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  1. Introduction
  2.  
  3. The emergence of the Druze faith occurred in 1017 CE when the Fatimid ruler al-Hakim bi Amrillah (r. 996–1021 CE) instructed missionaries to propagate for a new era of Tawhid (Unitarianism). Although the call (daʿwa) to the new faith had originated in Fatimid Cairo, the Druzes can be found today in Lebanon, Syria, Israel, and Jordan, in addition to a few thousand members in Europe, North America, and Latin America. Their total number ranges between 1.5 and 2 million. The Druzes have a distinct set of beliefs and practices, and their manuscripts, kutub al-hikma (wisdom books), are a collection of epistles and correspondence between luminaries. The influence of the Qurʾan and Greek, Persian, and Indian philosophies are apparent in the Druze manuscripts and faith. Among the Druze manuscripts is a collection entitled the Epistles of India, suggesting that some of these luminaries had visited India. Based on these philosophies, the Druzes explain their worldview of the absolute, the human attitude toward nature, and life after death.
  4.  
  5. General Overviews
  6.  
  7. Bouron 1952 and Silvestre de Sacy 1964 provide a comprehensive overview of the Druze sect and history. Because of the secretive nature of the sect, Western scholars lacked access to primary sources, especially Druze manuscripts that were inaccessible to non-Druzes. Therefore, misconceptions and confusions caused by Orientalist scholars gave rise to a more recent and Druze-oriented scholarship to correct and clarify these misconceptions. For instance, Abu Izzeddin 1993 and Firro 1999 are given credit for their attempts to correct the misconceptions. Betts 1988 is a fair and balanced work on the Druze history and political significance in the region, Hitti 2008 provides a controversial account of the origin of the sect, Khuri 2004 offers an account on the hierarchy of religious and political leaders, and Salibi 2005 compiles the works of different scholars on the Druzes.
  8.  
  9. Abu Izzeddin, Nejla M. The Druzes: A New Study of their History, Faith, and Society. Leiden, The Netherlands: E.J. Brill, 1993.
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  11. Deals primarily with the history, faith, ethics, and society of the Druzes. Issues such as racial origins, Druze habitats, Druze society, and Druze women are also addressed. Also included are biographies and synopses of leading Druze religious and political figures.
  12. Abu Izzeddin, Nejla M. The Druzes: A New Study of their History, Faith, and Society. Leiden, The Netherlands: E.J. Brill, 1993.
  13. Find this resource:
  14. Betts, Robert Benton. The Druze. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1988.
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  16. Provides a brief history of the Druze faith, traditions, and society and a wealth of primary and secondary sources on the Druze’s history and their political significance in the Middle East. This book also provides valuable demographic data on the Druze in the region.
  17. Betts, Robert Benton. The Druze. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1988.
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  19. Bouron, Narcisse. Translated by Fred Massey. Druze History. Detroit: Massoud, 1952.
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  21. A translation into English from the Arabic version of the original French text. The book discusses the Druze origin with a foreword by the translator F. I. Massey.
  22. Bouron, Narcisse. Translated by Fred Massey. Druze History. Detroit: Massoud, 1952.
  23. Find this resource:
  24. Firro, Kais. A History of the Druzes. Leiden, The Netherlands: E.J. Brill, 1999.
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  26. Discusses the early history of the Druzes, with emphasis on the religious, political, and social features that shaped the subsequent manifestation of the Druze community. It also examines the interaction of the Druze community with its environment and the community’s internal sociopolitical development.
  27. Firro, Kais. A History of the Druzes. Leiden, The Netherlands: E.J. Brill, 1999.
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  29. Hitti, Philip K. Origins of the Druze People and Religion. Beirut, Lebanon: Saqi Books, 2008.
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  31. Covers the literature on the origin and history of the Druze and includes a few samples of their sacred literature. Also gives a brief overview of the principal articles of Druze belief and some interesting accounts on their social and historical development and folklore.
  32. Hitti, Philip K. Origins of the Druze People and Religion. Beirut, Lebanon: Saqi Books, 2008.
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  34. Khuri, Fuad Ishaq. Being a Druze. London: Druze Heritage Foundation, 2004.
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  36. Discusses the Druze faith and its influence on its adherents and describes the strong in-group feeling within the Druze community. Also provides a map designating Druze settlements in the Middle East and describes the hierarchy of religious and political leaders within the Druze community.
  37. Khuri, Fuad Ishaq. Being a Druze. London: Druze Heritage Foundation, 2004.
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  39. Salibi, Kamal S. The Druze: Realities and Perceptions. London: Druze Heritage Foundation, 2005.
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  41. Compiles the works of an array of scholars from different parts of the world who join in a multidisciplinary effort to study and integrate available knowledge and perceptions regarding the Druze as a religious community and historical society.
  42. Salibi, Kamal S. The Druze: Realities and Perceptions. London: Druze Heritage Foundation, 2005.
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  44. Silvestre de Sacy, Antoine Isaac. Expose de la Religion des Druzes. 2 vols. Paris: Librairie-Orient-Edition, 1964.
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  46. (Exposition of the religion of the Druzes.) Examines the origins of the Druze faith and provides interesting interpretations of the doctrine of the sect’s founders. Originally published in 1838.
  47. Silvestre de Sacy, Antoine Isaac. Expose de la Religion des Druzes. 2 vols. Paris: Librairie-Orient-Edition, 1964.
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  49. Bibliographies and Reference Works
  50.  
  51. Swayd 1998, and Fandi and Abi-Shakra 2001 collect and edit the first annotated bibliographies on the topic. Muakasa 2004 provides a comprehensive, nonannotated bibliography. Natur and Hasson 2001 offers a less scholarly reference work for the general audience. Swayd 2006 and Swayd 2009 provide the most comprehensive reference works and are the most useful for students and scholars of the Druzes. Druze Heritage Foundation and Druze History and Culture provide a variety of information on the Druzes.
  52.  
  53. Druze Heritage Foundation.
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  55. Provides a wealth of information on Druze history, faith, rites, publications, academic activities, online documents, and forums.
  56. Druze Heritage Foundation.
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  58. Druze History and Culture.
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  60. Offers information on Druze history, historical research, historical artifacts, bibliography, photo gallery, and al-Sijill al-Arslani.
  61. Druze History and Culture.
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  63. Fandi, Talal, and Ziyad Abi-Shakra. The Druze Heritage: An Annotated Bibliography. Amman, Jordan: Royal Institute for Inter-Faith Studies, 2001.
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  65. Provides a list of books, monographs, pamphlets, articles, theses, and dissertations with a foreword by Salim Kheireddine and introduction by Kamal Salibi.
  66. Fandi, Talal, and Ziyad Abi-Shakra. The Druze Heritage: An Annotated Bibliography. Amman, Jordan: Royal Institute for Inter-Faith Studies, 2001.
  67. Find this resource:
  68. Muakasa, Sahar. Comprehensive Bibliography of the Druze Religion. New York: Druze Research & Publications Institute, 2004.
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  70. Provides sources on the development of Druze history and theosophy. Contains a listing of over 5,000 references and a chronology of history from 106 to 1919 CE. The introduction contains a synopsis of comparative religion and a brief overview of the Druze historical origin.
  71. Muakasa, Sahar. Comprehensive Bibliography of the Druze Religion. New York: Druze Research & Publications Institute, 2004.
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  73. Natur, Samih, and Akram Hasson. The Druze. Daliat El Carmel, Israel: Asia, 2001.
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  75. Serves as a reference work on the Druzes in Lebanon, Palestine, Israel, Syria, and the diaspora. Also included chapters on the characteristics of the Druze societies, holy places, leaders, villages, and stories. The book also has sixty-four pages of photographs.
