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{{Short description|Family of Unix-like operating systems}}
{{About|the family of operating systems|the kernel|Linux kernel|other uses}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{Use American English|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox OS
| name = Linux (no automatically included version) <!-- this "hack" unties the infobox from the separate template that lists latest Linux kernel versions – this article is about Linux and not about the Linux kernel so listing kernel versions introduces confusion -->
| title = Linux
| logo = Tux.svg
| logo_size = 150px
| logo caption = [[Tux (mascot)|Tux]] the penguin, the mascot of Linux<ref name="LinuxOnLine2008">{{cite web | url = http://www.linux.org/info/logos.html | title = Linux Logos and Mascots |access-date=August 11, 2009 | last = Linux Online | year = 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100815085106/http://www.linux.org/info/logos.html | archive-date = August 15, 2010 }}</ref>
| logo_alt = Tux the penguin
| developer = Community contributors, <br /> [[Linus Torvalds]]
| programmed in = [[C (programming language)|C]], [[assembly language]]s, and others
| family = [[Unix-like]]
| working state = Current
| source model = [[Open-source software|Open source]]
| released = {{start date and age|1991|9|17}}
| latest release version = <!-- The kernel version is displayed on the "Linux kernel" article; please don't insert it here, as this article covers Linux kernel + userland combos. -->
| latest release date =
| latest preview version = <!-- The kernel version is displayed on the "Linux kernel" article; please don't insert it here, as this article covers Linux kernel + userland combos. -->
| latest preview date =
| repo = {{URL|https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/}}
| marketing target = [[Cloud computing]], [[embedded device]]s, [[mainframe computer]]s, [[mobile device]]s, [[personal computer]]s, [[server (computing)|servers]], [[supercomputer]]s
| language = Multilingual
| updatemodel =
| supported platforms = [[DEC Alpha|Alpha]], [[ARC (processor)|ARC]], [[ARM architecture|ARM]], [[M·CORE|C-Sky]], [[Qualcomm Hexagon|Hexagon]], [[IA-64]], [[Loongson|LoongArch]], [[m68k]], [[Microblaze]], [[MIPS architecture|MIPS]], [[Nios II]], [[OpenRISC]], [[PA-RISC]], [[PowerPC]], [[RISC-V]], [[s390]], [[SuperH]], [[SPARC]], [[x86]], [[Xtensa]] <!-- Please do not include 64-bit extensions of 32-bit ISAs, e.g. sparc64, ppc64, x86-64, etc. -->
| kernel type = [[Monolithic kernel|Monolithic]]
| userland = [[GNU]]{{Efn|GNU is the primary userland used in nearly all Linux distributions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.linux.org/threads/gnu-userland.7429/ |title=GNU Userland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308205852/http://www.linux.org/threads/gnu-userland.7429/ |archive-date=March 8, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://cyborginstitute.org/projects/administration/unix-fundamentals/ |title=Unix Fundamentals — System Administration for Cyborgs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005114243/http://cyborginstitute.org/projects/administration/unix-fundamentals/ |archive-date=October 5, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://openbookproject.net/courses/intro2ict/system/os_intro.html|title=Operating Systems — Introduction to Information and Communication Technology|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221222415/http://openbookproject.net/courses/intro2ict/system/os_intro.html|archive-date=February 21, 2016}}</ref> The GNU userland contains system daemons, user applications, the GUI, and various libraries. [[GNU Coreutils|GNU Core utilities]] are an essential part of most distributions. Most Linux distributions use the [[X Window System|X Window]] system.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tldp.org/FAQ/Linux-FAQ/x-windows.html|title=The X Window System|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120234827/http://tldp.org/FAQ/Linux-FAQ/x-windows.html|archive-date=January 20, 2016}}</ref> Other components of the userland, such as the [[widget toolkit]], vary with the specific distribution, desktop environment, and user configuration.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pclosmag.com/html/issues/201109/page08.html|title=PCLinuxOS Magazine - HTML|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515020543/http://pclosmag.com/html/Issues/201109/page08.html|archive-date=May 15, 2013}}</ref>}}, [[BusyBox]]{{Efn|[[BusyBox]] is an alternative userland used in many embedded Linux distributions. [[BusyBox]] replaces most [[GNU Coreutils|GNU Core utilities]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://busybox.net/about.html|title=The Busybox about page|website=busybox.net|access-date=November 30, 2021|archive-date=November 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127134347/https://busybox.net/about.html|url-status=live}}</ref> One notable Desktop distribution using [[BusyBox]] is [[Alpine Linux]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://alpinelinux.org/about/|title=The Alpine Linux about page|website=alpinelinux.org|access-date=November 30, 2021|archive-date=May 8, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110508001131/https://alpinelinux.org/about/|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
