task1model

[model 7:2]
The graph illustrates changes in the amount of beef, lamb, chicken and fish consumed in a particular European country between 1979 and 2004.

In 1979 beef was by far the most popular of these foods, with about 225 grams consumed per person per week. Lab and chicken were eaten in similar quantities (aound 150 grams), while much less fish was consumed (just over 50 grams).

However, during this 25-year period the consumption of beef and lamb fell dramatically to approximately 100 grams and 55 grams respectively. The consumption of fish also declined, but much less significantly to just below 50 grams, so although it remained the least popular food, consumption levels were the most stable.

The consumption of chicken, on the other handm showed an upward trend, overtaking that of lamb in 1980 and that of beef in 1989. By 2004 it had soared to almost 250 grams per person per week.

Overall, the graph shows how the consumption of chicken increased dramatically while the popularity of these other foods decreased over the period.

[model 7:4]
The charts compare the sources of electricity in Australia and France in the years 1980 and 2000. Between these years electricity production alomost doubled, rising from 100 units to 170 in Australia, and from 90 to 180 units in France.

In 1980 Australia used coal as the main electricity source (50 units) and the remainder was produced from natural gas, hydropower (each producing 20 units) and oil (which produced only 10 units). By 2000, coal had become the fuel for more than 75% of electricity produced and only hydro continued to be another significant sourcesupplying approximately 20%

In contrast, France used coal as a source for only 25 units of electricity in 1980, which was matched by nutural gas. The remaining 40 units was produced largely from oil and nuclear power, which was not used at all in Australia, had developed into the main source, producing alomost 75% of electricity, at 126 units, while coal and oil together produced only 50 units. Other sources were no longer significant.

Overall, it is clear that by 2000 these two countries relied on different principal fuel sources:Australia relied on coal and France on nuclear power.

[model 8:1]

The pie chart shows that there are four main causes of farmland becoming degraded in the world today. Globally, 65% of degradation is caused by too much animal grazing and tree clearance, constituting 35% and 30% respectively. A further 28% of glocal degradation is due to over-cultivation of crops. Other causes account for only 7% collectively.

These causes affected different regions differently in the 1990s, with Europe having as much as 9.8% of degradation due to deforestation, while the impact of this on Oceania and the North America was minimal, with only 1.7% and 0.2% of land affected repectively. Europe, with the highest percentage of land degraded (23%), also suffered from over-cultivation (7.7%) and over-grazing (5.5%). In contrast, Oceania had 13% of degraded farmland and this was mainly dueto over-grazing (11.3%). North America had a lower proportiion of degraded land at only 5%, and the main causes of this were over-cultivation (3.3%) and, to the lesser extent, over-grazing.

Overall, it is clear that Europe suffered more from farmland degradation than the other regions, and the main causes there were deforestation and over-cultivation.

[model 8:2]
The charts show how much a UK school spent on different running costs in three separate years: 1981, 1991 and 2001.

In all three years, the greatest expenditure was on staff salaries. But while other workers' salaries saw a fall from 28% in 1981 to only 15% of spending in 2001, teachers' pay remained the biggest cost, reaching 50% of total spending in 1991 and ending at 45% in 2001.

Expenditure on resources such as books had increased to 20% by 1991 before decreasing to only 9% by the end of the period. In contrast, the cost of furniture and equipment saw an opposite trend. This cost decreased to only 5% of total expenditure in 1991 but rise dranatically in 2001 when it represented 23% of the school budget. Similarly, the cost of insurance saw a rising trend, growing from only 2% to 8% by 2001.

Overall, teachers' salaries constituted the largest cost to the school, and while spending increased dramatically for equipment and insurance, there were corresponding drops in expenditure on things such as books and on other workers' salaries.

[band8 8:3]
The graph isllustrates the quantities of goods transported in the united kingdom by four different modes of transport between the time period of 1974 and 2002. Over this spand of 28 yearsm the quantities of goods transported by road, water and pipeline have all increased whike the quantity transported by rail has remained almost constant at about 40 million tonnes.

