2014-08-20 Evening: more passives

Greg Malivuk
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http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk
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Homework: Handout exercise 9 and 10 (p. 61) and 12 (p. 62)
9
1 impossible, a (b -> "to them")
2 inexplicable, b (a -> "We can't explain it.")
 (unexplainable)
3 knowledgeable, b
4 illegible, b (a -> "We couldn't read it.")
5 inaudible, a
6 unspeakable, b (a -> "We can never describe it.")
7 reusable, a & b
"resting bitch face" ("Bitchy Rest Face" - youtube)
10
sister was born
people came to
I was given the job
guest arrived
I was handed
which were filled
things wrapped / things that were wrapped
I was told
had to be placed
presents were brought
of being given
12
You can't take out reference books. (pretty informal)
One may not take out reference books. (pretty formal)
Library patrons may not take out reference books. (normal)

You can only consult reference books in the library. You must obtain special permission to use them outside the library. You should return all books on time or you will have to pay a fine. If you don't pay the fine, you will lose borrowing rights. You can't borrow library books for others or give them to others. If you lose a book, you must pay the cost of replacement.

(You can't borrow library books for or give them to others.)
(Library books can't be borrowed for or given to others.)
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Ergatives: transitive verbs used without an object
I broke the door.	The door broke.
I'm boiling water.	The water is boiling.
They close it at 6.	It closes at 6.

The door was opened suddenly (by someone).
The door opened suddenly.

(Common for things that can happen accidentally and for things that often happen naturally, such as boiling and freezing.)
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When we talk informally about actions that change something which already existed, we can use "get" for the passive.

NOT: He gets wanted by police. (non-action)
NOT: The Mona Lisa got painted. (didn't already exist)
NOT: The book got read. (reading doesn't change the book)
YES: The wall got repaired.
YES: I got paid last Friday.

(change because "get" is like "become" - I get/become sick.)

I don't get paid again until next week.
When did she get paid?
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I will have been getting paid by BAE for a full year next week
(future perfect progressive passive)
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16
1 After their team were defeated 2-0 by a local rival on Wednesday night, angry football fans reacted violently.
2 Several shop windows were smashed and items such as televisions, radios and cameras were stolen.
3 'Did any of the thieves get caught?' asked one shop owner in frustration. 'Of course not," he explained. 'Because nobody wants to get beaten up by those hooligans.'
4 Some people were treated in hospital for minor cuts and bruises, but no serious injuries were reported, according to the police.

1: team was
4: in the hospital
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Homework: p. 65 part 17, p. 66