2015-05-15 Structure: past conclusion modals

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk
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Homework: p. 269 (all)
part A
1 have
2 ought (because “to”)
3 could
4 given
5 shouldn’t
6 should I
part B
1 I should have studied for the math test.
2 You could have shown me your class notes.
3 I shouldn’t have stayed up so late the night before the test.
4 John ought to have called you.
5 You might have invited me to join the study group.
part C
1 - I shouldn’t have stayed up so late.
2 - I ought to have asked Erik for a ride.
3 - “You might have called.”
4 - I should have called.
5 - They really could have invited me to join them. (or “could’ve”)
6 - Should I have said something to them?
7 - You could’ve sent her a card!
8 - I really think my mother might have reminded me.
9 - I should have just stayed in bed.
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don’t pronounce the ‘e’: called, stayed, lived, laughed, talked, watched, listened, …
do pronounce the ‘e’: visited, wanted, needed, loaded, … (verb ends with /t/ or /d/)
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p. 270 - do you know where this picture is?
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Xesspe must have been surprised to see the Nazca lines.
= Xesspe had to have been surprised.
= I think he was surprised. I’m pretty sure he was surprised.
(If I know he was surprised, I’d say, “Xesspe was surprised to see the Nazca lines.”)

Xesspe may have been the first human to see them in almost 1000 years.
= He could have been the first. = He might have been the first.
= I think maybe he was the first (or maybe not).

Xesspe may not have been the first to see them, but he was the first to write about it.
= He might not have been the first to see them.
= Maybe he wasn’t the first to see them, but I know he was first to write about it.

Xesspe must not have expected to see the pictures.
= I think he didn’t expect to see the pictures. I’m pretty sure he didn’t expect it.

Two thousand men could not have made the statues alone.
= I think this is impossible. (This is stronger than “must not”.)
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p. 277 exercise 4 - Write sentences with modals about each situation (with a partner).
1 The Earth must have become colder.
2 Dinosaurs must not have survived the cold.
3 A huge meteor might have hit the Earth. (The Earth might have been hit by a meteor.)
4 A Bigfoot couldn’t have kidnapped Albert Ostman.
  (or: Albert Ostman couldn’t have been kidnapped by a Bigfoot.)
5 Ostman must have seen a bear.
6 Ostman could have dreamed about a Bigfoot.
7 He might have made up the story.
8 The man had to have changed the photo.
9 The man might have seen a large fish.
10 The man may have seen a dead tree trunk.
11 A dinosaur couldn’t have been in the lake.
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Homework: p. 275-276 exercises 2 and 3 (TEST Monday, mostly about past modals)