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  22. <header id="title-block-header">
  23. <h1 class="title">Summary of fluoride studies</h1>
  24. <p class="author">myauthor</p>
  25. <p class="date">2019-08-07</p>
  26. </header>
  27. <nav id="TOC" role="doc-toc">
  28. <ul>
  29. <li><a href="#introduction"><span class="toc-section-number">1</span> Introduction</a><ul>
  30. <li><a href="#basic-facts"><span class="toc-section-number">1.1</span> Basic facts</a></li>
  31. <li><a href="#what-type-of-iq-tests-could-be-used"><span class="toc-section-number">1.2</span> What type of IQ tests could be used?</a></li>
  32. </ul></li>
  33. <li><a href="#more-fluoride-studies-papers-and-results"><span class="toc-section-number">2</span> More Fluoride studies, papers and results</a><ul>
  34. <li><a href="#harvard-2012-study-with-childrenharvard2012"><span class="toc-section-number">2.1</span> Harvard 2012 study with children</a><ul>
  35. <li><a href="#summary-bullets"><span class="toc-section-number">2.1.1</span> Summary bullets:</a></li>
  36. </ul></li>
  37. <li><a href="#atsdr-toxicological-profile-for-fluoride-part-of-cdc"><span class="toc-section-number">2.2</span> ATSDR toxicological profile for fluoride (part of CDC)</a><ul>
  38. <li><a href="#max-levels-of-exposure"><span class="toc-section-number">2.2.1</span> Max levels of exposure</a></li>
  39. <li><a href="#summary-bullets-1"><span class="toc-section-number">2.2.2</span> Summary bullets</a></li>
  40. </ul></li>
  41. <li><a href="#developmental-neurotoxicity-of-industrial-chemicals.neurotox2016"><span class="toc-section-number">2.3</span> Developmental neurotoxicity of industrial chemicals.</a><ul>
  42. <li><a href="#summary-bullets-2"><span class="toc-section-number">2.3.1</span> Summary bullets</a></li>
  43. </ul></li>
  44. <li><a href="#chronic-administration-of-aluminum-fluoride-or-sodium-fluoride-to-rats-in-drinking-water-alterations-in-neuronal-and-cerebrovascular-integrity."><span class="toc-section-number">2.4</span> Chronic administration of aluminum-fluoride or sodium-fluoride to rats in drinking water: alterations in neuronal and cerebrovascular integrity.</a><ul>
  45. <li><a href="#summary-bullets-3"><span class="toc-section-number">2.4.1</span> Summary bullets</a></li>
  46. </ul></li>
  47. <li><a href="#nrc-2006-fluorides-neurotoxicity-and-neurobehavioral-effectsnrc2016"><span class="toc-section-number">2.5</span> NRC (2006): Fluoride?s Neurotoxicity and Neurobehavioral Effects</a><ul>
  48. <li><a href="#summary-bullets-4"><span class="toc-section-number">2.5.1</span> Summary bullets</a></li>
  49. </ul></li>
  50. <li><a href="#water-fluoridation-a-critical-review-of-the-physiological-effects-of-ingested-fluoride-as-a-public-health-interventionswj2014"><span class="toc-section-number">2.6</span> Water Fluoridation: A Critical Review of the Physiological Effects of Ingested Fluoride as a Public Health Intervention</a><ul>
  51. <li><a href="#summary-bullets-5"><span class="toc-section-number">2.6.1</span> Summary bullets</a></li>
  52. </ul></li>
  53. <li><a href="#study-name"><span class="toc-section-number">2.7</span> Study name</a><ul>
  54. <li><a href="#summary-bullets-6"><span class="toc-section-number">2.7.1</span> Summary bullets</a></li>
  55. </ul></li>
  56. </ul></li>
  57. <li><a href="#rejections-of-fluoride"><span class="toc-section-number">3</span> Rejections of fluoride</a></li>
  58. <li><a href="#europes-rejections"><span class="toc-section-number">4</span> Europe's rejections</a></li>
  59. <li><a href="#all-study-summary-bullets"><span class="toc-section-number">5</span> All study summary bullets</a></li>
  60. <li><a href="#links"><span class="toc-section-number">6</span> Links</a><ul>
  61. <li><a href="#orgs"><span class="toc-section-number">6.1</span> Orgs</a></li>
  62. <li><a href="#more-studies"><span class="toc-section-number">6.2</span> More studies</a></li>
  63. </ul></li>
  64. <li><a href="#references"><span class="toc-section-number">7</span> References</a></li>
  65. </ul>
  66. </nav>
  67. <hr />
  68. <h1 id="introduction"><span class="header-section-number">1</span> Introduction</h1>
  69. <ul>
  70. <li>Updated: Aug 7, 2019</li>
  71. <li>URL:</li>
  72. </ul>
  73. <p>A few notes before you get started.</p>
  74. <ol type="1">
  75. <li>Scientists and studies cannot say "this will happen" as nothing is 100% certain, so they say "this CAN happen" or "this COULD happen". This should not dilute the importance of the study findings in any way.</li>
  76. </ol>
  77. <h2 id="basic-facts"><span class="header-section-number">1.1</span> Basic facts</h2>
  78. <ol type="1">
