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Organization of the Islamic Conference (Islamic Studies)

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  1. Introduction
  2.  
  3. No serious study of the contemporary Muslim world can be completely divorced from an understanding of the phenomenon of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC). Although not very effective—particularly in solving the political problems, conflicts, and issues of the intra-Muslim world—the OIC owes its relevance to its unique status as the only forum among Muslim countries for articulating the sentiments and aspirations of their peoples and attempting to reflect a collective political voice. This largest intergovernmental body of the Muslim countries, commonly known by the abbreviation OIC or sometimes by the shortened form “the Islamic Conference,” is now more of a phenomenon than a coherent or homogenous political platform. Established on 25 September 1969 in response to the arson of the Al Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem—the third holiest shrine in the world of Islam—it has grown in membership from the twenty-two countries that attended the founding conference in Rabat, Morocco, to fifty-seven countries by the early 21st century, spanning Asia, Africa, Europe, and Latin America. In addition, another three countries and two Muslim-dominated territories (the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus and the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao in the Southern Philippines) enjoy observer status. Although what qualifies a country to be treated as a “Muslim state”—and thereby what entitles a country to apply for OIC membership—is under dispute, the fact remains that just under one-third of the United Nations membership is also part of the OIC in member or observer status. The OIC is the largest intra-Islamic body and the biggest—if not the only—intergovernmental forum based principally on a religion. Although the general secretariat of the OIC is located in the Saudi Arabian port city of Jidda (temporarily, its charter insists, “pending the liberation of the holy city of Jerusalem”), to view the OIC as a single organization would be wrong. In fact it is an umbrella for a number of intra-Islamic institutions, federations, and even universities.
  4.  
  5. General Overviews
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  7. The scarcity of coverage of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC) and its allied bodies’ activities on world electronic news networks is matched by the paucity of literature on the organization itself. The number of books available on the OIC is dwarfed by the sheer number of titles or even catalogue pages on any other major international body, such as the United Nations, the European Union, and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. However, understanding the OIC is helpful in understanding international relations within the Muslim world. General titles on the OIC can be divided into two broad categories. The first includes quite a few general research–based books, such as Baba 1994, Ahsan 1988, Khan 2001, and Suny 2000. The second includes compendiums of articles (more often than not, published proceedings of a conference on the OIC), such as Sarwar 1997 and Selim 1994. Compendiums of resolutions and speeches or statements are also available; see Text Collections. This section provides a snapshot of general works on the OIC, including collections of articles and publications of conference proceedings. In its early years the OIC seems not to have generated much enthusiasm among researchers on political Islam. Not a single book appears to have been written on the OIC during the first decade of its existence. After the third Islamic summit at Mecca (1981), the OIC began being cited in research works. Ahsan 1988, a brief exposé on what the OIC does and stands for, was the first book ever written on the OIC. A year earlier Moinuddin 1987 provided an analysis of the OIC charter and other legal documents. This work, though valuable from a legalistic perspective, therefore does not provide insight into the workings and performance of the OIC. Instead, though partly rhetorical, it provides insight on how Muslim ideologues see or want to see the organization’s role. Baba 1994 is a thorough study of the OIC, while Khan 2001 expands research on the OIC to include all of the intra-Islamic bodies that work under it or are affiliated with it. Organisation of the Islamic Conference Secretariat 1995 is the only directory of OIC institutions and, though outdated, is the only means of identifying contact information for OIC institutions for research or any other purpose, given that the Internet revolution has mostly bypassed the OIC bodies, few of which have developed any dynamic websites. Selim 1994 and Sarwar 1997 are compilations of independently written articles on various aspects of the OIC but are representative collections of the Arab view of the OIC and the South and East Asian view of the OIC, respectively. With the end of the 1990s, the heightened expectations of the OIC seem to have begun falling, as did the number volumes written on the organization. Suny 2000 and Akhtar 2005 are later works but do not add a great deal to the printed knowledge of the OIC.
  8.  
  9. Ahsan, Abdullah. The Organization of the Islamic Conference: An Introduction to an Islamic Political Institution. Herndon, VA: International Institute of Islamic Thought, 1988.
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  11. A small handbook on the establishment and early history of the OIC. Part is rhetorical, and part overlaps with the author’s subsequent work, Ummah or a Nation? Identity Crisis in the Muslim World (Leicester, UK: Islamic Foundation, 1992).
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  13. Akhtar, Shahnaz. The Organization of Islamic Conference: Political and Economic Co-Operation (1974–1994). Lahore, Pakistan: Research Society of Pakistan, 2005.
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  15. Deals primarily with the OIC’s cooperation on the Palestine issue and the various action plans for creating a single market of the Muslim world.
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  17. Baba, Noor Ahmad. Organisation of Islamic Conference: Theory and Practice of Pan-Islamic Cooperation. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1994.
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  19. A good effort at understanding the phenomenon of Pan-Islamic cooperation under the OIC umbrella. The main argument is that the OIC is a replacement of the institution of the caliphate. This book also mentions but does not study the various organizations that sprouted under the OIC.
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  21. Khan, Saad S. Reasserting International Islam: A Focus on the Organization of the Islamic Conference and Other Islamic Organizations. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2001.
