man whom Sarton considers to be first and foremost a great anatomist and physiologist, who understood the need for practical experience, while still prone at times to some exaggerated dogmatism. Sarton minimizes the role of Galen as a philosopher, but the final chapter, “Galen’s influence,” does justice to the extraordinary posterity of Galenism in the following centuries.
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  146.  
  147. Schlange-Schöningen, Heinrich. 2003. Die römische Gesellschaft bei Galen: Biographie und Sozialgeschichte. Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter.
  148.  
  149. DOI: 10.1515/9783110894011Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  150.  
  151. Very well informed, including the latest historical, philological, and epigraphic discoveries, this book in German (with no English translation) is the best study on the social and societal dimension of Galen’s testimony.
  152.  
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  154.  
  155. The Corpus Galenicum
  156. The sheer size of the Galenic corpus—twenty volumes of 1,000 pages each in the comprehensive edition Kühn 1964 (also cited under General Overviews and Texts and Translations: Editions)—makes it very difficult, if not impossible, to produce an exhaustive survey of the treatises. Of the 500 treatises attributed to Galen, including many works written in several books, only about 150 have survived, preserved either in Greek or when the original Greek was lost, in Arabic, Latin, or Hebrew translations. Some “Pseudo-Galen” tracts are also included, since there is continual debate about what is, and what is not, “genuine” Galen. The dates of Galen’s main treatises are still largely based on Ilberg 1974. Mani 1956 is devoted to the history of the first Greek complete edition of Galen’s works, printed in Venice in 1525 and then republished in 1538 in Basel. Boudon-Millot, et al. 2012 provides new data on Chartier 1638–1689, reproduced without major change by Kühn in Leipzig from 1821 to 1833 (Kühn 1964). Durling 1961 provides a list of the very numerous Galen’s Works published in Latin throughout the 16th century and the early 17th century, mainly in Venice in the series of the Juntines editions and also in Basel. Many of these publications are available in the digital library Medic@ or on the website Galeno. Although the Galenic corpus was for a long time studied only by physicians, from the 19th century onward the Galenic corpus began to interest philologists, who, since the beginning of the 20th century, have produced, several important critical editions of separate treatises. Unfortunately, to this day only a small fraction of the Galenic corpus has been translated into modern languages. Thus the usage is to continue to cite the treatises with their Latin titles. Fichtner 2015 offers a very useful and regularly updated bibliography and should be consulted for each particular treatise.
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  158. Boudon-Millot, Véronique, and Jacques Jouanna. 1993. Présentation du projet d’édition de Galien dans la Collection des Universités de France. Bulletin de l’Association Guillaume Budé 1.2: 101–135.
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  160. DOI: 10.3406/bude.1993.1541Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  161.  
  162. Presents the organization of Galen’s various treatises within the planned sixty volumes of the complete works of Galen in the CUF. With a bibliography and an indication of the main available editions for each treatise.
  163.  
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  166. Boudon-Millot, Véronique, Guy Cobolet, and Jouanna Jacques, eds. 2012. René Chartier (1572–1654) Editeur et traducteur d’Hippocrate et Galien. Paris: De Boccard.
  167.  
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  169.  
  170. The different studies included in this volume illuminate the working conditions of the Parisian publisher René Chartier and highlight C. G. Kühn’s immense debt to Chartier, as the German publisher often simply reproduced the work of his predecessor (see Chartier 1638–1689 and Kühn 1964).
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  174. Chartier, René, ed. 1638–1689. Magni Hippocratis Coi et Claudii Galeni Pergameni archiatron universa quae extant opera. Paris: André Pralard.
  175.  
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  177.  
  178. First bilingual (Greek and Latin) edition in twelve volumes (some published posthumously) of the complete works of Hippocrates and Galen. As far as Galen’s treatises are concerned, it was reproduced almost without any changes in Kühn’s Leipzig edition (1821–1833) and in Kühn 1964.
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  181.  
  182. Durling, Richard J. A. 1961. Chronological census of Renaissance editions and translations of Galen. Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 24.3–4 (July–December): 230–305.
  183.  
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  185.  
  186. Directory, treatise by treatise, of Galen’s editions and Latin translations (Greek-Latin and Arabic-Latin), with their re-editions from the 1490s until the late Renaissance. It also contains an index of Latin translators. Available online for purchase or by subscription.
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  189.  
  190. Fichtner, Gerhard. 2015 Corpus Galenicum, Bibliographie der galenischen und pseudogalenischen Werk, weitergeführt durch die Arbeitsstelle “Galen als Vermittler, Interpret und Vollender der antiken Medizin (Corpus Medicorum Graecorum)”. Expanded and rev. ed. Berlin: Brandenburgischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
  191.  
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  193.  
  194. Bibliographical index collates, treatise by treatise, all available materials (editions, translations and studies).
  195.  
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  197.  
  198. Galen. 1525. Galeni opera omnia. 5 vols. Venice: Aldus.
  199.  
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  201.  
  202. First edition of Galen’s complete works. Greek text only.
  203.  
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  205.  
  206. Galen. 1538. Galeni opera omnia. Basel, Switzerland: Cratander.
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  209.  
  210. Edition contains very few changes compared to Galen 1525, the Aldine version, simply correcting obvious mistakes, including typographical ones. Greek text only.
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  213.  
  214. Galeno.
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  217.  
  218. Free-access website mainly based on the material accumulated by Durling (see Durling 1961). It provides a catalog of the Latin Galenic translations written between the 6th and 17th centuries with a bibliography related to various Galenic treatises transmitted to us in Latin translation.
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  221.  
  222. Ilberg, Johannes. 1974. Über die Schriftstellerei des Klaudios Galenos. Darmstadt, Germany: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.
  223.  
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  225.  
