2016-02-24 Core: 8 historical mysteries

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
---
Homework: p. 166 practice 1 (use “must (not)”, “may (not)”, “could (not)”, etc.)
1 must be / has to be
2 could/may/might be
3 must not live
4 could/may/might have
5 must recognize / have to recognize
6 can’t be / couldn’t be (impossible because spiders have 8 legs) / must not be (if there’s some possibility it’s a spider with missing legs)
7 may/might not see (it’s unpredictable, so I don’t know)
8 must be coming
---
p. 96 - Have you seen images like the picture? What are the Nazca lines?
part 2 - listen and answer these questions
1 enormous drawings on the ground
2 in the Nazca desert in southern Peru
3 650 feet across (200m)
4 geometric shapes and figures of animals and humans
5 hundreds, covering 200 square miles (500 km^2)
6 2000 years old
7 by removing stones from on top of the ground
---
Is there anything else you’d like to know about the lines?
Who made them?
Why did they make them?
How did they plan them?
---
Read the article. Does it answer your questions?
---
part 4 - Answer these questions from the article.
1 in the late 1920s
2 astronomical calendar, Inca roads or irrigation, landing strips for aliens
3 It is a very dry place.
4 The lines may have been part of a long tradition of ceremonial activities connected to water and religious beliefs.
---
Find the sentences in the article about different theories for the Nazca lines:

The lines must have been part of an astronomical calendar.
They might have been ancient Inca roads or irrigation systems.
They could have been landing strips for alien spacecraft.
The Nazca lines may have been part of a long tradition of ceremonial activities connected to water and religious beliefs.

Find a negative sentence with similar grammar:
The Nazca people couldn’t have seen them from above.
The same group of people can’t have created them.
---
Modals for speculation about the past (meaning):

The lines must be part of a calendar. = I think the lines are part of a calendar.
The lines must have been part of a calendar. = I think the lines were part of a calendar.
(Maria Reiche was convinced of this, so she was almost certain and we can use “must”.)
---
The meaning of each modal is the same as it was yesterday, but now about things in the past.

They must have been man-made. = This is the only believable explanation.
This could/may/might have been a work of art. = This is one of many believable explanations.
This may/might not have been an egg. = It’s possible that it was not an egg.
They must not have been common. = This is not a believable explanation.
They can’t/couldn’t have been natural. = This is not a possible explanation. = I think it’s impossible.
---
Form:

+
subject + modal + have + past participle
They must have thought water was very important.

-
subject + modal + not + have + past participle
They could not have seen them from above.

?
y/n	Could they have seen the lines from a balloon? (We use “could” and “might” in y/n questions.)
	Yes, they could have. / No, they couldn’t have.
info	Where could they have seen the lines from?
	What must they have thought when they saw the water suddenly resurfacing?
---
p. 97 part 8 - Rewrite these sentences using one of the modals in parentheses, so they have the same meaning.
1 (We know that) water can’t have been easy to find.
2 The rivers might have dried up. (“might” = “it’s possible”, so we don’t need to write both)
3 The lines must have been very important.
4 The lines may have had a religious significance.
5 The animal drawings couldn’t have been roads.
6 The animals must have lived in the region.
7 The Nazca people could have used simple tools.
8 People must have maintained the lines carefully.
---
BREAK
---
In groups, speculate about what the items shown on the handout might have been.
1 It could have been a pillow or something for decoration.
	(It couldn’t have been a pillow! It’s too hard.)
  It might have been a footrest.
  It may have been a statue of a god or something.
  - It was a type of pillow.
2 This might have been used as a brooch.
  It could have been used like a belt to hold long clothes.
  - It was a large pin used to hold clothing together.
3 It could have been a mirror and a hair cutter.
  It might have been a mirror and a razor.
  - It was a mirror and razor.
4 People might have used this as a whistle for communication.
  It could have been a waterproof container for tinder to start fires.
  - They were like sunglasses to prevent snow blindness (from the very bright reflection of the sun on white snow).
5 It could have been a compass.
  It could have been a world map.
  - It was a map used to navigate in the ocean.
---
Your project on Friday will be to design a monument or structure that will confuse archaeologists in 2000 years.
---
noun -> adjective (wordbuilding)

In general, the way to change part of speech (adjective, noun, verb, adverb, etc.) is to change the end of a word.

-ous: mystery -> mysterious, religion -> religious, monster -> monstrous, fury -> furious
	(Sometimes English doesn’t have the original noun: delicious, curious, gorgeous, etc.)

-(ic)al: ceremony -> ceremonial, astronomy -> astronomical, biology -> biological, profession -> professional, education -> educational, nation -> national

-ic: geometry -> geometric, problem -> problematic

-y: sun -> sunny, cloud -> cloudy, sugar -> sugary
-ful: wonder -> wonderful, beauty -> beautiful, care -> careful
-less: sugar -> sugarless, care -> careless, home -> homeless
-ly: friend (-> friend-like) -> friendly, love -> lovely, mother (-> mother-like) -> motherly
---
These are mostly useful for identifying the meaning of new words.
“garlicky” = with a lot of garlic
“flavorful” = with a lot of flavor
(You have no way to predict that it isn’t “garlicful” or “flavory”.)
---
p. 98 - Have you heard of Amelia Earhart? What happened to her?
Read “Three Theories”. What are the theories?
1 She ran out of fuel and crashed in the Pacific Ocean.
2 She crashed on Nikumaroro (a different island) and died later.
3 She was captured while on a secret mission and later returned to the US with a new identity.
---
Homework: read the other article on p. 99 and do p. 98 parts 2, 3, 4