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  23. This thick volume details the genesis and chronology of the OIC, its charter, its structure, and its bureaucracy—including profiles of its bosses—and discusses the organization’s role in conflict resolution, with case studies of its crisis management and its position on important international issues. Also studies all of the organizations that developed under its umbrella and includes reference documents.
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  25. Moinuddin, Hassan. The Charter of the Islamic Conference and Legal Framework of Economic Co-Operation among Its Member States. Oxford: Clarendon, 1987.
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  27. Basically dissects the original charter of the OIC and the rationale behind the provisions. Good from a legalistic point of view, but the charter itself has subsequently been substantially amended.
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  29. Organisation of the Islamic Conference Secretariat. Guide to the OIC. Jidda, Saudi Arabia: Organisation of the Islamic Conference Secretariat, 1995.
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  31. Briefly overviews the structure and objectives of each of the OIC’s organs. Not helpful for research but can serve as a directory of existing institutions established by or affiliated with the OIC and includes telephone and fax numbers and postal addresses, now available on the website of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference Permanent Mission to the United Nations (see Reference Resources).
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  33. Sarwar, Ghulam, ed. OIC: Contemporary Issues of the Muslim World. Papers presented at “Contemporary Issues in Information Technology in OIC Member States,” Islamabad, 26–27 July 2005. Rawalpindi, Pakistan: Foundation for Research on International Environment, National Development, and Security, 1997.
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  35. Published proceedings of more than ten papers read at a two-day symposium on the OIC organized by the Foundation for Research on International Environment, National Development, and Security in June 1995 in Islamabad. Views the OIC from multiple angles but offers almost no fresh, groundbreaking research.
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  37. Selim, Mohammad el-Sayed, ed. The Organization of the Islamic Conference in a Changing World. Cairo, Egypt: Center for Political Research and Studies, Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, 1994.
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  39. A compilation of four articles on contemporary issues of the OIC. One is a detailed exposition of the OIC’s stance on the Palestine issue.
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  41. Suny, Ismail. The Organization of the Islamic Conference. Jakarta, Indonesia: Pustaka Sinar Harapan, 2000.
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  43. A fairly small book looking at the changing role of the OIC in the post–Cold War era.
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  45. Bibliographies
  46.  
  47. The volume of literature on the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC) is so scarce that no bibliography on the OIC appears to have been published by the early 21st century. Ahsan 1985 explores all of the works produced on the OIC through 1985—all of which are either articles or research journal entries. The author’s subsequent book (see Ahsan 1988 in General Overviews) became the first general book published on the OIC. Khan 2001 has a fairly lengthy bibliography that includes most influential works on international Islamic politics in general.
  48.  
  49. Ahsan, Abdullah. “Muslim Society in Crisis: A Case Study of the Organization of the Islamic Conference.” PhD diss., University of Michigan, 1985.
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  51. This unpublished PhD dissertation includes bibliographical references (pp. 197–204).
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  53. Khan, Saad S. Reasserting International Islam: A Focus on the Organization of the Islamic Conference and Other Islamic Organizations. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2001.
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  55. This book’s bibliography is fairly exhaustive and comprehensive, though little work on the OIC was actually produced during the first decade of the 21st century.
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  57. Reference Resources
  58.  
  59. The dearth of reference works on the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC) underscores the need for greater research, at least on the Muslim world in the social sciences. Two valuable online resources, Facts on File and the International Islamic News Agency website, are complemented by websites for the OIC itself (Organisation of the Islamic Conference for its Jidda office and Organisation of the Islamic Conference: Permanent Observer Mission to the United Nations in New York for its New York office) and by the websites of the Islamic Center for Development of Trade and the Statistical, Economic, and Social Research and Training Centre for Islamic Countries, which form the bulk of reference resources on the OIC. Keesing’s World News Archive and the World Muslim Gazetteer, published by the World Muslim Congress, are also important resources.
  60.  
  61. Facts on File.
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  63. A good source for information on events since 1968. The link to news and history is relevant. It is not an open source and is fairly expensive, but bigger libraries usually have rights of access to Facts on File online.
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  65. International Islamic News Agency.
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  67. The International Islamic News Agency is one of five specialized organs of the OIC. The website publishes news related specifically to the OIC and to the Muslim world in general in the three official languages of the OIC: English, French, and Arabic. One of the only OIC websites that is updated daily.
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  69. Islamic Center for Development of Trade.
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  71. The Morocco-based Islamic Center for Development of Trade is a subsidiary organ of the OIC devoted to promoting trade in the Muslim world. The website provides information on Muslim countries’ export potential, a database of tradable items (including a virtual exhibition of products), and information on trade fairs and trade-related legal issues in Muslim countries.
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  73. Keesing’s World News Archive.
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  75. The online version of Keesing’s Record of World Events, this fairly comprehensive chronology of world events is updated daily.
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  77. Organisation of the Islamic Conference.
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  79. The official website of the OIC, offered in three languages, provides OIC-related news, statements from the secretary general, links to the OIC charter, and a brief history of the organization and OIC organs.
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  81. Organization of the Islamic Conference: Permanent Observer Mission to the United Nations in New York.
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  83. More informative and dynamic than the website of the OIC general secretariat (in Jidda), this site also has links to the websites of all OIC organs (though some are available only in Arabic).