  226. Series of four articles published between 1889 and 1897 try to offer a chronology of Galen’s works that is based in particular on cross-citations made by Galen in his various treatises. It still forms the basis of current scholarly work. Reprint of four articles published in Rheinisches Museum 44 (1889): 207–239; 47 (1892): 489–514; 51 (1896): 165–196; 52 (1897): 591–623).
  227.  
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  229.  
  230. Kühn, C. G., ed. Galeni opera omnia. Repr. 20 vols. Hildesheim, Germany: G. Olms, 1964.
  231.  
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  233.  
  234. Reprint of the 1821–1833 edition (Leipzig: Car. Cnoblochii, freely available online), this edition reproduces essentially René Chartier’s Paris edition (Chartier 1638–1689). As it has still not been replaced, Kühn’s edition remains to this day the reference for the vast majority of Galen’s treatises that have not received a recent critical edition. Its text dates back to the 17th century and should therefore be used with caution. Greek text and Latin translation.
  235.  
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  237.  
  238. Mani, Nikolaus. 1956. Die griechische Editio princeps des Galenos (1525), ihre Entstehung und ihre Wirkung. Gesnerus 13:29–52.
  239.  
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  241.  
  242. Study on the manuscript sources of Galen’s first edition and key scholars who worked on it in Venice in Aldus’s workshop. Available online for purchase or by subscription.
  243.  
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  245.  
  246. Medic@.
  247.  
  248. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  249.  
  250. Freely accessible digital library for online viewing of a large number of editions and documents related to Galen’s works printed between 1490 and the early 20th century.
  251.  
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  253.  
  254. Nutton, Vivian. 2002. The unknown Galen. Edited by Vivian Nutton. Supplement 77. London: Institute of Classical Studies.
  255.  
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  257.  
  258. Brings together thirteen studies in English, presented symposium on The Unknown Galen beyond Kühn held in London in 1999 by the Institute of Classical Studies and The Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine, which provided an update on the current knowledge and discoveries of new Galenic texts since Kühn’s edition in the early 19th century (with a short handlist of texts not printed in Kühn 1964).
  259.  
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  261.  
  262. History of the Text
  263. The history of the Galenic corpus is particularly rich and since the 1980s been the subject of several studies and a series of colloquia on Ecdotics that have profoundly changed our current knowledge and led to several major discoveries, including that of a new Greek manuscript in Thessaloniki in 2005. Galen 2007 (also cited under General Overviews and Life and Career), in the general introduction of this first volume of Galen’s works published in the CUF, collates all the data on the history of the text of the entire Galenic corpus and the main stages in its diffusion and acculturation in the East and the West. The works in this section are merely suggestive of the large literature now available on the problems of textual transmissions and questions of embedded idioms in translating Greek into Latin, Syriac, Arabic, Armenian, and Hebrew. For the Eastern tradition, Degen 1981 remains useful on the first canon of Galen’s works established in Alexandria c. 500 and on the early 6th-century Syriac translations. Hunain ibn Ishaq’s (808–873) fundamental testimony on the 9th-century Arabic translations of Galen is available in Bergsträsser 1925 and Lamoreaux 2015. Lieber 1981 offers a study of the Hebrew translations and Greppin 1982 of the Armenian ones. For the Western tradition, Agnellus de Ravenne 2005 has to be mentioned as one of the main editions of the very first 6th-century Greek-Latin translations in the West. Fortuna 2012 provides a good overview of the Arabic-Latin translations that soon followed, and then sheds light on the new Greek-Latin translations elaborated in the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance in order to go back to the original Greek text. Given that, as illustrated by Diels 1906, the Greek text of Galen has a relatively recent tradition with virtually no copy prior to the 12th century, one ought to highlight the importance of the indirect Latin and especially Arabic traditions for the establishment of the original Greek text. Thus Oriental translations of the 9th century can occasionally help in restoring a previous state of the text that is sometimes three centuries older than the oldest Greek manuscript.
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  265. Agnellus de Ravenne. 2005. Lectures galéniques: Le “De pulsibus ad tirone.” Translated and edited by Nicoletta Palmieri. Saint-Etienne, France: Mémoires XXVIII du Centre Jean Palerne.
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  268.  
  269. The introduction of this French edition of the commentary on Galen’s De pulsibus written c. 600 by the physician Agnellus Ravenna provides a particularly well-informed update on the exegetical activity that focused on Galen’s works in the West, following the contemporary Alexandrian medical curriculum.
  270.  
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  272.  
  273. Bergsträsser, Gotthelf, ed. and trans. 1925. Über die syrischen und arabischen Galen-Übersetzungen. By Hunain ibn Ishaq. Leipzig: Abhandlungen für die Kunde des Morgenlandes XVII, Band no 2.
  274.  
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  276.  
  277. Arabic text and German translation of the Letter (Risala) written in the 9th century CE by the famous Nestorian translator Hunain ibn Ishaq, who lists 129 Galenic treatises he was aware of, with the names of Syriac and Arabic translators who preceded him for each treatise.
  278.  
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  280.  
  281. Degen, Reiner. 1981. Galen im Syrischen: Eine Übersicht über die syrische Überlieferung der Werke Galens. In Galen: Problems and prospects, a collection of papers submitted at the 1979 Cambridge conference. Edited by V. Nutton, 131–166. London: Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine.
  282.  
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  284.  
  285. Provides a summary of the main translation movements and main translators of Galen’s treatises into Syriac. These translations, which were based on the Greek text, and of which only a few fragments have survived, played an important role in the transmission of Galen’s treatises, as they often served as models for Arabic translations.
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  287. Find this resource:
  288.  
  289. Diels, Hermann. 1906. Die Handschriften der antiken Ärzte 1905–1906. Berlin: Königliche Akademie der Wissenschaften.