  79. <li>The impact of fluorine on human teeth was recognised in 1909 in Colorado, United States, when two dental surgeons, Frederick McKay and Grant Black, launched an investigation into the causes of mottled enamel (?Colorado brown stain?) in their practice area.<a href="#fn1" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref1" role="doc-noteref"><sup>1</sup></a></li>
  80. <li>Fluoride is normally introduced into drinking water via hexafluorosilicic acid.<a href="#fn2" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref2" role="doc-noteref"><sup>2</sup></a> Only city water is fluoridated, well water is not.</li>
  81. <li>Currently, only about 5% of the world's population?350 million people?(including 200 million Americans) consume artificially fluoridated water globally. Only eight countries?Malaysia, Australia, USA, New Zealand, Singapore, and Ireland, more than 50% of the water supply artificially fluoridate.<a href="#fn3" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref3" role="doc-noteref"><sup>3</sup></a></li>
  82. <li>97% of European countries do not fluoridate their drinking water yet tooth decay remains low.<a href="#fn4" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref4" role="doc-noteref"><sup>4</sup></a></li>
  83. <li>95% of US toothpaste contains fluoride. In fact, some stores don't even sell non-fluoridated toothpaste. All US toothpaste must come with a poison warning on the package. "Acute fluoride poisoning, which occurs at doses as low as 0.1 to 0.3 mg per kg of bodyweight, generally presents in the form of gastric pain, nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, and flu-like symptoms. (Akiniwa 1997; Gessner 1994)."<a href="#fn5" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref5" role="doc-noteref"><sup>5</sup></a></li>
  84. <li>Risks from ingesting fluoride toothpaste include permanent tooth discoloration (dental fluorosis), stomach ailments, acute toxicity, skin rashes (perioral dermatitis), and impairment in glucose metabolism.<a href="#fn6" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref6" role="doc-noteref"><sup>6</sup></a></li>
  85. <li>EPA headquarters Professional's Union opposes fluoridated water.<a href="#fn7" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref7" role="doc-noteref"><sup>7</sup></a></li>
  86. <li>Studies about the brain:<a href="#fn8" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref8" role="doc-noteref"><sup>8</sup></a>
  87. <ol type="1">
  88. <li>Over 200 animal studies showing that prolonged exposure to varying levels of fluoride can <a href="http://fluoridealert.org/studytracker/?effect=brain-2&amp;sub=cellulartissue-damage&amp;type=animals&amp;start_year=&amp;end_year=&amp;fulltext=&amp;fantranslation=">damage the brain</a>, particularly when coupled with an iodine deficiency, or aluminum excess;</li>
  89. <li>53 human studies linking moderately high fluoride exposures with <a href="http://www.fluoridealert.org/studies/brain01/">reduced intelligence</a>;</li>
  90. <li>45 animal studies reporting that mice or rats ingesting fluoride have an impaired capacity to <a href="http://www.fluoridealert.org/studies/brain02/">learn and/or remember</a>;</li>
  91. <li>12 studies (7 human, 5 animal) linking fluoride with <a href="http://www.fluoridealert.org/studies/brain03/">neurobehavioral deficits</a> (e.g., impaired visual-spatial organization);</li>
  92. <li>3 human studies linking fluoride exposure with impaired <a href="http://www.fluoridealert.org/studies/brain05/">fetal brain development</a>.</li>
  93. <li>3 Mother-Offspring studies linking <a href="http://fluoridealert.org/issues/moms2b/mother-offspring-studies/">certain levels of fluoride</a> in the urine of pregnant women to reduced IQ in their offspring.</li>
  94. </ol></li>
  95. <li>OSHA has set a legally enforceable limit of 0.2 milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m3) for fluorine, 2.0 mg/m3 for hydrogen fluoride, and 2.5 mg/m3 for fluoride in workroom air to protect workers during an 8-hour shift over a 40-hour work week. (pdf page 32)<a href="#fn9" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref9" role="doc-noteref"><sup>9</sup></a></li>
  96. <li>NIOSH recommends air levels of 0.2 mg/m3 for fluorine, 2.5 mg/m3 for hydrogen fluoride, and 2.5 mg/m3 for sodium fluoride in workroom air to protect workers during an 8-hour shift over a 40-hour work week. (pdf page 32-33)<a href="#fn10" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref10" role="doc-noteref"><sup>10</sup></a></li>
  97. </ol>
  98. <h2 id="what-type-of-iq-tests-could-be-used"><span class="header-section-number">1.2</span> What type of IQ tests could be used?</h2>
  99. <p>Some of the tests are the CRT-RC, Wechsler Intelligence test, Binet IQ test, or Raven?s test.</p>
  100. <hr />
  101. <h1 id="more-fluoride-studies-papers-and-results"><span class="header-section-number">2</span> More Fluoride studies, papers and results</h1>