  76. Natur, Samih, and Akram Hasson. The Druze. Daliat El Carmel, Israel: Asia, 2001.
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  78. Swayd, Samy. The Druzes: An Annotated Bibliography. Kirkland, WA: ISES, 1998.
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  80. Includes a concise introductory chapter on Druze communities, history, and faith, as well as a chronology, a glossary, and selected translations. Seventy-three manuscripts, 328 books, and 427 articles are cited.
  81. Swayd, Samy. The Druzes: An Annotated Bibliography. Kirkland, WA: ISES, 1998.
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  83. Swayd, Samy. Historical Dictionary of the Druzes. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2006.
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  85. Provides a wealth of information on Druze faith, politics, and culture. Contains nearly 1,000 entries, a chronology, introductory essay, bibliography, maps, plates, and genealogical tables. The author also discusses Druze beliefs, practices, and rituals.
  86. Swayd, Samy. Historical Dictionary of the Druzes. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2006.
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  88. Swayd, Samy. The A to Z of the Druzes. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2009.
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  90. Provides nearly 1,000 concise and informative entries on religious, political, and cultural themes, as well as entries on a number of major families and individuals who have contributed to the Druze community. This volume also includes a chronology, an introductory essay, and a bibliography.
  91. Swayd, Samy. The A to Z of the Druzes. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2009.
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  93. The Druzes in Specific Countries and Regions
  94.  
  95. Various studies focus on the Druzes within a specific country and address questions specific to the history, politics, and culture of the respective society.
  96.  
  97. Israel
  98.  
  99. There are more than 100,000 Druzes in Israel in the early 21st century. They hold Israeli citizenship, serve in the Israel Army, and have their own representative in the Israeli government. Yet, the Druzes in Israel have been victims to political and social discrimination and suffer from an identity crisis. Firro 1999 shows how the Israeli government has used Druze ethnicity for policy aims. Atashe 1995 provides an overview of the Druze community in Israel, while Ben-Dor 1979 compares the Druzes of Israel with their counterparts in the region. Falah 1970 writes a historical account of the Druze settlement in Palestine. Friendly 1972 provides a short account of Israeli discrimination against the Druzes, and Parsons 2000 offers an in-depth study of Jewish-Druze relations. Stendel 1973 is a study on Arab culture with a section on the Druzes, and Wasserstein 1976 studies the Druzes as a minority in that culture within Israel.
  100.  
  101. Atashe, Zeidan. Druze & Jews in Israel: A Shared Destiny? Brighton, UK: Sussex Academic Press, 1995.
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  103. A comprehensive overview of the historical origins, faith, identity, and specific lifestyle of the Druze community in Israel with a foreword by Gabriel Ben-Dor.
  104. Atashe, Zeidan. Druze & Jews in Israel: A Shared Destiny? Brighton, UK: Sussex Academic Press, 1995.
  105. Find this resource:
  106. Ben-Dor, Gabriel. The Druzes in Israel, a Political Study: Political Innovation and Integration in a Middle Eastern Minority. Jerusalem: Magnes, 1979.
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  108. Studies the Druze society and politics in Israel and offers comparisons with the Druzes in Lebanon and Syria.
  109. Ben-Dor, Gabriel. The Druzes in Israel, a Political Study: Political Innovation and Integration in a Middle Eastern Minority. Jerusalem: Magnes, 1979.
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  111. Falah, Salman Hammud. A History of the Druze Settlements in Palestine during the Ottoman Period. Jerusalem: Hebrew University’s Institute of Asian and African Studies, 1970.
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  113. Provides a survey of the Druze settlement in Palestine since the advent of the faith in the 11th century CE.
  114. Falah, Salman Hammud. A History of the Druze Settlements in Palestine during the Ottoman Period. Jerusalem: Hebrew University’s Institute of Asian and African Studies, 1970.
  115. Find this resource:
  116. Firro, Kais. The Druzes in the Jewish State. Leiden, The Netherlands: E.J. Brill, 1999.
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  118. Traces the historical development of the Druzes in Israel and attempts to show that the Israeli government has used Druze ethnicity to pursue their policy aims of alienating the Druzes from other Arabs.
  119. Firro, Kais. The Druzes in the Jewish State. Leiden, The Netherlands: E.J. Brill, 1999.
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  121. Friendly, Alfred. Israel’s Oriental Immigrants and Druzes. London: Minority Rights Group, 1972.
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  123. Provides a short account of the social and political discrimination against the Druzes in Israel.
  124. Friendly, Alfred. Israel’s Oriental Immigrants and Druzes. London: Minority Rights Group, 1972.
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  126. Parsons, Laila. The Druze Between Palestine and Israel, 1947–49. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2000.
  127. DOI: 10.1057/9780230595989Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  128. Provides in-depth information on the historical development of the Jewish-Druze relations in the State of Israel and examines the role of the Druzes during the civil war (1947–1948) as well as Jewish-Druze relations during the interstate Arab-Israeli war that followed the declaration of the Jewish state in 1948.
  129. Parsons, Laila. The Druze Between Palestine and Israel, 1947–49. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2000.
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  131. Stendel, Ori. The Minorities in Israel: Trends in the Development of the Arab and Druze Communities 1948–1973. Jerusalem: The Israel Economist, 1973.
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  133. Provides a study on the Arab culture with sections on Muslims, Christians, and the Druzes.
  134. Stendel, Ori. The Minorities in Israel: Trends in the Development of the Arab and Druze Communities 1948–1973. Jerusalem: The Israel Economist, 1973.
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  136. Wasserstein, David. The Druzes and Circassians of Israel. London: The Anglo-Israel Association, 1976.
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  138. Discusses the reasons for the special position of the Druzes and Circassians in Israel and the background to their presence in the area, as well as their attitudes toward the outside world and their feelings about their status as non-Jewish minorities in a Jewish state.
  139. Wasserstein, David. The Druzes and Circassians of Israel. London: The Anglo-Israel Association, 1976.
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  141. Lebanon
  142.  
  143. The approximately 400,000 to 500,000 Druzes in Lebanon constitute 7 percent of the total population and play major social, economic, and political roles. Two of the most prominent Druze families—the Arslanis and the Junblatis—have contributed to the subsequent manifestation of the country’s modern history and its current political system. Alamuddin 1993 offers an overview of Druze history with emphasis on their role in the civil war from 1975 to 1990, Harik 1993a studies the role of the Druze community after the civil war, Harik 1993b investigates the civil administration created by Druze leaders during the civil war as well as the community’s relationship with the state, while Hazran 2010 examines the political attitudes of the community toward the state during the civil war. Abraham 1981 discusses the Druze role in the Lebanese independence movements in the 19th century, and Churchill 2009 examines the roots of the conflict between the Druzes and the Maronites from 1840 to 1860. Hichi 1985, a unique study, provides an account of the Druzes in Beirut since the 11th century CE, while Richani 1990 focuses on the Druzes in the Shuf region.
  144.  
  145. Abraham, Antoine J. Lebanon at Mid-Century: Maronite-Druze Relations in Lebanon, 1840–1860: A Prelude to Arab Nationalism. Washington, DC: University Press of America, 1981.
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  147. Discusses the origins of Lebanese independence movements in the 19th century, with particular emphasis on the Maronites’ attempt to free the Lebanese province from Ottoman rule in 1841 and 1845, and the subsequent Turkish and Druze response in 1860.
  148. Abraham, Antoine J. Lebanon at Mid-Century: Maronite-Druze Relations in Lebanon, 1840–1860: A Prelude to Arab Nationalism. Washington, DC: University Press of America, 1981.
