logan no likey do workie

Chapter 1
Page 2
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Adaptation relies on the surrounding of where the species is bases, like the example of the rats. This is called evolution. “Evolution is the fundamental principle of biology, and this book.”

Page 3
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Each type of living thing gains adaptation to make it’s kind’s future life easier to live in.

Page 4
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There are 5 unifying themes that make up the thought of biology, Organization, Information, Energy and Matter, Interactions and Evolution.
The Biosphere is visible life when seeing Earth from space, not only space, but even as low as 7 kilometers up, can you see the Biosphere.
An ecosystem is an area that contains a variety of animals, adapting to that area. It also has non-living things contained in it, like water, soil and atmospheric gases.
The things living in an ecosystem are considered a community, but species are only considered animals that can reproduce with each other, its like independent social structures. Populations are considered species within the community, like in the forests, “a population of grizzly bears.”. Individual living things are called organisms, no matter in what species they’re in.

Page 5
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Biology’s study extends from microscopic organisms, to groups of animals globally. Biology uses reductionism to turn complex systems to simpler components. Complex organisms have, organs, which are a body part that serves a specific need, and has specific functions for the body. These are usually made up of tissues, a group of cells working together to perform the special functions.
These cells are life’s most fundamental unit within organisms, organisms can vary from single cell to multicellular levels, which allows different divisions of labor within an organism’s body. Organelles are the various components that function within organs. A molecule is a chemical structure consisting of 2 or more units called atoms.



Page 6
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Emergent Properties are properties that need to be met in order for an organism’s body to do bodily functions, like how plants go through photosynthesis, which cannot be artificially caused through a test tube.
Emergent properties are not significant to only life, but to non living things, like a table that you structure will not be able to hold items on top without the proper arrangement. Scientists can formulate more exclusive questions about organisms when they have all of their emergent properties in place correctly. Questions like, “How do networks of our molecular interactions in our bodies generate our 24 hour of wakefulness and sleep?”. The theory of cells was formulated in the 1800s
based on days of research. Every single correspondence with your brain and actual movement, all involve cells. There are 2 main forms of cells, prokaryotic and eukaryotic. The cell groups of single cell organisms are bacteria, and archaea, which are prokaryotic, every other form of life including plants and animals are composed of eukaryotic cells. The difference is that eukaryotic cells contain membrane-enclosed organelles. Some of the organelles, like the nucleus, are found in the cells of eukaryotes are specific to particular cell types. The prokaryotes lack a nucleus.

Page 7
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DNA is a genetic material. DNA is short for deoxyribonucleic acid.
Before a cell divides, the DNA of it are replicated or copied and each of the two offspring inherit a different set of chromosomes, identical to that of the parent cell. Each chromosome contains a very long DNA molecule with hundreds or thousands of genes and each section of the DNA is a chromosome. They hold information that is necessary to build all of the molecules needed to build all of the molecules synthesized within a cell, they copy the DNA so it can be reproduced trillions of times within a lifespan. Development is caused within these cells regenerating based on your DNA. DNA strands contain 4 major parts with chemical building blocks, abbreviated as A, T, C, and G. DNA has a double helix form, meaning 2 strands travel on each other. The A, T C, and G literally are stacked on each other, being separated every increment by 1 nucleotide. The order goes A,C,T,A,T,A,C,C,G,T,A,G,T,A.

Page 8
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DNA is arranged very much like our alphabet, it uses the same 4 letters, but in different orders to define different things. Example, these 4 letters can create 2 different types of protein using the same letters, a protein as an enzyme or as an antibody. The whole cycle of manufacturing of a cellular product is known as gene expression. For gene expression to occur all forms of a body’s life energy put down the same genetic code. Different organisms do this differently because of each organism’s differences. They show the difference through nucleotide sequences rather than their genetic codes.

Page 9:
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Genetic instructions are kept in an archive which is passed down within an organism’s kind is considered it’s genome. The amount of instructions would fill out 700 biology textbook with it’s values. Technology in modern time has exponentially increased how fast we can read through a genome of a type of organism. Energy is often used as a fundamental for living organisms. Moving, growing, reproducing, and the various cellular activities of life are work, and to do work, energy is necessary. For example, a plant goes through the cycle of photosynthesis. Sun is taken in through plant leaves, which is then converted to chemical energy of food, like sugars. The chemical energy is lost due to heat. These are considered producers. They serve consumers, a group of organisms that feed on other organisms or their remains. Energy that these organisms use go towards the work that the organism needs to do. There is a chemical cycle within ecosystems, energy coming as light in the beginning of the day and near the end exiting as heat. The consumers that eat the plants gain that chemical production and give them more energy that was  conserved within the plant to be converted to chemical. Then from the leftover remains of the plant, decomposers, do their thing and allow the organism to grow once more, by replacing it’s seeds to continue its existence.

Page 10
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Every component of an organism needs to meet a standard to work in optimal condition. To keep each component regulated, a mechanism is used which is called feedback. In feedback regulation, the output of a process regulates its own process. A common form of regulation is called negative feedback, a loop where the stimulus of the component’s work is reduced. There is also a positive feedback, which is quite the opposite to a negative, when a component is underperforming, more of a stimulus is released.