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  85. Statistical, Economic, and Social Research and Training Centre for Islamic Countries.
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  87. Provides data on all basic indicators of the OIC member countries (also available in print form; see Statistical Yearbook 2008 in Handbooks). The various directories of OIC experts, universities, and institutions are also available, as is a list of Statistical, Economic, and Social Research and Training Centre for Islamic Countries publications.
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  89. World Muslim Gazetteer. Karachi: Motamar’s Research and Publication Bureau, 1985.
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  91. This handbook addresses each country in the Muslim world separately and was published in 1965, 1975, and 1985 by the Pakistan-backed and Karachi-based Mutamar al Alam al Islami (World Muslim Congress). It has not been published since 1985 because of funding constraints, but much of the information is available elsewhere online.
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  93. Journals
  94.  
  95. Further research on the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC) can be done using journals and periodicals. Although the OIC and its allied organizations produce more than twenty periodicals, Islam Today by the Islamic Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization and the Journal of Economic Cooperation and Development are of a representative character. Among peer-reviewed journals, the International Journal of Middle East Studies, the American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, and Periodica Islamica are influential examples. Some journals focus primarily on a particular country, such as the quarterly Pakistan Horizon, or on a particular segment of the Muslim world, such as the Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs.
  96.  
  97. American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences.
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  99. A publication of the International Institute of Islamic Thought, this is one of the most influential journals on Islamic thought in the early 21st century.
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  101. International Journal of Middle East Studies.
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  103. This peer-reviewed journal publishes authentic and original research on the Arab world, South Asia, southern Europe, and parts of Africa.
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  105. Islam Today.
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  107. The official mouthpiece of the OIC on cultural, scientific, and educational issues. The Islamic Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (ISESCO) is a specialized organ of the OIC modeled on the pattern of the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization.
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  109. Journal of Economic Cooperation and Development.
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  111. The Statistical, Economic, and Social Research and Training Centre for Islamic Countries, which is the statistical arm of the OIC, publishes this journal—formerly called the Journal of Economic Cooperation among Islamic Countries—twice a year. Includes articles on opportunities for and the challenges of economic cooperation within the Muslim world.
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  113. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs.
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  115. Published since 1979 by the Institute of Muslim Minorities Affairs through the Taylor and Francis Group, this journal provides a forum for responsible discussion on Muslims living in non-Muslim countries.
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  117. Pakistan Horizon.
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  119. The Pakistan Institute of International Affairs (PIIA) is an offshoot of the Royal Institute of International Affairs, founded in 1948, a year after Pakistan and India gained their independence. Pakistan Horizon is a PIIA research journal that focuses on Pakistan and the Muslim world.
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  121. Periodica Islamica.
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  123. A multidisciplinary journal on the Muslim world in the early 21st century.
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  125. Text Collections
  126.  
  127. Quite a few available books are mainly collections of or selections from Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC) declarations, resolutions, or even speeches. Mehdi 1988 and Khan 2004 are compilations of OIC resolutions and declarations adopted on specific subjects or in particular countries, respectively. Azerbaijan in the Organization of the Islamic Conference, like Khan 2004, is a compendium of OIC resolutions of interest or related to the government of Azerbaijan. Faisal 1963, Bhutto 2006, and Pirzada 1987 are collections of speeches. Arguably, without more secondary research available on the OIC, the resolutions and speeches, when used as primary sources, help one understand the Muslim world’s viewpoint and policies on contemporary issues.
  128.  
  129. Azerbaijan in the Organization of the Islamic Conference. Baku, Azerbaijan: Heyder Aliyev Heritage Research Center, 2008.
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  131. Compiles the resolutions of the seventh, eighth, and eleventh Islamic summits in Casablanca, Tehran, and Dakar, respectively; the special OIC/Islamic summit held in Mecca; and the thirty-third session of the Islamic Conference of Foreign Ministers held at Baku, the capital of Azerbaijan. Published in English, French, and Arabic.
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  133. Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali. Foreign Policy of Pakistan, Consisting of the Speeches by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, Prime Minister of Pakistan 1971–1977. Lahore, Pakistan: Book Home, 2006.
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  135. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (1928–1979) is, with King Faisal of Saudi Arabia (see Faisal 1963), believed to be the architect of the OIC and strongly influenced the organization. These speeches are from his time as the foreign minister of Pakistan, before the establishment of the OIC, but reveal his opinion on Pan-Islamism.
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  137. Faisal, King. Prince Faisal Speaks. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: Ministry of Information, 1963.
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  139. This Saudi government publication is a compendium of speeches by King Faisal (1908–1975) given during his reign. Some may be from pre-OIC years but are relevant, given that King Faisal was the brain behind the OIC. Understanding his opinions helps one understand the genesis of the OIC.
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  141. Khan, Saad S. Friends Indeed: Review and Reference on Pakistan-OIC Relations. Islamabad, Pakistan: National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research, 2004.
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  143. A compendium of communiqués and declarations from the Islamic Summit Conferences (1974 and 1997) and the Islamic Conferences of Foreign Ministers (1970, 1972, 1980 [twice], and 1993) plus briefs on the activities of three Pakistan-based OIC organs: the Islamic Chamber of Commerce and Industry, the OIC Standing Committee on Science and Technology, and the OIC Permanent Mission of Afghanistan.