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  150. Alamuddin, Najib. Turmoil: The Druzes, Lebanon, and the Arab-Israeli Conflict. London: Quartet, 1993.
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  152. Discusses the Druzes throughout history, the Maronite-Druze conflict, and the role of the Druzes in the Lebanese civil war, with a section on the Arab-Israeli conflict.
  153. Alamuddin, Najib. Turmoil: The Druzes, Lebanon, and the Arab-Israeli Conflict. London: Quartet, 1993.
  154. Find this resource:
  155. Churchill, Charles Henry. The Druzes and the Maronites under Trukish Rule from 1840 to 1860. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Library, 2009.
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  157. Provides a background on the Druze faith and offers a remarkably frank description of the political manipulations that initiated the strife that led to the conflict between the Druze and Christian Maronites in Lebanon from 1840 to 1860.
  158. Churchill, Charles Henry. The Druzes and the Maronites under Trukish Rule from 1840 to 1860. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Library, 2009.
  159. Find this resource:
  160. Harik, Judith P. “Perceptions of Community and State Among Lebanon’s Druze Youth.” The Middle East Journal 47.1 (1993a): 41–62.
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  162. Assesses the Lebanese Druze community’s political views and values after the civil war of 1975, the extent to which the Druzes actually identify with the state, and the political roles they might play in the future.
  163. Harik, Judith P. “Perceptions of Community and State Among Lebanon’s Druze Youth.” The Middle East Journal 47.1 (1993a): 41–62.
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  165. Harik, Judith P. “Change and Continuity among the Lebanese Druze Community: The Civil Administration of the Mountains, 1983–1990.” Middle Eastern Studies 29 (1993b): 377–398.
  166. DOI: 10.1080/00263209308700957Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  167. Investigates the institution created by the Druze leader Walid Junblat during the Mountain War of 1983 and discusses the following question: To what extent did the new administration break with or sustain traditional political processes within the Druze community or modify the Druzes’ customary relationship with the state?
  168. Harik, Judith P. “Change and Continuity among the Lebanese Druze Community: The Civil Administration of the Mountains, 1983–1990.” Middle Eastern Studies 29 (1993b): 377–398.
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  170. Hazran, Yusri. “Lebanon’s Revolutionary Era: Kamal Junblat, The Druze Community and the Lebanon State, 1949 to 1977.” The Muslim World 100.1 (2010): 157–176.
  171. DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-1913.2009.01311.xSave Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  172. Examines the major ideological and political attitudes of the Druze community toward the Lebanese state during the civil war in 1975 and argues that the radicalization of the Druzes in Lebanon was due to Kamal Junblat’s uncontested leadership of the anti-establishment camp in Lebanon.
  173. Hazran, Yusri. “Lebanon’s Revolutionary Era: Kamal Junblat, The Druze Community and the Lebanon State, 1949 to 1977.” The Muslim World 100.1 (2010): 157–176.
  174. Find this resource:
  175. Hichi, Salim Hassan. Duruz Beirut: Tarikhuhum wa-Ma’asihum. Beirut, Lebanon: Dar Lahd Khatir, 1985.
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  177. (The Druzes of Beirut: Their history and hardships.) Historical study of the Druzes of Beirut since the 11th century. The author identifies and gives accounts of over thirty families.
  178. Hichi, Salim Hassan. Duruz Beirut: Tarikhuhum wa-Ma’asihum. Beirut, Lebanon: Dar Lahd Khatir, 1985.
  179. Find this resource:
  180. Richani, Nazi. “The Druze of Mount Lebanon: Class Formation in a Civil War.” Middle East Report 162 (January–February 1990): 26–30.
  181. DOI: 10.2307/3013282Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  182. Focuses on the Druze community in the Shuf district in Mount Lebanon (predominantly inhabited by the Druze) and discusses the relationship of this community to the country’s economic and political center in the Lebanese capital of Beirut.
  183. Richani, Nazi. “The Druze of Mount Lebanon: Class Formation in a Civil War.” Middle East Report 162 (January–February 1990): 26–30.
  184. Find this resource:
  185. Syria
  186.  
  187. There are approximately 700,000 Druze inhabitants in Syria who live mainly in the Hawran region, the Golan Heights, and near the capital of Damascus. The references listed in this section further explain their 1925 revolt against the French, their nonviolent resistance to the Israeli occupation of the Golan Heights, and their customs and traditions. Bʿayni 1993, Bouron 1930, and Destani 2006 offer a history of the Druze political and military role in Syria, while Salih 1977 examines the Druze relationship with the British in the 19th century. Kennedy 1984 offers insight into Druze-Israeli relations in the Golan Heights, and Ewing 1907 describes a journey in the Druze region.
  188.  
  189. Bʿayni, Hasan Amin. Duruz Suriyah wa-Lubnan fi ’Ahd al-Intidab al-Faransi, 1920–1943. Beirut, Lebanon: al-Markaz al-’Arabi lil-Abhath wal-Tawthiq, 1993.
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  191. (The Druzes of Syria and Lebanon during the French Mandate, 1920–1943.) Study of the Druze political history in Lebanon and Syria, their struggle against the French, their role in the Syrian revolt, and their participation in the independence of Syria and Lebanon.
  192. Bʿayni, Hasan Amin. Duruz Suriyah wa-Lubnan fi ’Ahd al-Intidab al-Faransi, 1920–1943. Beirut, Lebanon: al-Markaz al-’Arabi lil-Abhath wal-Tawthiq, 1993.
  193. Find this resource:
  194. Bouron, Narcisse. Les Druzes: Histoire du Liban et de la montagne haouranaise. Paris: Berger-Levrault, 1930.
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  196. (The Druzes: A history of Lebanon and the Hawran Mountain.) This monograph discusses the rise and history of the Druzes in Syria until their revolt against the French in 1925, with sections on Druze beliefs and practices, manners, and customs.
  197. Bouron, Narcisse. Les Druzes: Histoire du Liban et de la montagne haouranaise. Paris: Berger-Levrault, 1930.
  198. Find this resource:
  199. Destani, B. D. Minorities in the Middle East: Druze Communities, 1840–1974. Slough, UK: Archives Editions, 2006.
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  201. Describes events affecting the Druzes of Syria and Lebanon from 1840 to 1974. It offers accounts of the 1860 massacre of the Christians, discusses the period of the French Mandate and events leading up to the Druze Rebellion of 1925, and tracks the history of the Druzes in the mid–20th century.
  202. Destani, B. D. Minorities in the Middle East: Druze Communities, 1840–1974. Slough, UK: Archives Editions, 2006.
  203. Find this resource:
  204. Ewing, William. Arab and Druze at Home: A Record of Travel and Intercourse with the Peoples East of the Jordan. London: T.C. & E.C. Jack, 1907.
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  206. Describes a journey from Damascus through the Hawran region and various points in Jebel ed-Druze. Photographs are used to illustrate the narrative of the journey.
  207. Ewing, William. Arab and Druze at Home: A Record of Travel and Intercourse with the Peoples East of the Jordan. London: T.C. & E.C. Jack, 1907.
  208. Find this resource:
  209. Kennedy, R. Scott. “The Druze of the Golan: A Case of Non-Violent Resistance.” Journal of Palestine Studies 13.2 (Winter 1984): 48–64.
  210. DOI: 10.1525/jps.1984.13.2.00p0005bSave Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  211. Discusses how the Druze villagers in the Syrian Golan Heights waged a nonviolent campaign against the Israeli occupation in 1982.
  212. Kennedy, R. Scott. “The Druze of the Golan: A Case of Non-Violent Resistance.” Journal of Palestine Studies 13.2 (Winter 1984): 48–64.