| ui = {{ubl|[[Unix shell]] ([[Command-line interface|CLI]])|Most [[Linux distribution|distributions]] include a [[desktop environment]] ([[GUI]])}}
| license = [[GPLv2]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.kernel.org/category/faq.html |title=The Linux Kernel Archives: Frequently asked questions |website=kernel.org |date=September 2, 2014 |access-date=September 4, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905100143/https://www.kernel.org/category/faq.html |archive-date=September 5, 2015}}</ref>{{Efn|The name "Linux" itself is a trademark owned by [[Linus Torvalds]]<ref name="US_trademark">{{cite web |url = http://assignments.uspto.gov/assignments/q?db=tm&rno=1916230 |title = U.S. Reg No: 1916230 |publisher = United States Patent and Trademark Office |access-date = April 1, 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130624203325/http://assignments.uspto.gov/assignments/q?db=tm&rno=1916230 |archive-date = June 24, 2013 |df = mdy-all }}</ref> and administered by the [[Linux Mark Institute]].}}
| other_articles = [[Linux kernel]] <br /> [[Linux distribution]]
}}<!-- Based on long-standing consensus, please do not change this to read that GNU/Linux is the correct name for Linux distributions incorporating GNU software; the change will be reverted. This has been extensively discussed. Please see [[MOS:LINUX]] for more information. -->

'''Linux''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=Linux.ogg|ˈ|l|iː|n|ʊ|k|s}} {{respell|LEE|nuuks}} or {{IPAc-en||ˈ|l|ɪ|n|ʊ|k|s}} {{respell|LIN|uuks}})<ref name="pronunciation-2">{{ cite newsgroup |newsgroup= comp.os.linux | title = Re: How to pronounce ''Linux''? |message-id= [email protected] | date = April 23, 1992 |access-date=January 9, 2007 | url=https://groups.google.com/d/msg/comp.os.linux/L_TTOib3_08/yOG2vLtsp1MJ}}</ref> is a family of [[free and open-source software|open-source]] [[Unix-like]] [[operating system]]s based on the [[Linux kernel]],<ref>{{ cite book | last = Eckert | first = Jason W. | year = 2012 | title = Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification | edition = Third | publisher = Cengage Learning | place = Boston, Massachusetts | page = 33 | isbn = 978-1111541538 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=EHLH4S78LmsC&pg=PA33 | access-date = April 14, 2013 | quote = The shared commonality of the kernel is what defines a system's membership in the Linux family; the differing [[open-source software|OSS]] applications that can interact with the common kernel are what differentiate [[Linux distribution]]s. | url-status=live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130509031220/http://books.google.com/books?id=EHLH4S78LmsC&pg=PA33 | archive-date = May 9, 2013 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> an [[kernel (operating system)|operating system kernel]] first released on September 17, 1991, by [[Linus Torvalds]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Twenty Years of Linux according to Linus Torvalds | url = http://www.zdnet.com/article/twenty-years-of-linux-according-to-linus-torvalds/ | publisher = ZDNet | date = April 13, 2011 | access-date = September 19, 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160919232940/http://www.zdnet.com/article/twenty-years-of-linux-according-to-linus-torvalds/ | archive-date = September 19, 2016 | df = mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite newsgroup | title = Free minix-like kernel sources for 386-AT | author = Linus Benedict Torvalds | date = October 5, 1991 | newsgroup = comp.os.minix | url = https://groups.google.com/group/comp.os.minix/msg/2194d253268b0a1b?pli=1 | access-date = September 30, 2011 | archive-date = March 2, 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130302010902/http://groups.google.com/group/comp.os.minix/msg/2194d253268b0a1b?pli=1 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = What Is Linux: An Overview of the Linux Operating System | url = https://medium.com/@theinfovalley097/what-is-linux-an-overview-of-the-linux-operating-system-77bc7421c7e5?sk=b80b38575284317290c86e56001e43b1 | publisher = Medium | access-date = December 21, 2019 | df = mdy-all | archive-date = June 12, 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200612030853/https://medium.com/@theinfovalley097/what-is-linux-an-overview-of-the-linux-operating-system-77bc7421c7e5?sk=b80b38575284317290c86e56001e43b1 | url-status = live }}</ref> Linux is typically [[package manager|packaged]] as a [[Linux distribution]], which includes the kernel and supporting [[system software]] and [[library (computer science)|libraries]], many of which are provided by the [[GNU Project]]. Many Linux distributions use the word "Linux" in their name, but the [[Free Software Foundation]] uses the name "'''GNU/Linux'''" to emphasize the importance of [[GNU]] software, [[GNU/Linux naming controversy|causing some controversy]].<ref name="gnu_linux_faq" /><ref name="linux-and-gnu">{{cite web | url = https://www.gnu.org/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html | title = Linux and the GNU System | publisher = Gnu.org | access-date = September 1, 2013 | url-status=live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170319145123/http://www.gnu.org/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html | archive-date = March 19, 2017 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>