  102. <h2 id="harvard-2012-study-with-childrenharvard2012"><span class="header-section-number">2.1</span> Harvard 2012 study with children<a href="#fn11" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref11" role="doc-noteref"><sup>11</sup></a></h2>
  103. <ul>
  104. <li>Link: "Developmental Fluoride Neurotoxicity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". <a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/features/fluoride-childrens-health-grandjean-choi/" class="uri">https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/features/fluoride-childrens-health-grandjean-choi/</a>. Accessed 2019-08-07.</li>
  105. </ul>
  106. <p>This meta-study eventually excluded some studies and ended up with 27 studies to analyze.</p>
  107. <blockquote>
  108. <p>July 25, 2012 ? For years health experts have been unable to agree on whether fluoride in the drinking water may be toxic to the developing human brain. Extremely high levels of fluoride are known to cause neurotoxicity in adults, and negative impacts on memory and learning have been reported in rodent studies, but little is known about the substance?s impact on children?s neurodevelopment. In a meta-analysis, researchers from Harvard School of Public Health (HSPH) and China Medical University in Shenyang for the first time combined 27 studies and found strong indications that fluoride may adversely affect cognitive development in children. Based on the findings, the authors say that this risk should not be ignored, and that more research on fluoride?s impact on the developing brain is warranted.</p>
  109. </blockquote>
  110. <blockquote>
  111. <p><strong>Search strategy.</strong> We searched MEDLINE (National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA; <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed" class="uri">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed</a>), Embase (Elsevier B.V., Amsterdam, the Netherlands; <a href="http://www.embase.com" class="uri">http://www.embase.com</a>), Water Resources Abstracts (Proquest, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; <a href="http://www.csa.com/factsheets/water-resources-set-c.php" class="uri">http://www.csa.com/factsheets/water-resources-set-c.php</a>), and TOXNET (Toxicology Data Network; National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA; <a href="http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov" class="uri">http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov</a>) databases to identify studies of drinking-water fluoride and neurodevelopmental outcomes in children. In addition, we searched the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI; Beijing, China; <a href="http://www.cnki.net" class="uri">http://www.cnki.net</a>) database to identify studies published in Chinese journals only. Key words included combinations of ?fluoride? or ?drinking water fluoride,? ?children,? ?neurodevelopment? or ?neurologic? or ?intelligence? or ?IQ.? We also used references cited in the articles identified. We searched records for 1980?2011. Our literature search identified 39 studies, among which 36 (92.3%) were studies with high and reference exposure groups, and 3 (7.7%) studies were based on individual-level measure of exposures. The latter showed that dose-related deficits were found, but the studies were excluded because our meta-analysis focused on studies with the high- and low-exposure groups only. In addition, two studies were published twice, and the duplicates were excluded.</p>
  112. </blockquote>
  113. <blockquote>
  114. <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The results support the possibility of an adverse effect of high fluoride exposure on children?s neurodevelopment. Future research should include detailed individual-level information on prenatal exposure, neurobehavioral performance, and covariates for adjustment.</p>
  115. </blockquote>
  116. <h3 id="summary-bullets"><span class="header-section-number">2.1.1</span> Summary bullets:</h3>
  117. <ol type="1">
  118. <li>Thus, children in high-fluoride areas had significantly lower IQ scores than those who lived in low-fluoride areas. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses also indicated inverse associations, although the substantial heterogeneity did not appear to decrease.<a href="#fn12" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref12" role="doc-noteref"><sup>12</sup></a></li>
  119. </ol>
  120. <h2 id="atsdr-toxicological-profile-for-fluoride-part-of-cdc"><span class="header-section-number">2.2</span> ATSDR toxicological profile for fluoride (part of CDC)</h2>
  121. <ul>