  290.  
  291. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  292.  
  293. Catalogue of Greek medical manuscripts, produced by H. Diels in preparation of the Berlin edition of ancient Greek physicians in the Corpus medicorum graecorum, contains, after a first section dedicated to Hippocrates, a second section with a compilation of all the Greek manuscripts (as well as Arabic and Latin ones) of Galen’s treatises known since the early 20th century.
  294.  
  295. Find this resource:
  296.  
  297. Ecdotica dei testi medici greci. 1992–. A series of international colloquia. Naples: D’Auria.
  298.  
  299. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  300.  
  301. Each of the six volumes published between 1992 and 2010, first under the direction of A. Garzya and J. Jouanna and then under that of V. Boudon-Millot, J. Jouanna, and A. Roselli, is a collection of many contributions, written in the main European languages, on the history and tradition of Galenic texts.
  302.  
  303. Find this resource:
  304.  
  305. Fortuna, Stefania. 2012. Galeno e le sue tradizioni. I Quaderni del Ramo d’Oro online n. 5.
  306.  
  307. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  308.  
  309. Very accessible summary of the Latin tradition of Galen’s works and the history of translations. With an updated bibliography.
  310.  
  311. Find this resource:
  312.  
  313. Galen. 2007. Œuvres tome 1: Introduction générale, sur l’ordre de ses propres livres, sur ses propres livres, que l’excellent médecin est aussi philosophe. Edited and translated by V. Boudon-Millot. Collection des Universités de France. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.
  314.  
  315. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  316.  
  317. Provides an overview of the history of Galen’s works from the first years after his death to contemporary digital projects.
  318.  
  319. Find this resource:
  320.  
  321. Greppin, J. A. C. 1982. The Galenic corpus in classical Armenian: A preliminary report. Society for Ancient Medicine: Newsletter 9:11–13.
  322.  
  323. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  324.  
  325. State of the art on the Armenian translations of Galen’s works.
  326.  
  327. Find this resource:
  328.  
  329. Lamoreaux, John, ed. and trans. 2015. Hunayn ibn Ishaq on his Galen translations. Chicago: Brigham Young Univ. Press.
  330.  
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  332.  
  333. Offering the definitive Arabic text with a modern English translation and apparatus, this volume takes into account the two recensions A (already known) and B (discovered after the achievement of Bergsträsser 1925).
  334.  
  335. Find this resource:
  336.  
  337. Lieber, E. 1981. Galen in Hebrew: The transmission of Galen’s works in the medieval Islamic world. In Galen: Problems and prospects, a collection of papers submitted at the 1979 Cambridge conference. Edited by V. Nutton, 167–186. London: Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine.
  338.  
  339. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  340.  
  341. Summary of the transmission and movements of Hebrew translations of Galen’s works, which can be divided into two distinct groups depending on whether they were produced from an Arabic or a Latin original. In both instances, because of their relatively recent date, they are more often than not of limited value in establishing the text of Galen.
  342.  
  343. Find this resource:
  344.  
  345. Pinakes Database of the IRHT.
  346.  
  347. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  348.  
  349. The regularly updated Pinakes database, developed by the Institut de Recherche et d’Histoire des Textes in Paris, provides a list of all the witnesses of an author’s work. The freely accessible online searchable database is queried in Latin. Use the “Galenus medicus” entry for a list of all listed manuscripts, which currently number 1582 (07/03/2017).
  350.  
  351. Find this resource:
  352.  
  353. Steinschneider, Moritz. 1893. Die hebräischen Übersetzungen des Mittelalters und die Juden als Dolmetscher: Ein Beitrag zur Literaturgeschichte des Mittelalters, meist nach handschriftlichen Quellen. Berlin: Kommissionsverlag des Bibliographischen Bureaus.
  354.  
  355. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  356.  
  357. The chapter on Galen, § 415 in the section entitled Abschnitt III. Medizin (pp. 650–657) identifies known Hebrew translations of ten Galenic treatises.
  358.  
  359. Find this resource:
  360.  
  361. Texts and Translations
  362. The complete works, as they were then known, were first published in Greek in Venice in 1525, then republished in Basel in 1536, then in Paris in Chartier 1638–1689 (cited under Corpus Galenicum, and finally by Kühn between 1821 and 1833 (Kühn 1964, cited under General Overviews, the Corpus Galenicum, and Texts and Translations: Editions). In parallel to these editions in Greek, publications of Latin translations appeared many times throughout the 16th century and in the early 17th century, mostly printed in Venice (the “Juntine” editions) as well as at Basel. Kühn’s edition is available via the online database Medic@ (see Kühn 1964), just like a great many other Greek, Latin and Arabic editions of the works of Galen published between the 16th and 19th centuries. Despite its imperfections, Kühn’s edition remains the reference for all the Galenic treatises that have not yet received a recent critical edition. Scholars should be wary of this transmission of the Galenic texts, as it contains many errors or omissions that actually date back to Chartier 1638–1689. The main collections and major translations are listed in Texts and Translations: Editions. For each particular treatise, one ought to consult Fichtner 2015 (cited under Corpus Galenicum) and the list of Galen’s works provided at the end of Galen’s biography published by Boudon-Millot 2012 (cited under Life and Career), which includes most of the available data.
  363.  
  364. Editions
  365. One should consult and cite, when they exist, the critical editions published in the three main international collections: Corpus Medicorum Graecorum (CMG), Collection des Universités de France (CUF) and Loeb Classical Library. These modern critical editions contain either Galen’s Greek, Arabic, or Latin text alone or accompanied by a translation in a modern language. Finally, there are a number of treatises with translations in different modern languages (English, French, German, Italian, Spanish, and modern Greek) but one should find out every time on which Greek text they were established. When Galenic treatises have received a recent critical edition (especially in the CMG, CUF and Loeb), these editions are mentioned. For others, Kühn 1964 (reprinted from the Leipzig edition) remains the main reference.