  213. Find this resource:
  214. Salih, Shakeeb. “The British-Druze Connection and the Druze Rising of 1896 in the Hawran.” Middle Eastern Studies 13 (1977): 251–257.
  215. DOI: 10.1080/00263207708700349Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  216. Examines the Anglo-Druze relationship in Syria between 1841 and 1896.
  217. Salih, Shakeeb. “The British-Druze Connection and the Druze Rising of 1896 in the Hawran.” Middle Eastern Studies 13 (1977): 251–257.
  218. Find this resource:
  219. North America
  220.  
  221. There are approximately 100,000 Druzes in North America distributed in more than fifteen states, regions, and cities. Azzam 1997 is the first anthropological work on the Druzes in America, while Haddad and Smith 1991 offers a historical study on Druze immigration to North America and their encounters with the American way of life. American Druze Society provides a wealth of online information on the Druzes in America.
  222.  
  223. American Druze Society.
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  225. Provides a wealth of information on the Druzes in America, including news, forums, chapters, conventions, and useful links.
  226. American Druze Society.
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  228. Azzam, Intisar J. Change for Continuity: The Druze in America. Beirut, Lebanon: M.A.J.D., 1997.
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  230. Examines the dynamics of identity formation and transformation in contemporary complex societies through the experience of the Druze in America.
  231. Azzam, Intisar J. Change for Continuity: The Druze in America. Beirut, Lebanon: M.A.J.D., 1997.
  232. Find this resource:
  233. Haddad, Yvonne Y., and Jane I. Smith. “The Druze in North America.” The Muslim World 81 (1991): 111–132.
  234. DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-1913.1991.tb03517.xSave Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  235. Examines the origins and doctrines of the Druzes, their immigration to North America, and their encounters with the American way of life.
  236. Haddad, Yvonne Y., and Jane I. Smith. “The Druze in North America.” The Muslim World 81 (1991): 111–132.
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  238. Customs and Traditions
  239.  
  240. Western scholars have studied Druze customs and traditions partly to uncover their doctrines and dogmas and also because they reflect authentic Arab culture and tradition. Blanc 1953 examines the Arabic of the Druzes, and Hood 2007 and Saarisalo 1932 offer a study of Druze culture and faith through their songs and music. Al-Buʿayni 1998, published in Arabic, provides an account on the legal aspects of Druze marriage. Chasseaud 1855, Churchill 1853, and Parfit 1917 are among the earliest works to offer a general sketch on the Druze customs and manner. Sweet 1974 is a unique work on the visiting patterns among the Druzes.
  241.  
  242. Al-Buʿayni, Hasan Amin. ’Adat al-Zawaj wa-Taqaliduh fi Lubnan: Al-Usul al-Shar’iyya, al-Qawanin al-Tanzimiyya, al-Khutba wal-’Urs. Beirut, Lebanon: Bisan, 1998.
  243. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  244. (Marriage customs in Lebanon: Legal origins, governing laws, engagements and weddings.) Deals with legal aspects of marriage among the Druzes, with sections on the preparatory steps taken before the engagement and the actual wedding celebrations and all of the accompanying traditions.
  245. Al-Buʿayni, Hasan Amin. ’Adat al-Zawaj wa-Taqaliduh fi Lubnan: Al-Usul al-Shar’iyya, al-Qawanin al-Tanzimiyya, al-Khutba wal-’Urs. Beirut, Lebanon: Bisan, 1998.
  246. Find this resource:
  247. Blanc, Haim. Studies in North Palestinian Arabic: Linguistic Inquiries Among the Druzes of Western Galilee and Mt. Carmel. Jerusalem: The Israel Oriental Society, 1953.
  248. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  249. Discusses the linguistic inquiries among the Druzes of Western Galilee and Mt. Carmel and primarily deals with the phonetics and phonemics of the Druze dialect. Also gives a selection of texts in phonetic transliteration as well as in English translation.
  250. Blanc, Haim. Studies in North Palestinian Arabic: Linguistic Inquiries Among the Druzes of Western Galilee and Mt. Carmel. Jerusalem: The Israel Oriental Society, 1953.
  251. Find this resource:
  252. Chasseaud, George Washington. The Druses of the Lebanon: Their Manners, Customs, and History, with a Translation of Their Religious Code. London: Richard Bentley, 1855.
  253. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  254. A sketch of the character, manners, customs, history, and possessions of the Druzes.
  255. Chasseaud, George Washington. The Druses of the Lebanon: Their Manners, Customs, and History, with a Translation of Their Religious Code. London: Richard Bentley, 1855.
  256. Find this resource:
  257. Churchill, Charles Henry. Mount Lebanon: A Ten Years’ Residence, from 1842 to 1852, Describing the Manners, Customs, and Religion of Its Inhabitants; With a Full & Correct Account of the Druse Religion, and Containing Historical Records of the Mountain Tribes. 3 vols. London: Saunders and Otley, 1853.
  258. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  259. Describes the Druze customs with accounts of their leaders, people, fraternal spirit, simplicity of life, their reverence for the aged, and their treatment of women.
  260. Churchill, Charles Henry. Mount Lebanon: A Ten Years’ Residence, from 1842 to 1852, Describing the Manners, Customs, and Religion of Its Inhabitants; With a Full & Correct Account of the Druse Religion, and Containing Historical Records of the Mountain Tribes. 3 vols. London: Saunders and Otley, 1853.
  261. Find this resource:
  262. Hood, Kathleen Ann. Music in Druze Life: Ritual, Values and Performance Practice. London: Druze Heritage Foundation, 2007.
  263. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  264. The first work to illustrate how music has played an important role in the shaping of the Druze lifestyle. Valuable resource for undergraduate classes in religion and the arts.
  265. Hood, Kathleen Ann. Music in Druze Life: Ritual, Values and Performance Practice. London: Druze Heritage Foundation, 2007.
  266. Find this resource:
  267. Parfit, Joseph T. Among the Druzes of Lebanon and Bashan. London: Hunter & Longhurst, 1917.
  268. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  269. Studies the origin and growth of the Druze faith, with chapters on Druze villages, beliefs, and customs.
  270. Parfit, Joseph T. Among the Druzes of Lebanon and Bashan. London: Hunter & Longhurst, 1917.
  271. Find this resource:
  272. Saarisalo, Aapeli. Songs of the Druzes: Transliterations, Translations and Comments. Helsinki: Suomen Itamainen Seura, 1932.
  273. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  274. A collection of Druze folk songs, which reveal some of their doctrines and dogmas. The author collected all these songs from Druze villages in the Upper Galilean Mountains in Israel.
  275. Saarisalo, Aapeli. Songs of the Druzes: Transliterations, Translations and Comments. Helsinki: Suomen Itamainen Seura, 1932.
  276. Find this resource:
  277. Sweet, Louise E. “Visiting Patterns and Social Dynamics in a Lebanese Druze Village.” Anthropological Quarterly (1974):112–119.
  278. DOI: 10.2307/3317029Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  279. Studies the visiting patterns in a Lebanese Druze village and the purposes they serve.
  280. Sweet, Louise E. “Visiting Patterns and Social Dynamics in a Lebanese Druze Village.” Anthropological Quarterly (1974):112–119.
  281. Find this resource:
  282. Family and Personal Law
  283.  
