2018-09-11 TOEFL: word roots, reading reference

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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Word roots (list 1) - With your partner, try to explain the meaning of each root with one or two words
ab (abduct, abdicate) = away from
ad (advocate, addition, advance) = toward
aer/aero (aerial, aerate) = air
agri/agro (agriculture, agribusiness, agrarian) = field
ambi (ambidextrous, ambiguous, ambivalent) = both
amb/ambul (amble, ambulatory, ambulate) = walk/move
ami/amo (amiable, amorous) = love/friendship
andro (android, androgen) = man (contrasted with “gyn”)
anim (animate, animal) = spirit/movement
ann/enn (annual, millennium, anniversary) = year
ante/anti (antecedent, anteroom, anticipate) = before
anthropo (anthropology, philanthropy) = human
anti (antibacterial, antisocial) = against
aqua (aquamarine, aqueduct, aquarium) = water (sometimes specifically fresh water)
arch (monarch, hierarchy, archbishop) = first (especially in power or importance)
archa (archaeology, archaic) = old/first (in time)
art (artist, artifact, artisan) = skill
astro (astronomy, astrology) = star
aud/audi (audience, audible) = hear
auto (automatic, autograph) = self (Especially with the idea of “by oneself” or “by itself”.)
bell (belligerent, rebellious) = war (“antebellum” usually means before the US Civil War)
bene (benefit, benevolent) = good
bi (bilingual, bilateral, bisexual) = two
bio (biology, biography, biosphere) = life
cept/ceive (intercept, receive) = catch/capture (these words come from the same root)
cardi/cardio (cardiac, cardiology) = heart
carn (carnivore, carnal) = flesh/meat (In English, “meat” is dead while “flesh” can be alive.)
cede/ceed (intercede, exceed) = go
cent (century, centimeter, centennial) = hundred
(sesqui = 1.5, so the sesquicentennial is after 150 years)
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https://books.google.com/ngrams - To see how common a word or phrase is in English books
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TOEFL test: 4 sections, 4 hours, $200, 120 total points, 30 points per section
1 reading: 60-80 minutes, 3 or 4 passages, about 14 questions per passage
2 listening: 60-90 minutes, 2 or 3 sets, each set has three listenings and about 17 questions
	(10-minute break)
3 speaking: 20 minutes, 6 tasks, 5.5 minutes of speaking time
4 writing: about 60 minutes total, 2 tasks, 20+30 minutes of writing time
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Reading Question Types:
- vocabulary
- fact
- negative fact
- paraphrase
- purpose
- inference
- reference
- sentence insertion
- summarize
- organize/categorize
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Reference Questions
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DELTA p. 125 lists some of the pronouns that a reference question might ask you about
(Reference questions specifically ask you what a word refers to. Sentence insertion and other types of questions require you to understand that, but your answer choices are more general.)
Do you understand all of the “Other Pronouns” on this list?
English has several words that refer to exactly two things, with different words for more than two:
former = first of two
latter = last of two
both = all of two
neither = none of two
either = any/one of two
between = among two
[compartive] = [superlative] of two
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BREAK
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Handout (Cambridge) exercise R4 - take 4 minutes to identify the underlined words.
1 themselves = arctic people
  they = arctic people
  these natural resources = the environment and wild animals
2 who = individuals
  their = political prisoners
3 when = 1863
  he = a Hungarian count
  the first European variety = wine grapes
  there = in California
4 the lawyer and lexicographer = Noah Webster
  who = Noah Webster
  at this time = 1828
  that = English
Notice the structure of the last sentence:
“The English spoken in America was distinct from that spoken in Britain.”
- It’s common for “that” or “those” to refer back to a noun or noun phrase in the same sentence that the writer doesn’t want to repeat.
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Handout (cengage) p. 116-117 - Take 8 minutes to do the same thing for the first 11 passages in exercise 6.1. Then compare your answers with your partner.
1 them = paintings
2 their = flowers
3 its = water’s
4 those = principles
  itself = the human body
5 themselves = strands
6 these pieces = smaller pieces
7 they = leaves
8 their = ancient Minoans
  their = archaeological sites on Crete
9 these organisms = mushrooms and other fungi
10 some of which = machines
11 they = glaciers
   those = altitudes
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Handout (Oxford) p. 70-71 - Take 8 minutes to answer the reference and sentence insertion questions about this passage.
1 c
2 d
3 b
4 b
5 d
6 b
7 c
8 c
Handout p. 72-74 - Take 10 minutes to answer these questions about Gandhi.
1 c
2 b
3 c
4 c
5 c
6 c
7 b
8 d
9 b
10 b/d (The points is to recognize that it’s Gandhi.)
11 d
12 b
13 c
14 c
15 b (“neither” refers to two, so it  can’t be after a sentence about 3 groups)
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Homework: finishe exercise 6.1 in the handout (passages 12-18), answer the questions about passage 5 and 6 in the new handout