  366.  
  367. Cambridge Classical Texts and Commentaries. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
  368.  
  369. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  370.  
  371. Two critical editions (Galen On Antecedent Causes, Cambridge Classical Texts and Commentaries 35, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1998 and Galen On Problematical Movements, Cambridge Classical Texts and Commentaries 47, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2011) are available: On antecedent causes (Latin text with English translation) and On problematical movements (Latin and Arabic texts with English translation).
  372.  
  373. Find this resource:
  374.  
  375. Collection des Universités de France (CUF). Paris.
  376.  
  377. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  378.  
  379. This French collection, also called Collection Budé, whose first volume appeared in 2000, currently comprises eight volumes. Each volume provides the Greek text with a critical apparatus based on the study of the entire manuscript tradition, a French translation and notes.
  380.  
  381. Find this resource:
  382.  
  383. Corpus Medicorum Graecorum (CMG). 20 vols. Berlin.
  384.  
  385. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  386.  
  387. Twenty-volume series of edited texts, usually Greek, of which the first one appeared in 1914 (edition only, no translation), but more recent volumes in the CMG also carry translations in German, English, Italian, and French.
  388.  
  389. Find this resource:
  390.  
  391. Corpus Medicorum Graecorum Supplementum (CMG Suppl.). 4 vols. Berlin.
  392.  
  393. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  394.  
  395. Four-volume series of edited texts, often a combination of languages (Greek, Arabic, Latin) with the editor presenting texts of a Galenic work as a collection of “fragments.”
  396.  
  397. Find this resource:
  398.  
  399. Corpus Medicorum Graecorum Supplementum Orientale (CMG Supp. Or). 6 vols. Berlin.
  400.  
  401. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  402.  
  403. Six-volume series of edited texts, usually Arabic, with translations (German, English), and commentaries, for a good number of Galen’s works are known only by means of Arabic translations, because the Greek text are no longer extant.
  404.  
  405. Find this resource:
  406.  
  407. Galen. 1967. Galeni Pergameni scripta minora. 3 vols. Edited by J. Marquardt, I. Mueller, and G. Helmreich. Repr. Amsterdam: Adolf M. Hakkert.
  408.  
  409. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  410.  
  411. Reprint of the 1884–1893 edition (Leipzig: Teubner), an edited collection of Galen’s often shorter works, re-edited from manuscript sources, some of which bear the telltale signs of textual corruptions.
  412.  
  413. Find this resource:
  414.  
  415. Kühn, C. G., ed. 1964. Galeni opera omnia. 20 vols. Repr. Hildesheim, Germany: G. Olms, 1964).
  416.  
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  418.  
  419. Reprint of the 1821–1833 edition (Leipzig: Car. Cnoblochii, freely available online). Despite its imperfections and lack of a critical apparatus, this is the most recent edition of the complete works of Galen, and it remains the reference for all the Galenic treatises that have not received a more recent edition. Greek text and Latin translation.
  420.  
  421. Find this resource:
  422.  
  423. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press.
  424.  
  425. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  426.  
  427. This collection features only five volumes: one volume, On the Constitution of the Art of Medicine, The Art of Medicine, A method of Medicine to Glaucon (edited by Ian Johnston, 2016), one volume, On the natural faculties (edited by A. J. Brock, 1916) and three volumes, Method of medicine (edited by Ian Johnston, and G. H. R. Horsley, 2011). The Greek text is accompanied by a short critical apparatus and an English translation.
  428.  
  429. Find this resource:
  430.  
  431. Translations
  432. Only a relatively small number of treatises, given the large size of the Galenic corpus, have been translated into modern European languages. Kühn 1964 (cited under General Overviews, the Corpus Galenicum, and Texts and Translations: Editions) provides Latin, usually Renaissance translations for all the treatises it contains. But one must be aware of some discrepancies between the Greek and the Latin in Kühn’s edition. Beside those works generally and readily accessible in Kühn, newer critical editions of major international collections, like the CUF, CMG, and Loeb editions (see Texts and Translations: Editions) provide accurately established translations into modern European languages (English, French, Italian, Spanish, and modern Greek). Apart from these translations featured in individual editions of various treatises, some translations like Singer 1997 or Barras, et al. 1995 translate from the presumably better-edited Greek texts in English or French and provide some collections and anthologies of translated texts on a particular topic, like Daremberg 1854–1856 on medicine, Singer 2012 on psychology, and Galien 1998 on philosophy.
  433.  
  434. Barras, Vincent, Terpsichore Birchler, and Anne-France Morand, eds. 1995. Galien, L’âme et ses passions. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.
  435.  
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  437.  
  438. Actually contains three works by Galen translated into French: the twin treatises The diagnosis and cure of the soul’s passions and The diagnosis and cure of the soul’s errors (translated into French on the basis of the most recent edition by W. de Boer in CMG V 4.1.1, 1937) and a translation of The faculties of the soul follow the mixture of the body (based on Müller’s 1891 edition).
  439.  
  440. Find this resource:
  441.  
  442. Daremberg, Charles, ed. 1854–1856. Œuvres médicales et philosophiques de Galien. 2 vols. Paris: Baillière.
  443.  
  444. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  445.  
  446. One of the very few 19th-century translations of Galen into a modern language, established for the first time partly on the printed texts and partly on the manuscripts, along with summaries, notes, figures, and a table of contents, with an introduction or biographical, literary, and scientific essay on Galen.
  447.  
  448. Find this resource:
  449.  