  284. Druze laws, which are based on the 1948 legal code established in Lebanon, are rooted mainly in the Sunni Hanafi school of law but with some modifications in the areas of marriage, inheritance, and women’s rights. Layish 1979 sheds light on the origins of the religious-legal ban on polygamy, and Anderson 1952a and Anderson 1952b discuss the 1948 Law of Personal Status. Alamuddin and Starr 1980 offers a study of marriage contracts. Layish 1982 and Layish 1978 examine major areas of family law and divorce laws, respectively, while Taliʾ 1971, published in Arabic, provides a historical study of Druze religious system. Al-Qada’ al-Madhhabi al-Durzi provides information on the Lebanese Druze religious court system and personal status.
  285.  
  286. Alamuddin, Nura S., and Paul D. Starr. Crucial Bonds: Marriage among the Lebanese Druze. Delmar, NY: Caravan, 1980.
  287. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  288. Offers an analytical study of marriage contracts in the Lebanese Druze community from 1931 through 1974. The book describes the way in which social differences (that is, social class, political affiliation, etc.) within the community are reflected in the institution of marriage.
  289. Alamuddin, Nura S., and Paul D. Starr. Crucial Bonds: Marriage among the Lebanese Druze. Delmar, NY: Caravan, 1980.
  290. Find this resource:
  291. Anderson, J. N. D. “The Personal Law of the Druze Community.” Die Welt des Islams. New Series 2.1 (1952a): 1–9.
  292. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  293. The first of a two-part article that discusses the 1948 Law of Personal Status for the Druze community in Lebanon. Also included is a summary of this law’s principal provisions and its origin.
  294. Anderson, J. N. D. “The Personal Law of the Druze Community.” Die Welt des Islams. New Series 2.1 (1952a): 1–9.
  295. Find this resource:
  296. Anderson, J. N. D. “The Personal Law of the Druze Community: Part II.” Die Welt des Islams, New Series 2.2 (1952b): 83–94.
  297. DOI: 10.2307/1569041Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  298. The second of a two-part article that discusses the 1948 Law of Personal Status for the Druze community in Lebanon. Also included is a summary of this law’s principal provisions and its origin.
  299. Anderson, J. N. D. “The Personal Law of the Druze Community: Part II.” Die Welt des Islams, New Series 2.2 (1952b): 83–94.
  300. Find this resource:
  301. Layish, Aharon. “The Prohibition of Reinstating a Divorced Wife in the Druze Family.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 41.2 (1978): 258–271.
  302. DOI: 10.1017/S0041977X00124462Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  303. Provides a legal background on the Druze law of divorce and examines the reinstatement of the divorced wife in two opposing schools: one orthodox and severe, the other liberal and permissive.
  304. Layish, Aharon. “The Prohibition of Reinstating a Divorced Wife in the Druze Family.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 41.2 (1978): 258–271.
  305. Find this resource:
  306. Layish, Aharon. “Polygamy and the Druze Family in Israel.” Journal of the American Oriental Society 99.1 (1979): 58–63.
  307. DOI: 10.2307/598949Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  308. Discusses the origins of the religious-legal ban on polygamous marriages in the Druze community. Based on a study of the Druze family in Israel, the sources used are the judgments of the Druze Religious Courts in Israel and on the Golan Heights.
  309. Layish, Aharon. “Polygamy and the Druze Family in Israel.” Journal of the American Oriental Society 99.1 (1979): 58–63.
  310. Find this resource:
  311. Layish, Aharon. Marriage, Divorce and Succession in the Druze Family. Leiden, The Netherlands: E.J. Brill, 1982.
  312. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  313. Deals with the major areas of family law (that is, marriage, divorce, maintenance, custody, and succession). This book is important for those studying the Islamic legal system, as it serves as a useful source for comparative law.
  314. Layish, Aharon. Marriage, Divorce and Succession in the Druze Family. Leiden, The Netherlands: E.J. Brill, 1982.
  315. Find this resource:
  316. Al-Qadaʾ al-Madhhabi al-Durzi.
  317. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  318. (The Druze religious court system.) This Arabic website provides information on the Lebanese Druze court system, personal status, laws regarding the sect, the election of the spiritual leader, a guide to Druze courts, holidays and official events, and a Q & A section.
  319. Al-Qadaʾ al-Madhhabi al-Durzi.
  320. Find this resource:
  321. Taliʾ, Amin Muhammad. Mashyakhat al-‘Aql wal-Qada’ al-Madhhabi al-Durzi ’abr al-Tarikh. Beirut, Lebanon: Al-Matba’ab al-Antuniyya, 1971.
  322. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  323. (The institution of Shaykh al-ʿAql and the Druze religious court system throughout history.) A collection of the Druze law of personal status, the law of religious court system, the law organizing the Druze Council, and the law regulating the election of the Shaykh al-ʿAql, the spiritual leader.
  324. Taliʾ, Amin Muhammad. Mashyakhat al-‘Aql wal-Qada’ al-Madhhabi al-Durzi ’abr al-Tarikh. Beirut, Lebanon: Al-Matba’ab al-Antuniyya, 1971.
  325. Find this resource:
  326. Gender Roles
  327.  
  328. Finding sources on gender and women in the Druze faith is quite challenging. This topic has rarely been addressed, except for brief accounts or sections in books on the Druzes. Azzam 2007 dedicates an entire study to gender relations in the Druze faith, and Dana 1980 includes a chapter on the topic. Al-Najjar 1997, published in Arabic, is a study of Druze women’s participation in military activity. Florsheim and Gutman 1992 is the only study on fatherhood in the Druze community. Nuwayhid 1986 offers an insight on prominent Druze women in a comprehensive study of Arab women, while Sherman 1975 discusses Druze women’s liberation and turmoil.
  329.  
  330. Azzam, Intisar J. Gender and Religion: Druze Women. London: Druze Heritage Foundation, 2007.
  331. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  332. This anthropological study of gender and religion provides profound insights into gender relations in the Druze faith. The author explores the historical development of gender roles and examines gender relations among the Druzes. Fills a serious gap in the study of Druze women.
  333. Azzam, Intisar J. Gender and Religion: Druze Women. London: Druze Heritage Foundation, 2007.
  334. Find this resource:
  335. Dana, Nissim. The Druse: A Religious Community in Transition. Jerusalem: Israel Economist, 1980.
  336. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  337. Discusses the Druzes in the Middle East and offers a general overview of their history, faith, social order, festivals, religious leadership, and morality. With chapters on women, family law, identity, the political involvement of the Druzes in Israel, and Druze settlement in Palestine.
  338. Dana, Nissim. The Druse: A Religious Community in Transition. Jerusalem: Israel Economist, 1980.
  339. Find this resource:
  340. Florsheim, Paul, and David Gutmann. “Mourning the Loss of ‘Self as Father’: A Longitudinal Study of Fatherhood among the Druze.” Psychiatry 55 (1992): 160–176.
  341. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  342. Looks at the impact of the adult child’s dependence on the aging father and describes changes in how Druze men experience the father-son relationship as they move from one stage of parenthood to another.
  343. Florsheim, Paul, and David Gutmann. “Mourning the Loss of ‘Self as Father’: A Longitudinal Study of Fatherhood among the Druze.” Psychiatry 55 (1992): 160–176.
  344. Find this resource:
  345. al-Najjar, ʿAʾida. Al-Taqlid wal-Tajdid fi al-Musahamat al-nasawiyya al-Durziyya fi al-Jabal Khilal al-Harb al-Ahliyya, 1975–1990. Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al-Malak, 1997.
  346. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  347. (Tradition and modernization in the participation of Druze women in the mountain during the civil war, 1975–1990.) This work is a study of the Druze women participation in military activity during the Lebanese civil war and the reaction of the conservative male-dominated Druze society to their activities.
  348. al-Najjar, ʿAʾida. Al-Taqlid wal-Tajdid fi al-Musahamat al-nasawiyya al-Durziyya fi al-Jabal Khilal al-Harb al-Ahliyya, 1975–1990. Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al-Malak, 1997.