  122. <li>Link: <a href="https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp11.pdf" class="uri">https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp11.pdf</a>. Sep 2003. 404 pages.</li>
  123. </ul>
  124. <p>This document has a lot of info and shows you what flouride compounds are used for.</p>
  125. <blockquote>
  126. <p>Fluorides, hydrogen fluoride, and fluorine have been found in at least 188 of the 1,636 current or former NPL sites. However, the total number of NPL sites evaluated for these substances is not known. As more sites are evaluated, the sites at which fluorides, hydrogen fluoride, and fluorine is found may increase. This information is important because exposure to these substances may harm you and because these sites may be sources of exposure.</p>
  127. </blockquote>
  128. <blockquote>
  129. <p>Most studies have not found any association between fluoride and cancer in people.</p>
  130. </blockquote>
  131. <blockquote>
  132. <p>Drinking or eating excessive fluoride during the time teeth are being formed can cause visible changes in teeth. The condition is called dental fluorosis. The changes increase in severity with increasing levels of fluoride. Dental fluorosis develops only while the teeth are forming in the jaw and before they erupt into the mouth (age &lt;8 years). After the teeth have developed and erupted, they cannot become fluorosed. Most enamel fluorosis seen today is of the mildest form, in which there are a few almost invisible white spots on the teeth. In moderate cases, there are large white spots on the teeth (mottled teeth), and some brown spots.</p>
  133. </blockquote>
  134. <h3 id="max-levels-of-exposure"><span class="header-section-number">2.2.1</span> Max levels of exposure</h3>
  135. <ol type="1">
  136. <li>OSHA has set a legally enforceable limit of 0.2 milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m3) for fluorine, 2.0 mg/m3 for hydrogen fluoride, and 2.5 mg/m3 for fluoride in workroom air to protect workers during an 8-hour shift over a 40-hour work week. (pdf page 32)</li>
  137. <li>NIOSH recommends air levels of 0.2 mg/m3 for fluorine, 2.5 mg/m3 for hydrogen fluoride, and 2.5 mg/m3 for sodium fluoride in workroom air to protect workers during an 8-hour shift over a 40-hour work week. (pdf page 32-33)</li>
  138. </ol>
  139. <h3 id="summary-bullets-1"><span class="header-section-number">2.2.2</span> Summary bullets</h3>
  140. <ol type="1">
  141. <li>Teeth with too much fluoride can show white or brown spots.</li>
  142. </ol>
  143. <h2 id="developmental-neurotoxicity-of-industrial-chemicals.neurotox2016"><span class="header-section-number">2.3</span> Developmental neurotoxicity of industrial chemicals.<a href="#fn13" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref13" role="doc-noteref"><sup>13</sup></a></h2>
  144. <blockquote>
  145. <p>Results: The standardized weighted mean difference in IQ score between exposed and reference populations was ?0.45 (95% confidence interval: ?0.56, ?0.35) using a random-effects model. Thus, children in high-fluoride areas had significantly lower IQ scores than those who lived in low-fluoride areas. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses also indicated inverse associations, although the substantial heterogeneity did not appear to decrease.</p>
  146. </blockquote>
  147. <h3 id="summary-bullets-2"><span class="header-section-number">2.3.1</span> Summary bullets</h3>
  148. <h2 id="chronic-administration-of-aluminum-fluoride-or-sodium-fluoride-to-rats-in-drinking-water-alterations-in-neuronal-and-cerebrovascular-integrity."><span class="header-section-number">2.4</span> Chronic administration of aluminum-fluoride or sodium-fluoride to rats in drinking water: alterations in neuronal and cerebrovascular integrity.</h2>
  149. <ul>
  150. <li>Reference: "Chronic administration of aluminum-fluoride or sodium-fluoride to rats in drinking water: alterations in neuronal and cerebrovascular integrity." <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9518651?dopt=Abstract" class="uri">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9518651?dopt=Abstract</a>. Accessed 2019-08-07.</li>
  151. <li>Ref: Varner JA, Jensen KF, Horvath W, Isaacson RL. Chronic administration of aluminum-fluoride or sodium-fluoride to rats in drinking water: alterations in neuronal and cerebrovascular integrity. Brain Res. 1998 Feb 16;784(1-2):284-98. PubMed PMID: 9518651.</li>
  152. </ul>
  153. <blockquote>