  450. Galeno. In Biblioteca Clásica Gredos. 7 vols. Madrid: Editorial Gredos.
  451.  
  452. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  453.  
  454. Seven published volumes (introduction, Spanish translation and index).
  455.  
  456. Find this resource:
  457.  
  458. Galeno. In Colección de Autores Griegos 12 vols. Madrid: Ediciones Clásicas, S.A.
  459.  
  460. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  461.  
  462. Twelve published volumes (introduction, Spanish translation and index).
  463.  
  464. Find this resource:
  465.  
  466. Galeno. 2012. L’anima e il dolore, De indolentia; De propriis placitis. Edited by Alessandro Lami and Ivan Garofalo. Milan, Italy: BUR Biblioteca univ. Rizzoli.
  467.  
  468. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  469.  
  470. Italian translation of two Galenic treatises discovered in 2005 in the new Thessaloniki manuscript Vlatadon 14 (Greek text and Italian translation).
  471.  
  472. Find this resource:
  473.  
  474. Galien. 1998. Traités philosophiques et logiques. Edited by Pellegrin Pierre, Dalimier Catherine, and Levet Jean-Pierre. Paris: Garnier Flammarion.
  475.  
  476. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  477.  
  478. Unpublished French translations by Pierre Pellegrin, Catherine Dalimier, and Jean-Pierre Levet of five Galenic treatises on philosophy and logic.
  479.  
  480. Find this resource:
  481.  
  482. Galien. 2009. Méthode de traitement. Edited by Jacques Boulogne. Paris: Gallimard Folio Essais.
  483.  
  484. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  485.  
  486. First French comprehensive translation of Galen’s vast treatise in fourteen books, based on the Greek text established in Kühn 1964 (cited under General Overviews, the Corpus Galenicum, and Texts and Translations: Editions) and accompanied by a dictionary of proper names, a medical glossary, and a glossary of terms related to Galen’s pharmacopoeia.
  487.  
  488. Find this resource:
  489.  
  490. Garofalo, Ivan, and Mario Vegetti, eds. 1978. Opere scelte di Galeno. Torino, Italy: UTET.
  491.  
  492. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  493.  
  494. Choice of Galenic treatises translated for the first time in Italian: first anatomical and physiological treatises, followed by bio-bibliographical and philosophical-ethical treatises.
  495.  
  496. Find this resource:
  497.  
  498. Singer, Peter N., trans. 1997. Galen: Selected works. With an introduction and notes by Peter N. Singer. World’s Classics. Oxford and New York: Oxford Univ. Press.
  499.  
  500. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  501.  
  502. A choice of fifteen Galenic treatises (with the exception of treatises edited more recently, English translation based on the Greek text in Kühn 1964, cited under General Overviews, the Corpus Galenicum, and Texts and Translations: Editions) and also a mirror of research developments on Galen to the mid-1990s.
  503.  
  504. Find this resource:
  505.  
  506. Singer, Peter N., ed. 2012. Galen: Psychological writings: Avoiding distress, character traits, the diagnosis and treatment of the affections and errors peculiar to each person’s soul, the capacities of the soul depend on the mixtures of the body. Translated with introductions and notes by Daniel Davies, Nutton Vivian, and P. N. Singer. Cambridge Galen Translations. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
  507.  
  508. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  509.  
  510. Four Galenic treatises translated into English preceded by four very well-informed introductions about the content and history of each text as well as the main available editions. A list of useful titles of Galen’s works at the end of the volume (pp. 428–442) shows, for each treatise, the abbreviated title in Latin and in English, and available editions and translations.
  511.  
  512. Find this resource:
  513.  
  514. Galen as Physician
  515. Galenic medicine is based on a humoral system in which disease is defined as an imbalance of the four humors (blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile) and health as the restoration of the balance of the four humors and the four qualities (hot, cold, dry, and wet). Although and Siegel 1968 and Siegel 1970 remain a good overview of this framework inherited from Hippocrates, Nutton 2004 is an especially effective introduction to Galen’s medical knowledge and his conceptions of anatomy, physiology, and therapeutics, highlighting Galen’s debt to Hippocrates, Plato, and particularly Aristotle. Rocca 2003, using the case of the brain, offers the first good account of Galen’s medical system is based on anatomy (although his model was exclusively animal), after the author of Grmek 1997 examined the requirements of practical experience in Galen’s anatomy and physiology, inspired by a strong teleology (i.e., the sense of purpose and usefulness that explains why each part of the body was formed). As an excellent physician often better known among pharmacists than doctors, Galen also collected a rich pharmacopeia, whose principal data and issues are compiled in Debru 1996.
  516.  
  517. Debru, Armelle. 1996. Le corps respirant: La pensée physiologique chez Galien. Leiden, The Netherlands, New York, and Cologne: Brill.
  518.  
  519. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  520.  
  521. Comprehensive update on Galenic respiratory mechanisms (nose and skin). Analysis of experiments designed by Galen to illustrate and demonstrate these mechanisms through numerous dissections.
  522.  
  523. Find this resource:
  524.  
  525. Debru, A., ed. 1997. Galen on pharmacology, philosophy, history and medicine: Proceedings of the 5th international Galen colloquium, Lille, 16–18 March 1995. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
  526.  
  527. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  528.  
  529. Fourteen studies in French, English, and German offer an excellent overview of Galen’s pharmacological science and a substantial introduction to many inaccessible texts because they had not yet been translated into a modern language.
  530.  
  531. Find this resource:
  532.  
  533. Grmek, Mirko D. 1997. Le Chaudron de Médée: L’expérimentation sur le vivant dans l’Antiquité. Le Plessis-Robinson, France: Inst. Synthélabo pour le Progrès de la Connaissance.
  534.  
  535. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  536.  