The largest quantity of goods transported both in 1974 and 2002 was by road (70 million tonnes and 98 million tonnes repwctively) while the lowest both in 1974 and 2002 was byy pipeline (about 5 million tonnes and 22 million tonnes respectively). The amount of good transported by watrwe was constant from 1974 to 1978, where it showed an exponential growth, rising to almost 60 million tonnes after which it plateaued for about 20 years before strating to rise gradully again.

The amount of goods transported by rail is almost constant at  40 million tonnes in 1974 and  2002, with decreases in quantity in between the years. It is also interesting to note that almost all showed a decrease in 1994 in amount of goods transported except for the pipeline, which actually peaked in that year.

in conclusion the road remains the most popular method of transporting goods in the UK while water and pipelines, are becoming increasingly used, have not become more popular as a method of transport.

[band7 9:1]
The two maps show the same island while first one is before and the second one is after the construction for tourism.

Looking first at the one before construction, we can see a huge island with a beach in the west. The total length of the island is approximately 250 metres.

Moving on to the second map, we can see that there are lots of buildings on the island. There are two areas of accomodation. One is in the west near the beach while the other one is in the centre of the island. Between them, there is a restaurant in the north and a a central reception block, which is surrounded by a vehicle track. This track also goes down to the pier where people can go sailing in the south sea of the island. Furthermore, tourists can swim near the beach in the west. A footpath connecting the western accomodation units also leads to the beach.

Overall, comparing the two maps, there are significant changes after this development. Not only lots of facilities are built on the island, but also the sea is used for activities. the new island has become a good place for tourism.

[model 9:2]
The chart shows the time spent by UK residents on different types of telephone calls between 1995 and 2002.

Local fixed line calls were the highest throughout the period, rising from 72 billion minutes in 1995 to just under 90 billion in 1998. After peaking at 90 billiom the following year, these calls had fallen back to the 1995 figure by 2002.

National and international fixed line calls grew steadily from  38 billion to 61 billion at the end of the period in question, though the growth slowed over the last two years.

There was a dramatic increase in mobile calls from 2 billion to 46 billion minutes. This rise was particularly noticeable between 1999 and 2002, during which time the use of mobile phone tripled.

To sum up, although local fixed line calls were still the most popular in 2002, the gap between the three categoreis had narrowed considerably over the second half of the period in question.

[model 9:4]
The graph shows energy consumption in the US from 1980 to 20212, and projected consumption to 2030.

Petrol and oil are the dominant fuel sources throughout this period, with 24 quadrillion (35q) units used in 1980, rising to 42q in 2012. Despite some initial fluctuation, from 19995 there was a steady increase. This is expected to continue, reaching 47q in 2030.

Consumption of energy derived from natural gas and coal is similar over the period. From 20q and 15q respectively in 1980, gas showed an initial fall and coal a gradual increase, with the two fuel equal between 1985 and 1990. Consumption has fluctuated since 1990 but both now provide 24q. Coal is predicted to increase steadily to 31q in 2030, whereas after 2014, gas will remain stable at 25q.

In 1980, energy from nuclear, hydro- and solar/wind power was equal at only 4q. Nuclear has risen by 3q and solar/wind by 2. After slight increases, hydropower has fallen back to the 1980 figure. It is expected to maintain this level until 2030, while the others should rise slightly after 2025.

Overall, the US will continue to rely on fossil fuels, with sustainable and nuclear energy sources remaining relatively insignificant.

[model 10:2]
The two tables contain sales data for Fairtrade coffee and bananas in 1999 and 2004, in five nations in Europe.

The first table shows low-level coffeee sales increasing in all five countries, albeit to widely varying degrees. In two places sales increased by the sane small amount:1.8-2 million euros in Denmark, and 0.8-1 million in Sweden. The increment was slightly larger in Belgium, from 1-1.7 million euros. Meanwhile in Switzerland sales doubled from 3-6 million euros. Finally, in the UK there was an enormous increase from 1.5-20 million euros.