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  145. Mehdi, Haider. OIC: A Review of Its Political and Educational Policies. Lahore, Pakistan: Progressive Publishers, 1988.
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  147. A selection of texts from OIC declarations and resolutions pertaining to the Palestine issue, Muslim minorities’ problems, and education.
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  149. Pirzada, Syed Sharifuddin. Speeches and Statements of His Excellency Syed Sharifuddin Pirzada, Secretary-General, OIC. Jidda, Saudi Arabia: Organisation of the Islamic Conference, 1987.
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  151. A collection of speeches of Sharifuddin Pirzada, former law minister and foreign minister of Pakistan, in his capacity as the fifth secretary-general of the OIC.
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  153. Handbooks
  154.  
  155. The Statistical, Economic, and Social Research and Training Centre for Islamic Countries is the research and statistical arm of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC) and produces two annual handbooks, two examples of which are listed in this section: Basic Facts and Figures on OIC Member Countries, 2008–2009 and the Statistical Yearbook 2008. International Business Publications 2009 and El-Zaim 1983 are tailor-made for those interested in the economic and investment climate and industrial potential, respectively, of the OIC states. Profiles of the Member and Observer States of the OIC was published by the government of Pakistan on the eve of the OIC/Islamic summit in Islamabad in 1997, coinciding with the golden jubilee celebrations of Pakistan’s independence that year. The profile of each member or observer state of the OIC includes basic indicators, such as area, population, gross national product, major exports, and religious composition. Now that broader access to such information is available on the Internet, such handbooks do not necessarily need to remain handy.
  156.  
  157. Basic Facts and Figures on OIC Member Countries, 2008–2009.
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  159. This yearbook is an annual feature of the Statistical, Economic, and Social Research and Training Centre for Islamic Countries—an Ankara-based subsidiary organ of the OIC—along with its statistical yearbook. This volume deals with social and socioeconomic indicators rather than solely with economic ones.
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  161. El-Zaim, Issam. An Industrial Assessment of the Economies of the Organization of the Islamic Conference Member Countries. Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium: Centre d’Études et de Recherches sur le Monde Arabe Contemporain, 1983.
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  163. A handbook of industrial assessments of Muslim countries and OIC member states. It is fairly outdated, and neither an updated version nor a reprint seems to have been published.
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  165. International Business Publications. Organization of Islamic Conference Handbook. Washington, DC: International Business, 2009.
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  167. A small but fairly expensive handbook for the businessperson that is a directory of Muslim countries’ business concerns and of government offices dealing with commercial affairs.
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  169. Profiles of the Member and Observer States of the OIC. Islamabad: Directorate of Films and Publications, Ministry of Information, Government of Pakistan, 1997.
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  171. Profiles each OIC member state, its main exports and imports, and its principal industries and output.
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  173. Statistical Yearbook 2008.
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  175. An annual handbook of basic statistical data for OIC member countries, from population figures to the number of doctors and nurses per unit population to the number of radios and televisions per unit population. This handbook is the major research output of the Statistical, Economic, and Social Research and Training Centre for Islamic Countries.
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  177. Official Publications
  178.  
  179. The Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC) is an umbrella body for a number of intra-Islamic forums and bodies. Some of the institutions were established through an OIC resolution, work directly under the organization, and are even funded by it. These are the subsidiary organs of the OIC and include the Islamic Development Bank, the International Islamic News Agency, and the Islamic Center for Development of Trade. Others are to varying degrees nominally affiliated with the OIC, such as the Islamic Chamber of Commerce and Industry), the Organization of the Islamic Shipowners’ Association, and the Islamic Solidarity Sports Federation. This section thus warrants the incorporation of titles beyond the immediate remit of the history of the OIC itself, which are limited in number. No worthwhile books are available on any of the affiliated organizations or institutions of the OIC save for these groups’ own annual reports or activity reports. The need for hard copy publications of activity reports has receded with the onslaught of Internet resources. Many organizations have their own official websites; see Reference Resources. The quality of most official publications by the OIC bodies is poor. Islamic Chamber in Brief, Background of the International Islamic News Agency, The Islamic State Broadcasting Organisation, and Ankara Centre 1978–1995: Functions, Facilities, Activities are self-published introductory books by the relevant subsidiary organizations of the OIC about these institutions’ mandates and structures. Special Issue: Achievements of the Istanbul Centre, No. 37 is a special issue of the newsletter of the Research Centre for Islamic History, Art, and Culture published on the eve of the center’s fifteenth anniversary. Similarly, Marching Ahead, produced by the Islamic Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, and A March of Achievements and Progress, produced by the Organization of Islamic Capitals and Cities, are commemorative souvenir publications. The 35th Annual Report of IDB 1430H and the Activity Report of ISSF are periodic activity reports that describe the functions of these two organizations. Resolutions and Recommendations of the Council of the Islamic Fiqh Academy is a compilation of the religious edicts (fatawa) issued by the Islamic Fiqh Academy, and Member States and Companies of the Islamic Shipowners’ Association is a directory of the organization’s members and member companies.
  180.  