  154. <p>This study describes alterations in the nervous system resulting from chronic administration of the fluoroaluminum complex (AlF3) or equivalent levels of fluoride (F) in the form of sodium-fluoride (NaF). Twenty seven adult male Long-Evans rats were administered one of three treatments for 52 weeks: the control group was administered double distilled deionized drinking water (ddw). The aluminum-treated group received ddw with 0.5 ppm AlF3 and the NaF group received ddw with 2.1 ppm NaF containing the equivalent amount of F as in the AlF3 ddw. Tissue aluminum (Al) levels of brain, liver and kidney were assessed with the Direct Current Plasma (DCP) technique and its distribution assessed with Morin histochemistry. Histological sections of brain were stained with hematoxylin &amp; eosin (H&amp;E), Cresyl violet, Bielschowsky silver stain, or immunohistochemically for beta-amyloid, amyloid A, and IgM. No differences were found between the body weights of rats in the different treatment groups although more rats died in the AlF3 group than in the control group. The Al levels in samples of brain and kidney were higher in both the AlF3 and NaF groups relative to controls. The effects of the two treatments on cerebrovascular and neuronal integrity were qualitatively and quantitatively different. These alterations were greater in animals in the AlF3 group than in the NaF group and greater in the NaF group than in controls.</p>
  155. </blockquote>
  156. <h3 id="summary-bullets-3"><span class="header-section-number">2.4.1</span> Summary bullets</h3>
  157. <ol type="1">
  158. <li>Aluminum fluoride could be more dangerous than sodium fluoride.</li>
  159. </ol>
  160. <h2 id="nrc-2006-fluorides-neurotoxicity-and-neurobehavioral-effectsnrc2016"><span class="header-section-number">2.5</span> NRC (2006): Fluoride?s Neurotoxicity and Neurobehavioral Effects<a href="#fn14" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref14" role="doc-noteref"><sup>14</sup></a></h2>
  161. <blockquote>
  162. <p>Several studies from China have reported the effects of fluoride in drinking water on cognitive capacities (X. Li et al. 1995; Zhao et al. 1996; Lu et al. 2000; Xiang et al. 2003a,b). Among the studies, the one by Xiang et al. (2003a) had the strongest design. This study compared the intelligence of 512 children (ages 8-13) living in two villages with different fluoride concentrations in the water. The IQ test was administered in a double-blind manner. The high-fluoride area (Wamiao) had a mean water concentration of 2.47 ± 0.79 mg/L (range 0.57-4.50 milligrams per liter [mg/L]), and the low-fluoride area (Xinhuai) had a mean water concentration of 0.36 ± 0.15 mg/L (range 0.18-0.76 mg/L). The populations studied had comparable iodine and creatinine concentrations, family incomes, family educational levels, and other factors. The populations were not exposed to other significant sources of fluoride, such as smoke from coal fires, industrial pollution, or consumption of brick tea. Thus, the difference in fluoride exposure was attributed to the amount in the drinking water. Mean urinary fluoride concentrations were found to be 3.47 ± 1.95 mg/L in Wamiao and 1.11 ± 0.39 mg/L in Xinhuai. Using the combined Raven?s Test for Rural China, the average intelligence quotient (IQ) of the children in Wamiao was found to be significantly lower (92.2 ± 13.00; range, 54-126) than that in Xinhuai (100.41 ± 13.21; range, 60-128).</p>
  163. </blockquote>
  164. <blockquote>
  165. <p><strong>The IQ scores in both males and females declined with increasing fluoride exposure.</strong> The distribution of IQ scores from the females in the two villages is shown in Figure 7-1. A comparable illustration of the IQ scores of males is shown in Figure 7-2. The number of children in Wamiao with scores in the higher IQ ranges was less than that in Xinhuai. There were corresponding increases in the number of children in the lower IQ range. Modal scores of the IQ distributions in the two villages were approximately the same. A follow-up study to determine whether the lower IQ scores of the children in Wamiao might be related to differences in lead exposure disclosed no significant difference in blood lead concentrations in the two groups of children (Xiang et al. 2003b).</p>
  166. </blockquote>
  167. <h3 id="summary-bullets-4"><span class="header-section-number">2.5.1</span> Summary bullets</h3>
  168. <ol type="1">
  169. <li>Flouride lowers IQ.<a href="#fn15" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref15" role="doc-noteref"><sup>15</sup></a></li>
  170. </ol>
  171. <h2 id="water-fluoridation-a-critical-review-of-the-physiological-effects-of-ingested-fluoride-as-a-public-health-interventionswj2014"><span class="header-section-number">2.6</span> Water Fluoridation: A Critical Review of the Physiological Effects of Ingested Fluoride as a Public Health Intervention<a href="#fn16" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref16" role="doc-noteref"><sup>16</sup></a></h2>
  172. <blockquote>