In the second  table, it is Switzerland which stands out as buying far more Fairtrade bananas than the other four countries. Swiss sales figures jumped from 15-47 milliom euros across these five years, while in the UK and Belgium sales only grew from 1-5.5 and from 0.6-4 million euros.

Comparing two tables, it is clear that in 1999 Fairtrade coffee sales ranged from 0.8-3 million euros in these five countries, while banana sales also mostly clustered between 0.6-2 million euros, with Switzerland the outlier at a huge 15 million euros. By 2004, sales figures for both product had risen across the board, except for Sweden and Denmark which recoreded drops in banana sales.

[model 10:4]
Salmon begin life as eggs on a pebbly riverbed, hidden among reeds in the slow-moving upper reaches of a river. After five to six months the eggs hatch into 'fry'. For approximately the next four years, these baby salmon will live in the lower-faster moving waters of their river. During this time they measure between three and eight centimetres in length.

By the time salmon reach twelve to fifteen centimetres, they are termed 'smolt', and at this time they migrate further downriver into the open sea. After five years at sea the salmon will have grown to adult size, which is between seventy and seventy-six centimetres. They then begin swimming back to their birthplace, where they will lay their eggs, and the cycle starts anew.

In summary, the salmon passes through three distinct physical stages as it grows to maturity. Each of these stages takes place in a vary different aquatic location. It is noteworthy that the first two stages of this fish's life occur in a freshwater environment, while the third stage is lived in saltwater.

[band7fixed 11:4]
The table below shows the number of visitiors to Ashdown Museum during the year after and the year before it was medernized. After the table there are the charts that show the result of surveys asking people how satified they were with their visit thos museum, during the same two periods.

It is obvious that the numbers of visitors significantly increased after the refurbishment from 74,000 before the reconstruction to 92,000 after it had been done. Now let's look at the charts. The year before refurbishment shows a negative pattern: the results of survey illustrate that only 15% of visitors were very satisfied and the number of dissatisfied people was 40%. The year after refurbishment illustrates that the number of dissatisfied visitors declined and became 15%. In contrast, people who were very satisfied increased to 35%. Comparing the amount of satisfied visitors we can also see an upward trend (it increased from 30% to 40% after the refurbishment).

To sum up we can say that all work that has been done to attract new visitors to Ashdown museun has reached its aim.

[band7 practice3]
The diagram illustrates the various stage in the destination of seawater to make it suitable for drinking. Overall, desalination involves a process of purification of water followed by filtration and adding chemical agents.

First of all, water is taken form the sea and then passed through a pre-treatment filter where the big impurities are removed. This backwash is then piped back into the sea through another filter. At the next stage in the process, the remaining water is forced through a membrane at high pressure and any impurities including salt are removed. After that, the seawater concentrate is returned to the sea while the remaining water goes through a post treatment process. In this phase, the water is treated with lime, chlorine and fluoride to make it drinkable before it is stored in a reservior. finally, the desalinated water is distributed to the integrated water supply system for people to use as drinking water.

[band7 practice8]
The table illustrate expected cost of the three environmentak projects in three different parts of the world in the next five years.

The estimated cost of the African project in Year 1 is 10.5 million dollars, almost half of the projected cost for Central America (20 million) and about one third of the Asian project (30 million). It is predicted that West Africa will spend less money in the following years than in Year 1, falling to 3.5 million in Year 5. Central America shows a similar pattern. In Year 5 expected cost of project is 5 million dollars  which is four times less than in Year 1. However, in South East Asia in year 5 spending will rise to 50 million dollars.

Regarding the pie chart, 50% of projected cost will cover salaries. The rest 50% will be shared on training and office expense, 10% each, while 30% is expected set up cpst.

To sum up South East Asia has the highest projected cost for environmental projects for the next five years..