  181. 35th Annual Report of IDB 1430H (2009–2010). Jidda, Saudi Arabia: Islamic Development Bank, 2010.
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  183. The Islamic Development Bank’s annual report is published according to the Islamic lunar calendar. This one is for the thirty-fifth year of Islamic Development Bank operations, which is the year 1431 according to the Hijrah calendar (partially overlapping with 2009.)
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  185. Activity Report of ISSF. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: Islamic Solidarity Sports Federation, 1997.
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  187. The activity report for the Riyadh-based Islamic Solidarity Sports Federation (ISSF) for 1997.
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  189. Ankara Centre 1978–1995: Functions, Facilities, Activities. Ankara, Turkey: Statistical, Economic, and Social Research and Training Centre for Islamic Countries, 1995.
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  191. Presents a résumé of the functions and activities of the Statistical, Economic, and Social Research and Training Centre for Islamic Countries.
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  193. Background of the International Islamic News Agency. Jidda, Saudi Arabia: International Islamic News Agency, n.d.
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  195. The only printed document available on the genesis and functions of the International Islamic News Agency (IINA), which is one of the subsidiary organs of the OIC, based in Jidda.
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  197. Islamic Chamber in Brief. Karachi: Islamic Chamber of Commerce and Industry, 1996.
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  199. This document, true to its name, is brief and provides an overview of the functions and structures of the Islamic Chamber of Commerce and Industry (ICCI). The ICCI’s activity reports, published periodically, are available from the organization’s secretariat in Karachi by request.
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  201. The Islamic State Broadcasting Organisation. Jidda, Saudi Arabia: Islamic State Broadcasting Organisation, 1981.
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  203. This document from the Islamic State Broadcasting Organisation (ISBO), with its eponymous title, provides the organogram of the ISBO, a list of all television and radio programs it produced, and a concluding section on the budget and expenditures of the organization. This organization has almost become dysfunctional.
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  205. A March of Achievements and Progress for the Period from 12/3/1400 H–22/1/1418 H Corresponding 30/1/1980–28/5/1997. Jidda, Saudi Arabia: Organization of Islamic Capitals and Cities, 1998.
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  207. The Organization of Islamic Capitals and Cities is a Mecca-based international federation of mayors of the capitals of OIC member countries as well as of cities with a rich Islamic cultural heritage in both Muslim and non-Muslim countries. This book is a reference on the organization’s activities and publications.
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  209. Marching Ahead. Rabat, Morocco: Islamic Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, n.d.
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  211. An undated, trilingual publication of the Rabat-based Islamic Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (ISESCO) that trumpets the activities of this cultural arm of the OIC.
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  213. Member States and Companies of the Islamic Shipowners’ Association. Jidda, Saudi Arabia: Organization of the Islamic Shipowners’ Association, n.d.
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  215. A directory of shipping companies based in Muslim counties or owned by Muslim individuals.
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  217. Resolutions and Recommendations of the Council of the Islamic Fiqh Academy: 1985–2000. Jidda, Saudi Arabia: Islamic Development Bank, 2000.
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  219. A compilation of the declarations and religious edicts (fatawa) of the Islamic Fiqh [Jurisprudence] Academy.
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  221. Special Issue: Achievements of the Istanbul Centre. Newsletter of the OIC Research Centre for Islamic History, Art, and Culture 37 (1995).
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  223. The Research Centre for Islamic History, Art, and Culture, based in Istanbul, Turkey, is a subsidiary of the OIC. This special issue of the newsletter, published on the eve of the organization’s fifteenth anniversary, covers its activities and publications through the date of publication (later information is available on the center’s website; see Reference Resources).
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  225. The Islamic Conference and Individual States
  226.  
  227. Turkey, Malaysia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Morocco, and Saudi Arabia are the six member states that play a pivotal and proactive role in the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC). No reliable source is available on the latter two countries’ relations with the OIC, though both governments have published compilations of their policy statements about or on the forum of the OIC in Arabic. Aykan 1994, Shanti 1997, Nyang 1984, and Rahman 1985 are among the limited sources available that explore individual member states’ (Turkey, Malaysia, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, respectively) roles in the OIC. Imam 2000 and Pasha 1995 give contrasting perspectives in that both works study India’s perceptions of the OIC as a nonmember state with stakes in OIC affairs because of its own sizable Muslim community (second largest in the world after Indonesia’s) and because of Pakistan’s use of the OIC forum for India bashing. Khan 2004 and Azra 2006 can be helpful in understanding the internal political dynamics of Pakistan and Indonesia and how these affect their relations with the OIC.
  228.  
  229. Aykan, Mahmut B. Turkey’s Role in the Organization of the Islamic Conference, 1960–1992: The Nature of Deviation from the Kemalist Heritage. New York: Vantage, 1994.
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  231. A good reference on Turkey’s role in the OIC given that Turkey’s Kemalist secular legacy makes it a strange partner in the religiously colored OIC. Nevertheless, it has played a part in Pan-Islamic efforts, protecting Muslim minorities—some of Turkish descent—in eastern Europe and leading diplomatic offensives supporting territorial integrity in Bosnia and Azerbaijan. In return Turkey enjoys OIC support on its stance on the Cyprus issue.