  173. <p>Although fluoride is used industrially in a fluorine compound, the manufacture of ceramics, pesticides, aerosol propellants, refrigerants, glassware, and Teflon cookware, it is a generally unwanted byproduct of aluminium, fertilizer, and iron ore manufacture. The medicinal use of fluorides for the prevention of dental caries began in January 1945 when community water supplies in Grand Rapids, United States, were fluoridated to a level of 1ppm as a dental caries prevention measure. However, water fluoridation remains a controversial public health measure</p>
  174. </blockquote>
  175. <blockquote>
  176. <p>In contrast, most studies reporting on the impact of water fluoridation on dental caries prevention appear to suggest that Dean and his colleagues ?proved? that water fluoridation reduces dental caries. For example, in a formal statement to commemorate 60 years of artificial water fluoridation, the American Dental Association stated</p>
  177. <blockquote>
  178. <p>?Early studies, such as those conducted in Grand Rapids, showed that water fluoridation reduced the amount of cavities children get in their baby teeth by as much as 60% and reduced tooth decay in permanent adult teeth nearly 35%. Today, studies prove water fluoridation continues to be effective in reducing tooth decay by 20?40%??</p>
  179. </blockquote>
  180. </blockquote>
  181. <h3 id="summary-bullets-5"><span class="header-section-number">2.6.1</span> Summary bullets</h3>
  182. <h2 id="study-name"><span class="header-section-number">2.7</span> Study name</h2>
  183. <h3 id="summary-bullets-6"><span class="header-section-number">2.7.1</span> Summary bullets</h3>
  184. <hr />
  185. <h1 id="rejections-of-fluoride"><span class="header-section-number">3</span> Rejections of fluoride</h1>
  186. <h1 id="europes-rejections"><span class="header-section-number">4</span> Europe's rejections</h1>
  187. <ul>
  188. <li>Reference: "Statements from European Health, Water, &amp; Environment Authorities on Water Fluoridation". <a href="http://fluoridealert.org/content/europe-statements/" class="uri">http://fluoridealert.org/content/europe-statements/</a>. Accessed 2019-08-07.</li>
  189. </ul>
  190. <blockquote>
  191. <p>At present, 97% of the western European population drinks non-fluoridated water. This includes: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Northern Ireland, Norway, Portugal, Scotland, Sweden, Switzerland, and approximately 90% of both the United Kingdom and Spain. Wikipedia confirms that these countries don?t fluoridate: Croatia, Estonia, Hungary, Iceland, and Latvia. Although some of these countries fluoridate their salt, the majority do not.</p>
  192. </blockquote>
  193. <hr />
  194. <h1 id="all-study-summary-bullets"><span class="header-section-number">5</span> All study summary bullets</h1>
  195. <ol type="1">
  196. <li><strong>Thus, children in high-fluoride areas had significantly lower IQ scores than those who lived in low-fluoride areas. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses also indicated inverse associations, although the substantial heterogeneity did not appear to decrease.</strong><a href="#fn17" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref17" role="doc-noteref"><sup>17</sup></a></li>
  197. <li>Flouride lowers IQ.<a href="#fn18" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref18" role="doc-noteref"><sup>18</sup></a>, <a href="#fn19" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref19" role="doc-noteref"><sup>19</sup></a></li>
  198. </ol>
  199. <hr />
  200. <h1 id="links"><span class="header-section-number">6</span> Links</h1>
  201. <ol type="1">
  202. <li><a href="https://duckduckgo.com/?q=toxic+fluoride+studies&amp;t=h_&amp;ia=web">DDG search</a></li>
  203. <li>IARC fluoride page. Nothing found.</li>
  204. <li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=fluoride+toxicity">Pubmed search</a></li>
  205. </ol>
  206. <h2 id="orgs"><span class="header-section-number">6.1</span> Orgs</h2>
  207. <ol type="1">
  208. <li>Fluoride Alert. <a href="http://fluoridealert.org/researchers/translations/complete_archive/" class="uri">http://fluoridealert.org/researchers/translations/complete_archive/</a> Lots of good links and studies here.</li>
  209. </ol>
  210. <h2 id="more-studies"><span class="header-section-number">6.2</span> More studies</h2>
  211. <ol type="1">
  212. <li>Effect of high level of fluoride on children's intelligence JA An, SZ Mei, AP Liu, Y Fu, CF Wang - Chin J Control Endem Dis, 1992</li>
  213. </ol>
  214. <h1 id="references"><span class="header-section-number">7</span> References</h1>
  215. <section class="footnotes" role="doc-endnotes">
  216. <hr />
  217. <ol>