  349. Find this resource:
  350. Nuwayhid, Nadia al-Jurdi. Nisa’ min Biladi. Beirut, Lebanon: al-Mu’assassah al-’Arabiyya lil-Dirasat wal-Nashr, 1986.
  351. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  352. (Women from my homeland.) Studies prominent Arab women, including Druze women.
  353. Nuwayhid, Nadia al-Jurdi. Nisa’ min Biladi. Beirut, Lebanon: al-Mu’assassah al-’Arabiyya lil-Dirasat wal-Nashr, 1986.
  354. Find this resource:
  355. Sherman, Arnold. The Druse. Tel Aviv: Bazak Israel, 1975.
  356. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  357. Offers a survey of the Druze faith with emphasis on women’s liberation and political turmoil.
  358. Sherman, Arnold. The Druse. Tel Aviv: Bazak Israel, 1975.
  359. Find this resource:
  360. Education
  361.  
  362. Very few studies have been conducted on the education system in Druze communities. Popper and Sleman 2001 examines the leadership of Druze school principals, and Shamai 1990 studies the critical sociology of education among the Druzes in the Golan Heights.
  363.  
  364. Popper, Micha, and Khatebb Sleman. “Intercultural Differences and Leadership Perceptions of Jewish and Druze School Principals.” Journal of Educational Administration 39.3 (2001): 221–232.
  365. DOI: 10.1108/09578230110392866Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  366. Examines the effect of intercultural differences on followers’ perceptions of leadership in Israel, where 154 teachers from the Druze minority were compared with 103 teachers from the Jewish majority. Study concludes that the two groups were found to differ significantly in their attitude toward authority. Theoretical, methodological, and practical implications of the research are also discussed.
  367. Popper, Micha, and Khatebb Sleman. “Intercultural Differences and Leadership Perceptions of Jewish and Druze School Principals.” Journal of Educational Administration 39.3 (2001): 221–232.
  368. Find this resource:
  369. Shamai, Shmuel. “Critical Sociology of Education Theory in Practice: The Druze Education in the Golan.” British Journal of Sociology of Education 11.4 (1990): 449–463.
  370. DOI: 10.1080/0142569900110406Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  371. Examines the theory of critical sociology of education by offering the Druze education system in the Golan as a unique example. Briefly summarizes the main terms and concepts of critical sociology of education and also briefly describes the history of the Druze in the Golan.
  372. Shamai, Shmuel. “Critical Sociology of Education Theory in Practice: The Druze Education in the Golan.” British Journal of Sociology of Education 11.4 (1990): 449–463.
  373. Find this resource:
  374. Druze Leaders and Druze-Related Figures
  375.  
  376. This section provides sources on al-Hakim bi Amrillah (r. 996–1021 CE); the propagator of the Druze faith; Kamal Junblat (d. 1977), a politician, traditional Druze leader, writer and lecturer, mystic, and philosopher; the Arslan family and princes; Druze traditional leaders; and other Druze-related figures. Al-Hakim has rarely been studied by Druze and non-Druze scholars. Bouthoul 1950, published in French, provides a study of al-Hakim with an overview on the Druze connection to the Fatimids, while Walker 2009 offers the first comprehensive and balanced study of the Fatimid caliph. Kamal Junblat is the most studied Druze leader by Druzes and non-Druzes alike. Khalil 1984, published in Arabic, provides an in-depth study on the political and philosophical thought of Junblat. Abu Hamdan 1991, published in Arabic, gives an overview of Junblat’s philosophical and mystical concepts, while Farraj 1977, also published in Arabic, provides intellectual biographies of Junblat. Schenk 1994 is a German work on the historical and political role of Junblat. Hodgson 1962 is a rare study on two Druze-related figures, and al-Basha and Ghannam 1999 is the only historical source, published in Arabic, on the Arslan family and princes and their role in Druze history.
  377.  
  378. Abu Hamdan, Samir. Kamal Junblat fi Bu’dihi al-Akhar. Beirut, Lebanon: Manshurat ’Uwaydat, 1991.
  379. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  380. (Kamal Junblat in his other dimension.) Discusses Kamal Junblat’s philosophical and mystical concepts.
  381. Abu Hamdan, Samir. Kamal Junblat fi Bu’dihi al-Akhar. Beirut, Lebanon: Manshurat ’Uwaydat, 1991.
  382. Find this resource:
  383. Al-Basha, Muhammad Khalil, and Riyad Hussayn Ghannam, eds. Al-Sijil al-Arslani. Beirut, Lebanon: Nawfal, 1999.
  384. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  385. (The Arslani record.) The only work on the history of the Arslan princes, including their births and deaths and some important historical events that have never been recorded by historians. Serves as an excellent resource on the history of the Arslan figures and the Druzes in this region.
  386. Al-Basha, Muhammad Khalil, and Riyad Hussayn Ghannam, eds. Al-Sijil al-Arslani. Beirut, Lebanon: Nawfal, 1999.
  387. Find this resource:
  388. Bouthoul, Betty. Le Calife Hakim. Paris: Le Sagittaire, 1950.
  389. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  390. This study is an account of al-Hakim, including a brief overview of the Druze connection with the Ismaʿilis and Fatimids.
  391. Bouthoul, Betty. Le Calife Hakim. Paris: Le Sagittaire, 1950.
  392. Find this resource:
  393. Farraj, Afif. Kamal Junblat: Jadaliyat al-Mithali wal-Waqi’i. Beirut, Lebanon: Dar Ibn Khaldun, 1977.
  394. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  395. (Kamal Junblat: The dialectic of an idealist and realist.) A biography of Kamal Junblat, focusing on his philosophical thought.
  396. Farraj, Afif. Kamal Junblat: Jadaliyat al-Mithali wal-Waqi’i. Beirut, Lebanon: Dar Ibn Khaldun, 1977.
  397. Find this resource:
  398. Hodgson, Marshall G. S. “Al-Darazi and Hamza in the Origin of the Druze Religion.” Journal of the American Oriental Society 82.1 (1962): 5–20.
  399. DOI: 10.2307/595974Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  400. Discusses the roles of Hamza b. Ali and al-Darazi as founders of the Druze faith as well as the dispute between the two leaders. Also examines Hamza’s ascendancy to Druze leadership and his teachings and system of thought.
  401. Hodgson, Marshall G. S. “Al-Darazi and Hamza in the Origin of the Druze Religion.” Journal of the American Oriental Society 82.1 (1962): 5–20.
  402. Find this resource:
  403. Khalil, Khalil Ahmed. Kamal Junblat: Thawrat “al-Amir al-Hadith.” Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al-Matbu’at al-Sharqiyya, 1984.
  404. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  405. (Kamal Junblat: The revolution of “the Modern Prince.”) Discusses Kamal Junblat’s political and philosophical thought.
  406. Khalil, Khalil Ahmed. Kamal Junblat: Thawrat “al-Amir al-Hadith.” Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al-Matbu’at al-Sharqiyya, 1984.
  407. Find this resource:
  408. Schenk, Bernadette. Kamal Gunbulat. Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 1994.
  409. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  410. Examines the political and historical roles Kamal Junblat assigned to the Druzes.
  411. Schenk, Bernadette. Kamal Gunbulat. Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 1994.
  412. Find this resource:
  413. Walker, Paul. Caliph of Cairo: al-Hakim Bi-Amr Allah, 996–1021. Cairo: AUC Press, 2009.
  414. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  415. The first comprehensive and balanced study of al-Hakim. Walker has published extensively on the Fatimids, and in this book he explores the distinct phases of al-Hakim’s early life to his mysterious disappearance and death. Includes sections on his reforms and foreign affairs. The book also includes an extensive bibliography, notes, and maps.