  537. Chapters 6, 7, and 8, which are based on numerous examples from the Galenic texts, offer an evocative analysis of the conditions in which Galen led some of his experiments (animal vivisection and tests conducted on himself, sometimes risking his life in the process).
  538.  
  539. Find this resource:
  540.  
  541. Nutton, Vivian. 2004. Ancient medicine. London and New York: Routledge.
  542.  
  543. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  544.  
  545. Chapter 16, entitled “Galenic medicine” in this remarkably well-informed history of ancient medicine, is one of the best introductions to the Galenic medical system.
  546.  
  547. Find this resource:
  548.  
  549. Rocca, Julius. 2003. Galen on the brain: Anatomical knowledge and physiological speculation in the second century A.D. Studies in Ancient Medicine 26. Leiden, The Netherlands, and Boston: Brill.
  550.  
  551. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  552.  
  553. Assessment of Galen’s knowledge of brain anatomy.
  554.  
  555. Find this resource:
  556.  
  557. Siegel, R. E. 1968. Galen’s system of physiology and medicine. Basel, Switzerland: S. Karger.
  558.  
  559. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  560.  
  561. Good presentation of Galenic physiology and its underlying teleological principle: all parts are formed by nature for an end consisting in the performance of an action.
  562.  
  563. Find this resource:
  564.  
  565. Siegel, Rudolf E. 1970. Galen on sense perception, his doctrines, observations and experiments on vision, hearing, smell, taste, touch and pain, and their historical sources. Basel, Switzerland: S. Karger.
  566.  
  567. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  568.  
  569. Study on the role and limitations of sensation in the way Galen conducted his experiments. It presents and analyzes the physician’s most famous experiments.
  570.  
  571. Find this resource:
  572.  
  573. Galen as Philosopher
  574. Galen was a physician who also considered himself a philosopher. Thus he read many philosophical works and commented extensively on Plato and Aristotle, but also Chrysippus, who all had a significant influence on his work. Galen was first considered as an eclectic belonging to no school; his philosophical attitude has been re-evaluated as a conscious attempt to produce the best possible theoretical synthesis. As doctor of the body and the mind, Galen intervened in many areas of ethics and psychopathology, but also of logic. Following the pioneer study Daremberg 1848, Barnes and Jouanna 2003 offers an extensive overview of the main aspects involved in Galen’s philosophy. Hankinson 1998 is mainly concerned with logic, and Singer 2013 is with psychology. Boudon-Millot 2000 gives a full list of Galen’s philosophical treatises, most of which are lost but whose titles are fairly well known. Boudon-Millot and Jouanna 2010 on the modern discovery of the treatise Avoiding distress in 2005 has also helped to shed new light on Galen’s philosophical thought.
  575.  
  576. Barnes, Jonathan, and Jacques Jouanna, eds. 2003. Galien et la philosophie. Vandœuvres and Geneva, Switzerland: Fondation Hardt.
  577.  
  578. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  579.  
  580. Proceedings of the colloquium held in Switzerland in 2002. Eight presentations followed by discussions on various topics such as proofs and syllogisms by J. Barnes, causation by R. J. Hankinson, Galen’s theology by M. Frede, and Galen’s psychology by T. Tieleman.
  581.  
  582. Find this resource:
  583.  
  584. Boudon-Millot, Véronique. 2000. Galien. In Dictionnaire des philosophes antiques. Vol. 3. Edited by Robert Goulet, 440–466. Paris: CNRS-Editions.
  585.  
  586. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  587.  
  588. Summary of Galen’s philosophical works; identifies the various preserved treatises in Greek or Arabic (mentions the main available editions and a bibliography) and includes a list of lost treatises (of which only the titles are known).
  589.  
  590. Find this resource:
  591.  
  592. Boudon-Millot, V., and J. Jouanna, eds. and trans. 2010. Galien: Tome 4; Ne pas se chagriner. With the collaboration of A. Pietrobelli. Collection des Universités de France. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.
  593.  
  594. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  595.  
  596. In this critical edition of the treatise De indolentia, discovered in 2005 in the new Thessaloniki manuscript, Galen explains how his fortitude enabled him to overcome the loss of all his books after the fire of Rome in 192 and brings a totally new testimony to Galen’s philosophical beliefs.
  597.  
  598. Find this resource:
  599.  
  600. Daremberg, Charles. 1848. Essai sur Galien considéré comme philosophe. Paris: Gazette médicale de Paris.
  601.  
  602. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  603.  
  604. Pioneering and introductory study on Galen as philosopher that contains a short section (pp. 8–10) on the “Influence de Galien sur la logique.”
  605.  
  606. Find this resource:
  607.  
  608. Galen. The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Winter 2016 ed. Edited by Edward N. Zalta.
  609.  
  610. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  611.  
  612. Substantial introduction by P. N. Singer to the role of philosophy in the Galenic corpus addressing seven key topics: epistemology, logic, causation, physical theory and biological concepts, philosophy of mind, ethics, and theology.
  613.  
  614. Find this resource:
  615.  
  616. Hankinson, R. J., ed. and trans. On antecedent causes. 1998. By Galen. With an introduction, and commentary by R. J. Hankinson. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
  617.  
  618. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  619.  
  620. New edition of a short but fascinating treatise on causal theory with the first translation into any modern language and the first philosophical commentary thereon.
  621.  
  622. Find this resource:
  623.  
  624. Manuli, P. 1993. Galen and Stoicism. In Galen und das hellenistiche Erbe: Verhandlungen des IV internationalen Galen-Symposiums, Berlin, 18–20 september 1989. Edited by J. Kollesch and D. Nickel, 53–61. Sudhoffs Archiv Beihefte 32. Stuttgart: Steiner.
  625.  
  626. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  627.  