  218. <li id="fn1" role="doc-endnote"><p>"Water Fluoridation: A Critical Review of the Physiological Effects of Ingested Fluoride as a Public Health Intervention". <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3956646/" class="uri">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3956646/</a>, <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1155%2F2014%2F293019" class="uri">https://dx.doi.org/10.1155%2F2014%2F293019</a>. Accessed on 2019-08-07.<a href="#fnref1" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">?</a></p></li>
  219. <li id="fn2" role="doc-endnote"><p>"Water Fluoridation: A Critical Review of the Physiological Effects of Ingested Fluoride as a Public Health Intervention". <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3956646/" class="uri">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3956646/</a>, <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1155%2F2014%2F293019" class="uri">https://dx.doi.org/10.1155%2F2014%2F293019</a>. Accessed on 2019-08-07.<a href="#fnref2" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">?</a></p></li>
  220. <li id="fn3" role="doc-endnote"><p>"Water Fluoridation: A Critical Review of the Physiological Effects of Ingested Fluoride as a Public Health Intervention". <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3956646/" class="uri">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3956646/</a>, <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1155%2F2014%2F293019" class="uri">https://dx.doi.org/10.1155%2F2014%2F293019</a>. Accessed on 2019-08-07.<a href="#fnref3" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">?</a></p></li>
  221. <li id="fn4" role="doc-endnote"><p>"Statements from European Health, Water, &amp; Environment Authorities on Water Fluoridation". <a href="http://fluoridealert.org/content/europe-statements/" class="uri">http://fluoridealert.org/content/europe-statements/</a>. Accessed 2019-08-07.<a href="#fnref4" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">?</a></p></li>
  222. <li id="fn5" role="doc-endnote"><p><a href="http://fluoridealert.org/issues/dental-products/toothpastes/" class="uri">http://fluoridealert.org/issues/dental-products/toothpastes/</a>. Accessed 2019-08-07.<a href="#fnref5" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">?</a></p></li>
  223. <li id="fn6" role="doc-endnote"><p><a href="http://fluoridealert.org/issues/dental-products/toothpastes/" class="uri">http://fluoridealert.org/issues/dental-products/toothpastes/</a>. Accessed 2019-08-07.<a href="#fnref6" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">?</a></p></li>
  224. <li id="fn7" role="doc-endnote"><p><a href="http://fluoridealert.org/articles/epa-union/" class="uri">http://fluoridealert.org/articles/epa-union/</a>. Accessed 2019-08-07.<a href="#fnref7" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">?</a></p></li>
  225. <li id="fn8" role="doc-endnote"><p><a href="http://fluoridealert.org/issues/health/brain/" class="uri">http://fluoridealert.org/issues/health/brain/</a>. Accessed 2019-08-07.<a href="#fnref8" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">?</a></p></li>
  226. <li id="fn9" role="doc-endnote"><p><a href="https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp11.pdf" class="uri">https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp11.pdf</a>. Sep 2003. 404 pages. Accessed 2019-08-07.<a href="#fnref9" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">?</a></p></li>
  227. <li id="fn10" role="doc-endnote"><p><a href="https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp11.pdf" class="uri">https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp11.pdf</a>. Sep 2003. 404 pages. Accessed 2019-08-07.<a href="#fnref10" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">?</a></p></li>
  228. <li id="fn11" role="doc-endnote"><p>Developmental Fluoride Neurotoxicity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. <a href="https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/10.1289/ehp.1104912" class="uri">https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/10.1289/ehp.1104912</a>, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1104912" class="uri">https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1104912</a>. Accessed 2019-08-07. <a href="https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/10.1289/ehp.1104912">Supplemental material</a> contains more links, like a biography.<a href="#fnref11" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">?</a></p></li>
  229. <li id="fn12" role="doc-endnote"><p>Developmental Fluoride Neurotoxicity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. <a href="https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/10.1289/ehp.1104912" class="uri">https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/10.1289/ehp.1104912</a>, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1104912" class="uri">https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1104912</a>. Accessed 2019-08-07. <a href="https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/10.1289/ehp.1104912">Supplemental material</a> contains more links, like a biography.<a href="#fnref12" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">?</a></p></li>