  416. Walker, Paul. Caliph of Cairo: al-Hakim Bi-Amr Allah, 996–1021. Cairo: AUC Press, 2009.
  417. Find this resource:
  418. Fundamental Beliefs and Practices
  419.  
  420. Committee on Religious Affairs 1983, Committee on Religious Affairs 1987, and Committee on Religious Affairs 1996 are part of a series on piety, social reforms, prayers, moral values, and ethics, among other topics. Dubeici 1992, in Arabic, is an in-depth work on the religious and philosophical concepts of the Druze faith. Makarem 1974, one of the most cited works on the Druzes, discusses Druze history, beliefs, and customs. Moukarim n.d. offers answers to questions on basic religious and social issues, Sell 1910 provides an overview of the Druze faith and beliefs, and Westheimer and Sedan 2007 is one of the few works that touches on the Druze practice of takiyya, or dissimulation.
  421.  
  422. Committee on Religious Affairs. The Tawhid Faith: Stories, Lessons, and Prayers. Knoxville, TN: ADS, 1983.
  423. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  424. Committee on Religious Affairs (CORA) offers biographical accounts of nine leaders and statements on love, truth, obedience, piety, social reforms, and prayers.
  425. Committee on Religious Affairs. The Tawhid Faith: Stories, Lessons, and Prayers. Knoxville, TN: ADS, 1983.
  426. Find this resource:
  427. Committee on Religious Affairs. The Tawhid Faith: Ethics and Morality. Knoxville, TN: ADS, 1987.
  428. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  429. A study on submission, moral values, ethics, and commitment and challenge.
  430. Committee on Religious Affairs. The Tawhid Faith: Ethics and Morality. Knoxville, TN: ADS, 1987.
  431. Find this resource:
  432. Committee on Religious Affairs. The Tawhid Faith: Fundamental Beliefs. Knoxville, TN: ADS, 1996.
  433. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  434. Provides an account on God, Islamic pillars, the universe, reincarnation, equality, and heaven and hell.
  435. Committee on Religious Affairs. The Tawhid Faith: Fundamental Beliefs. Knoxville, TN: ADS, 1996.
  436. Find this resource:
  437. Dubeici, Youssef Selim. Ahl al-Tawhid “al-Duruz” wa Khasa’is Madhhabihim al-Diniya wa al-Ijtima’iya. N.p., 1992.
  438. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  439. (The Unitarians: The Druzes and the characteristics of their religious and social doctrine.) This five-volume set studies the characteristics of the Fatimid movement in Egypt; the personality of al-Hakim; and the political, religious, and social factors that led to emergence of the Druze faith. It also discusses the religious and philosophical concepts of the faith, its spread into Lebanon and Syria, and the Druze social and religious life.
  440. Dubeici, Youssef Selim. Ahl al-Tawhid “al-Duruz” wa Khasa’is Madhhabihim al-Diniya wa al-Ijtima’iya. N.p., 1992.
  441. Find this resource:
  442. Makarem, Sami Nasib. The Druze Faith. Delmar, NY: Caravan, 1974.
  443. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  444. Discusses the history, beliefs, and customs of the Druze faith and contains translations of numerous quotations from Druze manuscripts, commentaries by leading Druze scholars, Druze prayers, a description of the Druze domestic law, and a discussion of Druze beliefs concerning God, reincarnation, and heaven and hell.
  445. Makarem, Sami Nasib. The Druze Faith. Delmar, NY: Caravan, 1974.
  446. Find this resource:
  447. Moukarim, Mustafa F. Faith of the Druze: Simplified for the Youth. N.p., n.d.
  448. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  449. A question-and-answer text on basic religious and social issues.
  450. Moukarim, Mustafa F. Faith of the Druze: Simplified for the Youth. N.p., n.d.
  451. Find this resource:
  452. Sell, Edward. The Druses. London: The Christian Literature Society for India, 1910.
  453. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  454. Offers a general overview of the Druze faith.
  455. Sell, Edward. The Druses. London: The Christian Literature Society for India, 1910.
  456. Find this resource:
  457. Westheimer, Ruth, and Gil Sedan. The Olive and the Tree: The Secret Strength of the Druze. New York: Lantern Books, 2007.
  458. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  459. Describes the roots of the Druze strength in preserving codes that have guided the community for centuries. Also discusses the Druze’s special “art” of adjusting to their environment by practicing an ancient custom called takiyya, or dissimulation.
  460. Westheimer, Ruth, and Gil Sedan. The Olive and the Tree: The Secret Strength of the Druze. New York: Lantern Books, 2007.
  461. Find this resource:
  462. Theosophy
  463.  
  464. A unique combination of Persian, Greek, Hindu, and Islamic theological and philosophical concepts gave birth to Druze theosophy. Sami Makarem, a Lebanese Druze, is the leading scholar on this topic. Alamuddin 1998, published in Arabic, is a monumental work that studies the influence of Greek philosophy on the Druze doctrine. Committee on Religious Affairs 1985 offers a discussion on Druze theosophical foundations. Makarem 1980, published in Arabic, is a detailed study on the Druze theosophy and its historical origins. Najjar 1973, a translation of the Arabic Madhhab al-Druze wa al-Tawhid and originally published in 1965, is one of the most controversial books on the Druzes, which led to the publication of Makarem 1966: a study commissioned to by Druze spiritual leaders and published in Arabic to clarify some of the confusions caused by Najjar 1973. Obeid 2006, a work on Druze manuscripts and beliefs, has also caused some controversy in the circle of Druze scholars.
  465.  
  466. Alamuddin, Sulayman S. Tadhakkar ya Marwan: Al-Madaris al-Fikriyah wal Tayyarat al-Siyasiyyah wa Da’wat al-Tawhid al-Durziyyah. Beirut, Lebanon: Nawfal, 1998.
  467. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  468. (Remember O Marwan: Schools of thought, political trends, and the call of the Druze Unitarianism.) Studies the influence of the Greek philosophy on the Druze doctrine, with a focus on the history and doctrine of Ismaʿilism and the development of its fundamental principles. Also, this study includes historical and documented information on a number of Druze-related figures such as al-Hakim bi Amrillah, imam Hamza bin ʿAli, and Salman al-Farsi, among others.
  469. Alamuddin, Sulayman S. Tadhakkar ya Marwan: Al-Madaris al-Fikriyah wal Tayyarat al-Siyasiyyah wa Da’wat al-Tawhid al-Durziyyah. Beirut, Lebanon: Nawfal, 1998.
  470. Find this resource:
  471. Committee on Religious Affairs. The Tawhid Faith: Theosophical Foundations. Knoxville, TN: ADS, 1985.
  472. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  473. In this work, CORA provides literature on the Islamic pillars, the nature of God, reincarnation, and on concepts such as peace, faith, and unity.
  474. Committee on Religious Affairs. The Tawhid Faith: Theosophical Foundations. Knoxville, TN: ADS, 1985.
  475. Find this resource:
  476. Makarem, Sami Nasib. Adwa’ ’ala Maslak al-Tawhid al-Durziyya. Beirut, Lebanon: Dar Sader, 1966.
  477. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  478. (Lights on the path of the Druze faith.) Discusses the basic principles of the Druze faith and includes a lengthy introduction by Kamal Jumblatt. Commissioned by Druze spiritual leaders to clarify some of the confusions caused by Abdallah Najjar’s controversial book Mathhab al-Druze wa al-Tawhid (The Unitarist Druze sect) (Najjar 1973).