  232. Find this resource:
  233. Azra, Azyumardi. Indonesia, Islam, and Democracy: Dynamics in a Global Context. Jakarta, Indonesia: Solstice, 2006.
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  235. This, like Shanti 1997, is not specifically about Indonesia-OIC relations but is the only influential work available on Indonesia’s role in Islamic world politics, including the country’s relations with the OIC. Like Turkey, Indonesia has secular ideals that make its relations with the OIC a bit complex.
  236. Find this resource:
  237. Imam, Zafar. The Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC): Continuity and Change and India. New Delhi: ABC Publishing House, 2000.
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  239. Recalls changing Indian perceptions toward the OIC, which have been, on Pakistan’s prodding, unsympathetic toward the Indian position on the disputed territory of Kashmir. India, which has the largest Muslim community in the world after Indonesia, has tried to neutralize OIC diplomatic weight on its disputes with Pakistan and Bangladesh.
  240. Find this resource:
  241. Khan, Saad S. Friends Indeed: Review and Reference on Pakistan-OIC Relations. Islamabad: National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research, 2004.
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  243. A compendium of communiqués and declarations from the Islamic Summit Conferences and the Islamic Conferences of Foreign Ministers held in Pakistan plus briefs on the activities of the three OIC organs located in Pakistan. The opening and closing chapters provide descriptive analysis though not thorough research of Pakistan’s relations with the Islamic body.
  244. Find this resource:
  245. Nyang, Salayman S. “Pakistan’s Role in the Organization of Islamic Conference.” Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies 7.3 (Spring 1984): 14–33.
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  247. An Indian analyst’s critique of Pakistan’s role in the OIC, especially of Prime Minister Z. A. Bhutto’s use of the OIC to make his country relevant on the world stage after the country’s defeat and dismemberment by India in the 1971 Indo-Pakistani War. Explores the military dictator Zia ul Haq’s efforts to legitimize his own role on the basis of his Islamist agenda.
  248. Find this resource:
  249. Pasha, Aftab Kamal. India and OIC: Strategy and Diplomacy. New Delhi: Centre for Peace Studies, 1995.
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  251. Provides a brief overview of India’s abortive initial attempts to join the OIC at the Rabat conference in 1969 and a study of the uneasy relationship between India and the OIC ever since.
  252. Find this resource:
  253. Rahman, Syed Tayyeb-ur. Global Geo-Strategy of Bangladesh, OIC, and Islamic Ummah. Dhaka, Bangladesh: Islamic Foundation Bangladesh, 1985.
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  255. A good reference on Bangladesh’s worldview and its standing in the OIC. During the war of secession, in what was then East Pakistan (March–December 1971), the OIC placed its full weight behind the government of Pakistan. Traces Bangladesh’s gradual warming toward the Muslim and Arab worlds after the death of its founding president Mujib ur Rahman.
  256. Find this resource:
  257. Shanti, Nair. Islam in Malaysian Foreign Policy. Politics in Asia. London: Routledge, 1997.
  258. DOI: 10.4324/9780203425381Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  259. Malaysia has been an active partner in the OIC. The founding prime minister of Malaysia, Tunku Abdul Rahman (r. 1960–1970), was a founder of the OIC and its first secretary-general (1970–1973). Before Jidda, the OIC’s temporary headquarters were in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Provides a good exposition of Malaysia’s role in the OIC and its expectations of the organization.
  260. Find this resource:
  261. Role in Specific Issues
  262.  
  263. Save for the discussion in Bertrand 2000 of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC)’s role in the southern Philippines’ Muslim insurgency and the evaluation in Khan 2002 of the OIC’s activity related to Muslim communities in India, Bulgaria, and Philippines, little is available in peer-reviewed academic literature on the OIC’s role in individual conflict areas. However, the governments of Azerbaijan, Morocco, Pakistan, and Turkey have published compilations of OIC resolutions pertaining to Nagorno-Karabakh (Azerbaijan in the Organization of the Islamic Conference 2008), Palestine (Al Quds Committee: Achievements and Perspectives on Palestine Issue 1984), (Northern) Cyprus (Islamic Conference and the Cyprus Question), and Kashmir (OIC Resolutions on Afghanistan and Kashmir 1993), respectively, which happen to be their regions of interest. The Organisation of the Islamic Conference Information Department has published reports (Organisation of the Islamic Conference Information Department 1988, Organisation of the Islamic Conference Information Department 1993, and Organisation of the Islamic Conference Information Department 1995) on conflict regions, such as Bosnia and Bulgaria.
  264.  
  265. Al Quds Committee: Achievements and Perspectives on Palestine Issue. Rabat, Morocco: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1984.
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  267. A compilation of resolutions and declarations of the Al Quds [Jersusalem] Committee on the issue of Palestine and the status of the Holy City of Jerusalem.
  268. Find this resource:
  269. Azerbaijan in the Organization of the Islamic Conference. Baku, Azerbaijan: Heyder Aliyev Heritage Research Center, 2008.
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  271. A compilation of resolutions related to Azerbaijan and the Nagorno-Karabakh dispute.
  272. Find this resource:
  273. Bertrand, Jacques. Peace and Conflict in the Southern Philippines: Why the 1996 Peace Agreement Is Fragile. Pacific Affairs 73.1 (Spring 2000): 37–54.