  230. <li id="fn13" role="doc-endnote"><p>"Developmental Fluoride Neurotoxicity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17174709" class="uri">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17174709</a>. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2006. Accessed 2019-08-07. Also at <a href="https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1104912" class="uri">https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1104912</a>.<a href="#fnref13" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">?</a></p></li>
  231. <li id="fn14" role="doc-endnote"><p>"NRC (2006): Fluoride?s Neurotoxicity and Neurobehavioral Effects". <a href="https://www.nap.edu/read/11571/chapter/9" class="uri">https://www.nap.edu/read/11571/chapter/9</a>. Accessed 2019-08-07. Copies at: <a href="http://fluoridealert.org/studies/brain06/" class="uri">http://fluoridealert.org/studies/brain06/</a>, <a href="https://app.pagedash.com/p/56b6f0a8-ed3b-4a56-903d-1546c2f6f141/X4QCSSOFv7HcKwJEtrdK" class="uri">https://app.pagedash.com/p/56b6f0a8-ed3b-4a56-903d-1546c2f6f141/X4QCSSOFv7HcKwJEtrdK</a>. (Good list of studies!)<a href="#fnref14" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">?</a></p></li>
  232. <li id="fn15" role="doc-endnote"><p>"NRC (2006): Fluoride?s Neurotoxicity and Neurobehavioral Effects". <a href="https://www.nap.edu/read/11571/chapter/9" class="uri">https://www.nap.edu/read/11571/chapter/9</a>. Accessed 2019-08-07. Copies at: <a href="http://fluoridealert.org/studies/brain06/" class="uri">http://fluoridealert.org/studies/brain06/</a>, <a href="https://app.pagedash.com/p/56b6f0a8-ed3b-4a56-903d-1546c2f6f141/X4QCSSOFv7HcKwJEtrdK" class="uri">https://app.pagedash.com/p/56b6f0a8-ed3b-4a56-903d-1546c2f6f141/X4QCSSOFv7HcKwJEtrdK</a>. (Good list of studies!)<a href="#fnref15" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">?</a></p></li>
  233. <li id="fn16" role="doc-endnote"><p>"Water Fluoridation: A Critical Review of the Physiological Effects of Ingested Fluoride as a Public Health Intervention". <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3956646/" class="uri">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3956646/</a>, <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1155%2F2014%2F293019" class="uri">https://dx.doi.org/10.1155%2F2014%2F293019</a>. Accessed on 2019-08-07.<a href="#fnref16" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">?</a></p></li>
  234. <li id="fn17" role="doc-endnote"><p>Developmental Fluoride Neurotoxicity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. <a href="https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/10.1289/ehp.1104912" class="uri">https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/10.1289/ehp.1104912</a>, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1104912" class="uri">https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1104912</a>. Accessed 2019-08-07. <a href="https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/10.1289/ehp.1104912">Supplemental material</a> contains more links, like a biography.<a href="#fnref17" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">?</a></p></li>
  235. <li id="fn18" role="doc-endnote"><p>"NRC (2006): Fluoride?s Neurotoxicity and Neurobehavioral Effects". <a href="https://www.nap.edu/read/11571/chapter/9" class="uri">https://www.nap.edu/read/11571/chapter/9</a>. Accessed 2019-08-07. Copies at: <a href="http://fluoridealert.org/studies/brain06/" class="uri">http://fluoridealert.org/studies/brain06/</a>, <a href="https://app.pagedash.com/p/56b6f0a8-ed3b-4a56-903d-1546c2f6f141/X4QCSSOFv7HcKwJEtrdK" class="uri">https://app.pagedash.com/p/56b6f0a8-ed3b-4a56-903d-1546c2f6f141/X4QCSSOFv7HcKwJEtrdK</a>. (Good list of studies!)<a href="#fnref18" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">?</a></p></li>
  236. <li id="fn19" role="doc-endnote"><p>"Developmental Fluoride Neurotoxicity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17174709" class="uri">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17174709</a>. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2006. Accessed 2019-08-07. Also at <a href="https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1104912" class="uri">https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1104912</a>.<a href="#fnref19" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">?</a></p></li>
  237. </ol>
  238. </section>
  239. </body>
  240. </html>
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