  628. Study that uncovers the roots of Galen’s stoicism, to better measure and understand the influence of Chrysippus’s work on Galen’s medical thought.
  629.  
  630. Find this resource:
  631.  
  632. Manuli, Paola, and Vegetti Mario, eds. 1988. Le opere psicologiche di Galeno: Atti del terzo colloquio Galenico internazionale, Pavia, 10–12 settembre 1986. Naples, Italy: Bibliopolis.
  633.  
  634. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  635.  
  636. Ten studies provide a useful summary on an aspect of the physician’s work that had been overlooked for a long time. With a bibliography and index of names.
  637.  
  638. Find this resource:
  639.  
  640. Moraux, Paul. 1981. Galien comme philosophe: La philosophie de la nature. In Galen: Problems and prospects, a collection of papers submitted at the 1979 Cambridge conference. Edited by V. Nutton, 87–116. London: Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine.
  641.  
  642. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  643.  
  644. Pioneering study provides a good introduction and remains a useful basis for reflection to penetrate Galen’s philosophical thought.
  645.  
  646. Find this resource:
  647.  
  648. Singer, P. N., ed. 2013. Psychological works. By Galen. With contributions by Daniel Davies and Vivian Nutton. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
  649.  
  650. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  651.  
  652. Original and penetrating analyses of the psychological and philosophical Galenic thought; based on new translations of four surviving shorter works.
  653.  
  654. Find this resource:
  655.  
  656. Galen as Commentator
  657. Among the numerous commentaries Galen wrote on his predecessors’ works, those on philosophers (Plato, Aristotle, Chrysippus, Epicurus) are now mostly lost, while those on physicians (Erasistratus, Asclepiades, Marinos, Lycos), and especially Hippocrates, have been better preserved—in Greek as well as in Arabic—and still represent a large part of the Galenic corpus. Given that Galen quoted Hippocrates’ words (lemmas) before writing his own commentary, Hippocratean scholars were the first to draw attention to them in order to go back to the original Hippocratic text. After Diller 1973, a pioneer study on Galen’s Hippocratism, studies like Jouanna 2012a and Jouanna 2012b show that these commentaries exerted a major influence on how the Hippocratic text was read, understood, and transmitted from late antiquity and throughout the Middle Ages, especially since Hippocrates was read in and through Galen’s works. At the same time, Strohmaier 2002 focuses attention on the Arabic translators of Hippocrates’ works and their technique of translation that is now well known: they extracted Hippocratic lemmas contained in Galen’s commentaries and then collated them. In particular, Pormann 2008 sheds a new light on this approach and explains why Hippocratic studies today allow such a large space to Galen’s testimony.
  658.  
  659. Diller, Hans. 1973. Zur Hippokratesauffassung des Galen reprinted in H. Diller, Kleine Schriften zur antiken Medizin. Edited by G. Baader and H. Grensemann, 3–16. Berlin–New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1973.
  660.  
  661. DOI: 10.1515/9783110816754Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  662.  
  663. Study deals with the importance of Galen’s testimony on the problem of authenticity in the Hippocratic collection. Originally publication: 1933, Hermes 68:167–181. Available online for purchase or by subscription.
  664.  
  665. Find this resource:
  666.  
  667. Jouanna, Jacques. 2012a. Galen’s reading of Hippocratic ethics. In Greek medicine from Hippocrates to Galen: Selected papers. Edited by Philip van der Eijk, 261–285. Leiden, The Netherlands, and Boston: Brill.
  668.  
  669. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  670.  
  671. Example of Galen’s debt to Hippocrates in the construction of his speech on ethics. A fascinating study, first published in 1997, that illustrates how much Galen’s Hippocrates was actually mostly an invented Hippocrates.
  672.  
  673. Find this resource:
  674.  
  675. Jouanna, Jacques. 2012b. Galen’s reading of the Hippocratic treatise The nature of man: The foundations of Hippocratism in Galen. In Greek medicine from Hippocrates to Galen: Selected papers. Edited by Philip van der Eijk, 313–333. Leiden, The Netherlands, and Boston: Brill.
  676.  
  677. DOI: 10.1163/9789004232549_016Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  678.  
  679. First published in 2000, this study highlights the influence of the reception of Galen’s opinion on the Hippocratic treatise Of the nature of man. In particular, according to Galen, Plato’s famous passage in Phaedrus on the Hippocratic method, a direct reference to the first part of the treatise, testifies to its authenticity and thus shows that Hippocrates was the real inventor of the method of research on nature (phusis) and Plato a mere imitator.
  680.  
  681. Find this resource:
  682.  
  683. Manetti, Daniela, and Amneris Roselli. 1994. Galeno commentatore di Ippocrate. In Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt. Vol. II. 37.2. Edited by Wolfgang Haase, 1529–1635. Berlin: W. de Gruyter.
  684.  
  685. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  686.  
  687. The only comprehensive study on the work of Galen as a commentator of Hippocrates. Provides an overview of each Hippocratic commentary and an analysis of Galen’s methodology and sources.
  688.  
  689. Find this resource:
  690.  
  691. Pormann, Peter. 2008. Case notes and clinicians: Galen’s “Commentary” on the Hippocratic “Epidemics” in the Arabic tradition. Arabic Science and Philosophy 18.2: 247–284.
  692.  
  693. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  694.  
  695. Paper on Galen’s “Commentaries” on the Hippocratic “Epidemics” and on the Arabic translation of the “Commentaries” by Hunain ibn Ishaq (808–873) (d. c. 873) that is of crucial importance because it preserves large sections now lost in Greek, and because it helped to establish an Arabic clinical literature.
  696.  
  697. Find this resource:
  698.  
