2017-10-12 Grammar: perfect aspect

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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Perfect Aspect
form: [have] + past participle
meaning: something happened or started before the “focus time”
present perfect means the action could happen (or happen again) during that time:
	I have had two cups of coffee today. = I might have more coffee today.
	I had two cups of coffee today. = I am finished with coffee for today.
	I haven’t had any coffee today. = I still might have some.
	I didn’t have any coffee today. = I won’t have any for the rest of the day, either.
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At 7pm, I ate dinner. = I started at 7.
At 7pm, I was eating dinner. = I started before 7 and finished after 7.
At 7pm, I had eaten dinner. = I started and finished before 7.
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When I met Mouiha, I was teaching the Daily Life module.
When I met him, I had been teacing at Stafford House for just under 4 years.
Before I met him, I had never had a student from Mozambique.
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Handout p. 20 exercise 6 - Decide whether perfect or simple aspect is appropriate.
1 had said
2 had conducted (“finally” tells us the polio vaccine was at the end, so the other experiments happened before that)
3 has had
4 has visited
5 came, hadn’t been (before he came) / wasn’t (after he came)
6 have traveled (“By the time she is 50” is about the future, but we don’t use “will” or “be going to” in time clauses like this.)
7 haven’t slept
8 had completed, realized, weren’t
9 have lived
10 has studied
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Homework (optional): exercises 8, 9, 10 (write the same story in all three time frames)