  479. Makarem, Sami Nasib. Adwa’ ’ala Maslak al-Tawhid al-Durziyya. Beirut, Lebanon: Dar Sader, 1966.
  480. Find this resource:
  481. Makarem, Sami Nasib. Maslak al-Tawhid. N.p., 1980.
  482. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  483. (The path of Unitarianism.) Discusses Druze theosophy and its historical origins, with chapters on God and the universe, the nature of man, God and man, and Druze teachings.
  484. Makarem, Sami Nasib. Maslak al-Tawhid. N.p., 1980.
  485. Find this resource:
  486. Najjar, Abdallah E. The Druze: Millennium Scrolls Revealed. Atlanta: American Druze Society, 1973.
  487. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  488. A translation into English from the original Arabic book entitled Madhhab al-Druze wa al-Tawhid (The Unitarist Druze sect) (Cairo: Dar al-Maʿarif, 1965), with a foreword by the translator Fred I. Massey. This controversial book discusses the basics of Druze theosophy and is fully documented by authentic scriptural text.
  489. Najjar, Abdallah E. The Druze: Millennium Scrolls Revealed. Atlanta: American Druze Society, 1973.
  490. Find this resource:
  491. Obeid, Anis I. The Druze and Their Faith in Tawhid. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2006.
  492. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  493. Provides an analysis of Druze manuscripts and beliefs and a chronological narrative of the historical development of the faith. Argues that the Druze faith is a progressive and dynamic spiritual process based on reason and free will. It is a useful source for students exploring Islamic rationalism.
  494. Obeid, Anis I. The Druze and Their Faith in Tawhid. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2006.
  495. Find this resource:
  496. Doctrine of Reincarnation
  497.  
  498. The belief in metempsychosis, or the transmigration of the soul, is exclusive to the Druzes in the Middle East. Bennett 2006 is a detailed study on the Druze doctrine of reincarnation, and Littlewood 2001 is a psychological work on individuals who claimed to have experienced past lives. Playfair 2006 examines cases of reincarnation from different countries and communities with a special section on the Druzes.
  499.  
  500. Bennett, Anne. “Reincarnation, Sect Unity, and Identity among the Druze.” Ethnology 45.2 (2006): 87–104.
  501. DOI: 10.2307/4617568Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  502. Analyzes the role that reincarnation plays in maintaining a sense of unity and identity among the Druzes. It also describes the necessary conditions for reincarnation according to Druze doctrine and as evidenced in reincarnation stories.
  503. Bennett, Anne. “Reincarnation, Sect Unity, and Identity among the Druze.” Ethnology 45.2 (2006): 87–104.
  504. Find this resource:
  505. Littlewood, Roland. “Social Institutions and Psychological Explanations: Druze Reincarnation as a Therapeutic Resource.” British Journal of Medical Psychology 74 (2001): 213–222.
  506. DOI: 10.1348/000711201160920Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  507. Discusses the Druze tradition of reincarnation, documents some reincarnation narratives by individuals who claimed to have knowledge of past lives. Argues that religious institutions can be explained by individual psychology.
  508. Littlewood, Roland. “Social Institutions and Psychological Explanations: Druze Reincarnation as a Therapeutic Resource.” British Journal of Medical Psychology 74 (2001): 213–222.
  509. Find this resource:
  510. Playfair, Guy Lyon. New Clothes for Old Souls: Worldwide Evidence for Reincarnation. London: Druze Heritage Foundation, 2006.
  511. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  512. Offers a detailed study of metempsychosis, or the transmigration of souls, and the memories some of these souls bring when they return to the living world. Cases from different countries and communities are examined, and others relating to the Druze community are considered in a special appendix.
  513. Playfair, Guy Lyon. New Clothes for Old Souls: Worldwide Evidence for Reincarnation. London: Druze Heritage Foundation, 2006.
  514. Find this resource:
  515. Manuscripts
  516.  
  517. There are more than seventy Druze manuscripts that are scattered in libraries and special collections around the world. Branca 2001 analyzes the origin and diffusion of these manuscripts in European libraries.
  518.  
  519. Branca, Paolo. “More Details and Typologies of the Druze Manuscripts in European Libraries.” Journal of Druze Studies 1.2 (Spring 2001): 1–30.
  520. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  521. Analyzes the origin and diffusion of Druze manuscripts in European libraries and identifies the specific channels through which these manuscripts have been transmitted, as well as the protagonists of this transmission.
  522. Branca, Paolo. “More Details and Typologies of the Druze Manuscripts in European Libraries.” Journal of Druze Studies 1.2 (Spring 2001): 1–30.
  523. Find this resource:
  524. Sages and Shrines
  525.  
  526. Druze sages are considered special people in their community and elsewhere. After their death, the community buries the sage in his or her house and turns the latter into a shrine. In the shrine, a tombstone is erected over the sage’s body and writings are carved on it. Traditionally, the writings are verses from the Qurʾan and statements praising the buried sage. The Druzes visit the various shrines regularly all year round. Shrines are erected for both male and female sages. For instance, there are a number of shrines for women sages, and they are as popular and important as those for male sages. Abu Muslih n.d., published in Arabic, and Committee on Religious Affairs 1990 serve as guides to major sages and shrines in the Druze region. Makarem 1990, published in Arabic, offers an account on an 18th-century Druze sage in Galilee, and Firro 2005 demonstrates how Druze shrines have been entangled in the politics of Israel.
  527.  
  528. Abu Muslih, Hafiz. Adrihat al-’Ubbad al-Muwahidin al-Duruz fi Lubnan. N.p., n.d.
  529. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  530. (The tombstones of Unitarian Druze sages in Lebanon.) Provides a list of Druze sages and shrines in Lebanon, with a section on Druze history and faith.
  531. Abu Muslih, Hafiz. Adrihat al-’Ubbad al-Muwahidin al-Duruz fi Lubnan. N.p., n.d.
  532. Find this resource:
  533. Committee on Religious Affairs. The Tawhid Faith: Pioneers and Their Shrines. Knoxville, TN: ADS, 1990.
  534. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  535. Offers an account on major figures and shrines.
  536. Committee on Religious Affairs. The Tawhid Faith: Pioneers and Their Shrines. Knoxville, TN: ADS, 1990.
  537. Find this resource:
  538. Firro, Kais M. “Druze Maqamat (Shrines) in Israel: From Ancient to Newly-Invented Tradition.” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 32.2 (2005): 217–239.
  539. DOI: 10.1080/13530190500281457Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  540. Demonstrates how Druze shrines are used for Israeli political aims, in particular to encourage Druze separatism vis-à-vis the Arab minority in Israel.
  541. Firro, Kais M. “Druze Maqamat (Shrines) in Israel: From Ancient to Newly-Invented Tradition.” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 32.2 (2005): 217–239.
  542. Find this resource:
  543. Makarem, Sami Nasib. Al-Shaykh ’Ali Faris Radiya Allahu ’Anhu. Al-Mukhtara, Lebanon: Al-Markaz al-watani lil-ma’lumat wal-Dirasat and al-Dar al-Taqadumiyya, 1990.
  544. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  545. (The Shaykh ʿAli Faris, may God be pleased with Him.) A survey of the life of a Palestinian Druze Sufi ascetic who lived in 18th-century Galilee, where his tomb has become a shrine regularly visited by the Druzes.
  546. Makarem, Sami Nasib. Al-Shaykh ’Ali Faris Radiya Allahu ’Anhu. Al-Mukhtara, Lebanon: Al-Markaz al-watani lil-ma’lumat wal-Dirasat and al-Dar al-Taqadumiyya, 1990.
  547. Find this resource:
  548. back to top
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