  274. DOI: 10.2307/2672283Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  275. Chronicles and analyzes the OIC’s role in ending the Moro-Muslim insurgency in the South Philippines, which is the biggest feather in the OIC’s cap. The OIC engaged with this problem immediately upon the organization’s inception and saw the end of the insurgency after three decades of diplomacy.
  276. Find this resource:
  277. Khan, Saad S. “The Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) and Muslim Minorities.” Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 22.2 (October 2002): 351–367.
  278. DOI: 10.1080/1360200022000027311Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  279. Explores the OIC’s response to the problem of Muslim communities in non-Muslim countries, including assessing the OIC’s role in the Muslim communities of Kashmir, Bulgaria, and the Philippines.
  280. Find this resource:
  281. Organisation of the Islamic Conference Information Department. Report on the Condition of Bulgarian Muslims. Jidda, Saudi Arabia: Organisation of the Islamic Conference Secretariat, 1988.
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  283. A report by the OIC secretary-general on the condition of Bulgarian Muslims presented at the seventeenth Islamic Conference of Foreign Ministers in Amman, Jordan.
  284. Find this resource:
  285. Organisation of the Islamic Conference Information Department. Report on Bosnia and Herzegovina. Jidda, Saudi Arabia: Organisation of the Islamic Conference Secretariat, 1993.
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  287. A report by the OIC secretary-general on the civil war in Bosnia presented at the twenty-first Islamic Conference of Foreign Ministers held in Karachi in April 1993.
  288. Find this resource:
  289. Organisation of the Islamic Conference Information Department. Report on the Condition of Cypriot Muslims. Jidda, Saudi Arabia: Organisation of the Islamic Conference Secretariat, 1995.
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  291. A report by the OIC secretary-general presented at the twenty-third Islamic Conference of Foreign Ministers and based on a three-member fact-finding mission in Bulgaria studying the condition of ethnic Turk Muslims living under Communist rule there. Highly critical of the Bulgarian government, which rejected the report.
  292. Find this resource:
  293. OIC Resolutions on Afghanistan and Kashmir. Islamabad: Directorate of Films and Publications, Ministry of Information, 1993.
  294. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  295. A compilation of OIC resolutions and declarations on the conflicts in Kashmir and Afghanistan.
  296. Find this resource:
  297. Islam-West Relations
  298.  
  299. The Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC)’s role, actual or potential, in improving Islam-West relations remains an underexplored research area. Chestnut 2009 and Maddalone 2005 try to fill the gap.
  300.  
  301. Chestnut, Kehrt. Exploring an OIC-NATO Civilization-based Relationship: Exploring OIC-NATO Charter Comparisons for Civilizational Diplomatic and Security Dialogue Options. Saarbrucken, Germany: VDM Verlag, 2009.
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  303. Addresses the potential partnership between the OIC and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in diplomatic and security matters, such as terrorism, maritime security, and conflict resolution. Details the similarities and differences between the charters of the two organizations to help them manage their cross-civilizational relations efficiently to develop lasting peace.
  304. Find this resource:
  305. Maddalone, Marlene A. The Organization of Islamic Conference (O.I.C.) and Vatican Council II: Leaders or Figureheads? Master’s thesis, Georgetown University, 2005.
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  307. The OIC was part of the Vatican initiatives to improve understanding between Islam and the West. This book is the only reference on this interaction between the OIC, as the successor of the institution of the caliphate (see Baba 1994 in General Overviews), and the Vatican, as the seat of Roman Catholic papacy.
  308. Find this resource:
  309. International Organizations
  310.  
  311. The Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC), in more ways than one, is sui generis. The formulas one might ordinarily apply to an intergovernmental organization may not always apply to the OIC. However, the works available on international organizations in general may help increase somewhat the level of understanding of the workings of the OIC as well as the constraints this organization faces. Pease 2010 takes a critical analytical approach to the political and structural roles of international organizations in world politics and offers conceptual tools for evaluating their effectiveness. Bennett and Oliver 2002 and Jacobson 1984 are both voluminous accounts that address the League of Nations, the United Nations, and a host of other international organizations, analyzing the challenges and issues they face in the early 21st century. Abi-Saab 1981 offers a good exposé of the United Nations system.
  312.  
  313. Abi-Saab, Georges, ed. The Concept of International Organization. Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, 1981.
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  315. Represents a good starting place for the conceptual understanding of international organizations explained in the context of the United Nations.
  316. Find this resource:
  317. Bennett, Alvin LeRoy, and James K. Oliver. International Organizations: Principles and Issues. 7th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2002.
  318. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  319. An exposé of the principles and hiccups of international diplomacy at work in any intergovernmental arrangement.
  320. Find this resource:
  321. Jacobson, Harold Karan. Networks of Interdependence: International Organizations and the Global Political System. 2d ed. New York: Knopf, 1984.
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  323. An explanation of how global interdependence has led to the need for international organizations and how in turn these intergovernmental organizations have fed this interdependence further.
  324. Find this resource:
  325. Pease, Kelly-Kate S. International Organizations: Perspectives on Governance in the Twenty-first Century. 4th ed. New York: Longman, 2010.