  699. Strohmaier, Gerhardt. 2002. Galen as Hippokrateskommentator: Der griechische und der arabische Befund. In Der Kommentar in Antike und Mittelalter. Edited by Wilhelm Geerlings and Christian Schulze, 253–274. Band I. Clavis Commentariorum Antiquitatis et Medii Aevi 2. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
  700.  
  701. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  702.  
  703. This fine paper deals with the translation and transmission of Greek sources in the medieval Arab world, in this case Galen, in particular his commentaries on Hippocrates.
  704.  
  705. Find this resource:
  706.  
  707. Galen and Galenism
  708. That Galen became enormously influential is signaled by the commentaries produced in the last century of Byzantine Alexandria (c. 550–640 CE), as well as works synopsized in Latin at Byzantine Ravenna, along with early translations into Syriac by Sergius of Resaina (early 6th century), eventually followed by translations into Arabic as rendered by the famous Hunain ibn Ishaq (mid-9th century). After the pioneer study Temkin 1973, Garofalo and Roselli 2003 offers a good updated survey on Galen’s posterity by individuating some of important “links” from Roman medical antiquity into the early Middle Ages. After Garcia Ballester 2002 on late medieval and Renaissance Galenism, Nutton 2008 provides new perspectives on several issues by exploring how the Galenic corpus, almost continuously studied in numerous medical schools throughout the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, was first criticized by Vesalius (b. 1514–d. 1564), who corrected several major anatomical mistakes and then by Harvey (b. 1578–d. 1657) with the discovery of blood circulation.
  709.  
  710. Boudon-Millot, Véronique. 2013. Galen. In The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. 3. Edited by K. Fleet, G. Krämer, D. Matringe, J. Nawas, and E. Rowson, 130–134. Leiden, The Netherlands, and Boston: Brill.
  711.  
  712. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  713.  
  714. A summary of the influence of Galen’s work on Arabic medicine, with a presentation of the work of major Arab writers who were inspired by Galen’s medical and philosophical thought or who criticized him. With a list and presentation of Galen’s main treatises that were translated into Arabic.
  715.  
  716. Find this resource:
  717.  
  718. Garcia Ballester, Luis. 2002. Galen and Galenism. Theory and medical practice from Antiquity to the European Renaissance. Collected Studies Series 710. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate Variorum.
  719.  
  720. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  721.  
  722. Collection of papers deals with a wide array of issues regarding the historical Galen and late medieval and Renaissance Galenism, but focuses in particular on the relationship between theory and practice. The most relevant chapters in this respect are “The new Galen: A challenge to Latin Galenism in 13th century Montpellier” and “Galenism and medical teaching at the University of Salamanca in the 15th century.”
  723.  
  724. Find this resource:
  725.  
  726. Garofalo, Ivan, and Amneris Roselli, eds. Galenismo e medicina tardoantica fonti greche, latine e arabe: Atti del seminario internazionale di Siena, Certosa di Pontignano, 9 e 10 settembre 2002. Naples, Italy: Istituto Universitario Orientale, 2003.
  727.  
  728. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  729.  
  730. Among the various papers of this conference proceedings devoted to the different aspects of the transmission of Galen’s writings in late antiquity in Greek, Latin, and Arabic is an important study by A. M. Ieraci Bio (pp. 9–51) on the history and influence of the school of Alexandria and another by I. Garofalo (pp. 202–231) on the Summaria of Galen’s treatises, lost in Greek but preserved in Arabic. It also contains the first edition of Galeni qui fertur ad Glauconem liber tertius ad fidem codicis Vindocinensis 109 translated by Klaus-Dietrich Fischer.
  731.  
  732. Find this resource:
  733.  
  734. Nutton, V. 2008. The fortunes of Galen. In The Cambridge companion to Galen. Edited by R. J. Hankinson, 355–390. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
  735.  
  736. DOI: 10.1017/CCOL9780521819541.014Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  737.  
  738. Nutton manages successfully to evoke in just thirty pages Galen’s posterity over nearly fifteen centuries, from the early 3rd century to the early 17th century.
  739.  
  740. Find this resource:
  741.  
  742. Sezgin, Fuat. 1970. Geschichte des arabischen Schrifttums. Band III: Medizin, Pharmazie, Zoologie, Tierheilkunde bis ca. 430. 68–140 on Galien by Fuat Sezgin. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
  743.  
  744. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  745.  
  746. Assessment of Galen’s treatises known to Arabs and having influenced Arabic medicine, mentioning preserved manuscripts and translations.
  747.  
  748. Find this resource:
  749.  
  750. Temkin, Owsei. 1973. Galenism. Rise and decline of a medical philosophy. Ithaca, NY, and London: Cornell Univ. Press.
  751.  
  752. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  753.  
  754. Study is mainly focused on Galen’s posterity and that of his work. The author attempts to define the essence of Galenism. He reviews the various stages that marked the history of this school of thought since late antiquity from 600 to its medieval heyday under the influence of scholasticism and its decline in the late Renaissance.
  755.  
  756. Find this resource:
  757.  
  758. Ullmann, Manfred. 1970. Die Medizin im Islam. Handbuch der Orientalistik I. vi. 1. Leiden, The Netherlands, and Cologne: Brill. 35–67 on Galen.
  759.  
  760. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  761.  
  762. A contemporary of the author of Sezgin 1970, Ullmann usefully supplements his research on a number of issues. The chapter on Galen first discusses the Galenic texts preserved in Greek, then those lost in Greek but preserved in Arabic treatises, following each time a thematic classification (auto-bibliography, isagogic treatises, elements, anatomy, physiology, pathology, diagnosis and prognosis, therapeutics, hygiene, diet, pharmacology, commentaries on Hippocrates, philosophy), and identifying the different available Arab sources for each Galenic treatise under scrutiny.
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