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  327. International regimes and global governance are overarching phenomena of the 21st century. The United Nations system is gradually becoming a substitute for a world government. This book furnishes a fair understanding of supranational regulatory and directory systems.
  328. Find this resource:
  329. Islam and Politics
  330.  
  331. The genesis of the OIC is a testimony to Islam’s relevance in international relations, even among secular Muslim countries. The works mentioned here are not about the OIC per se, but no serious scholar of the OIC would understand the organization’s dynamics without first understanding Islam’s role in foreign policy, diplomacy, and interstate relations. AbuSulayman 1987 describes the Islamic theoretical and theological understanding of international relations whereby Islam treats the world as divided between Muslim and non-Muslim. Piscatori 1986 and Vatikiotis 1987 explain how the Muslim world is coping with the plurality of Muslim states in the modern world and its theological discomfort with the idea of a single Muslim polity. Lewis 1993 and Jerichow and Simonsen 1997 look at Islam’s relations with the West. While Lewis 1993 rebuts attacks against Western motives, Jerichow and Simonsen 1997 explores the potential for dialogue. Dawisha 1983, Esposito 1988, and Sheikh 2007 look at Islam’s role in foreign policies; though all three works refer to the OIC, Sheikh 2007 has the organization as its principal focus. Landau 1990 traces the history of Pan-Islamism from the Tanzimat Reforms (1870s) under the Ottoman Caliphate to the creation of the OIC and beyond.
  332.  
  333. AbuSulayman, AbdulHamid. The Islamic Theory of International Relations: New Directions for Islamic Methodology and Thought. Herndon, VA: International Institute of Islamic Thought, 1987.
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  335. A brief yet comprehensive volume. Diplomacy entered Islamic statecraft after the inception of the first-ever Islamic state by the Prophet Mohammad in Medina (around 622 CE), wherefrom he sent emissaries to neighboring monarchs. A unique “Islamic theory” of international relations emerged that is similar to the concept of ethical foreign policy, with the caveat that ethics were defined by and limited to divine revelation.
  336. Find this resource:
  337. Dawisha, Adeed I. Islam in Foreign Policy. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
  338. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  339. A good though outdated work on the use of Islam for foreign policy gains in ten case studies of Muslim countries. Muslim and Arab society saw significant radicalization in the 1980s and 1990s, and the phenomenon of Al Qaeda reversed the way Islam finds its place in foreign policy priorities.
  340. Find this resource:
  341. Esposito, John L. Islam and Politics. 4th ed. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1988.
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  343. Serves as a preface to Esposito’s successive volumes on the Islamic world. Drawing on Hamas, Taliban, and Algeria case studies, argues that the elite of the Muslim world have dragged Islam into politics for ideological objectives, noting that even the secular elite who persecute the Islamists use Islam for political gains. Also touches on the civilization and democratization debate in the Muslim world.
  344. Find this resource:
  345. Jerichow, Anders, and Jorgen Baek Simonsen, eds. Islam in a Changing World: Europe and the Middle East. Richmond, UK: Curzon, 1997.
  346. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  347. This compilation of 1996 conference papers focuses on Islam and politics in the name of Islam in the post–Cold War era, especially following the emergence of several newly independent ex-communist states in Eastern Europe, Eurasia (Caucus), and central Asia. Explores perspectives for mutual understanding and dialogue between Islam and the rest of the world.
  348. Find this resource:
  349. Landau, Jacob. The Politics of Pan-Islam: Ideology and Organization. Oxford: Clarendon, 1990.
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  351. A small handbook on the roots of Pan-Islamic ideology and an exposition of the main arguments and principal assumptions of Pan-Islamists. Argues that Islam is a moral and social code but that political unity for its followers is a political goal.
  352. Find this resource:
  353. Lewis, Bernard. Islam and the West. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
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  355. One may argue that Lewis, after John L. Esposito (see Esposito 1988), is the most vocal Western analyst on Islam. Lewis’s work on Islam and the West seems to emphasize the incompatibility between the two sides rather than the potential for common ground. This book rebuts Edward W. Said’s arguments in Orientalism (New York: Pantheon, 1978) about Western motives in the Muslim world.
  356. Find this resource:
  357. Piscatori, James P. Islam in a World of Nation-States. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1986.
  358. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  359. Argues that Islam remains relevant even when the dream of a single caliphdom or a united states of Islam is shattered. Drawing from traditional Islamic literature and the writings of political scientists of the early 21st century, the book highlights the adaptability of Muslim countries in a world composed of sovereign nation-states.
  360. Find this resource:
  361. Sheikh, Naveed S. The New Politics of Islam: Pan-Islamic Foreign Policy in a World of States. New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2007.
  362. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  363. Short but ambitious, pioneering study on modern Islamic theory of international relations that maintains a balance among theory, praxis, and knowledge of world politics and Islamic studies. Its empirical investigation centers on the OIC.
  364. Find this resource:
  365. Vatikiotis, P. J. Islam and the State. London: Croom Helm, 1987.
  366. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  367. Islam’s incompatibility, in the writer’s opinion, with the territorial-based concept of a modern nation-state forms the basis of this work. The book traces Islamic history up through the early 21st century in the Middle East to show how secular statehood has faced legitimacy challenges from the concept of ummah.
  368. Find this resource:
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