Page 11
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The inhabitants of an environment can affect the environment themselves. Through their natural functions, the organisms have an input and an output, cause and effect if you will. A current example would be the increase of fossil fuel burning, which leads to a massive output of CO2. This led to a global temperature increase, which has risen 1 °C since 1900. With current projections, our temperature will have an additional rise of 3 °C. This is known as a climate change. All types of weather change is occuring due to our kind’s actions. If these conditions were to continue at the rate we are, it would lead to an easy extinction globally, to many species.


Page 12
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Diversity is a common thing in the study of life. With over 1.8 million named species of organisms, diversity is a key part within all of that. The way they’re named is by a 2 factor name, the first name being a part of the genus, (where the species reside), and the 2nd part being specific to the species. In Darwinism, this is exemplified, before the current human type, there was humans, called “Homo erectus” or “Homo neanderthalensis”, the common name is homo, which is latin for man. “Erectus” talks about the evolution of that stage, like how the Homo Erectus stands erect. The Homo Neanderthalensis was a type of man where they had more mass in the upper body, with less length in mass in the lower. There are new methods of assessing relationships within species, like DNA comparison. Biologists organize each stage of organisms into 3 domains, Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya. The first two domains are prokaryotic. All of the eukaryotes are in the domain known as Eukarya. This last domain is then broken down further, into 4 subgroups, kingdom Plantae, kingdom Fungi, kingdom Animalia and the protists. The 3 types of kingdoms are defined by their modes of nutrition. Plantae take nutrition from light energy, fungi absorb nutrition from outside of their bodies, animalia get their nutrition from ingesting other organisms.

Page 13
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Unity is a factor within the diversity of life.

Page 14
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Charles Darwin was a man who dedicated himself to study into the fascination of life. His biggest contribution was a book published in November of 1859, named, “On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection”. This book had shown 2 main points. The first being that contemporary species came from a succession of ancestors that differed from them. This process would then be called “descent with modification”. The second point was his proposal that natural selection is a big reason that his 1st point exists. Darwin wanted to develop these points, which he then looked into other’s studies and tried to match the pieces, like one big biology jigsaw puzzle. Three observations led to this. The first being individuals in a population vary in their traits many of which seem to be passed on from parents to offspring. The second is a population can produce far more offspring than can survive to continue a bloodline, through new offspring. This would automatically lead to competition when there is too much for one environment to handle. The third would be that species generally are suited to their environments, meaning their being is altered to their surroundings, like how some birds are surrounded by strong seeds, to succeed in that environment, they needed a simple adaptation, like a stronger beak. Now with these 3 points aligned, Darwin can finalize his theory of evolution. He believed that individuals with inherited traits that are better suited to their environments are more likely to strive and continue reproducing than other individuals without such adaptations.

Page 15
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Exampling of adaptations by bats. Discussing how ancestors branched out into different types of itself. The book mentions multiple animals and their ancestors.

Page 16
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 This page discusses the finch, a key part of Darwin’s research, and how it branched into the different finches we have today. More terminology was spoken about, like inquiry, which is searching for information and explanation for the phenomena we are all surrounded by. Inquiry allows us to formulate experiments and hypotheses.

Page 17
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To conduct anything for observations, scientists and researchers use data. Data can be qualitative and other data can be quantitative. That means some data focuses on quality, while others focus on quantity. They organize different types of data, which is called statistics, which is just different types of data in the same studies. Quantitative data is usually data that is put into numbers and graphs, allowing the use of mathematical research. Qualitative is data that can’t simply be explained through numbers. They also use reasoning to assume things without having to spend the time to prove that their reasoning is correct or incorrect. It is an inverse to deductive reasoning, which is reasoning, then hypotheses, observation, and finally confirmation. Induction follows an order of Observation, discovering a pattern, making a hypothesis, then formulating a theory. A hypothesis is an educated guess to make a basis of your experiment, which is conducted study of proving your hypothesis using prior known science.

Page 18
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Discussion over the scientific process and questions it can and cannot answer, science can only prove things that involves things actually explained by science. Discussion over the scientific method.

Page 19
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A visual about the scientific process and scientific method’s constant thought of repetition, and backtracking into the steps to validate a hypothesis.
Page 20
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In Page 20, the scientific process and theory is being used in an experiment about the coat coloration in mouse populations. Discusses how different variables can change the type of experiment. The variables in the mouse case would be their location and surroundings in the location. The beach mice carry a sand looking color, so they can camouflage with the sand, and the same situation for the more inland mice, looking darker to match with the trees and foliage.

Page 21
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The color of the mouse in this experiment is an independent variable. This is the part that is being manipulated by researchers. The dependent variable of this experiment is the predation rate, which relies on their color. A theory is a broader version of a hypothesis, which is also used to section down the theory into individual hypotheses.

Page 22
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A lot of experiments utilize peer review and social activity to refine and ensure the validity of an experiment.A lot of experiments are just extensions off of another’s work, because no one man can solve a mystery of science by himself, spoken by Issac Newton.

Page 23
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Discussing the differences between science and technology. They can be used in tandem to improve both sides of the trade, but are different things in their own aspects.

Page 24
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Francis Crick was a scientist 60 years ago that evolved both fields of DNA science and technology. This led to advances in medicine, agriculture and forensics. Advances in these fields can be very controversial to people, like the modern strategy of ending a death row inmate or the act of abortion. This hits into fields such as politics, economics, and cultural values. Diverse viewpoints are valued in science, because different places in the world will utilize the advancements in different way. For example, the printing press that was invented around 1440 caused even more evolution, China used a water based ink for their printing presses, which Gutenburg then was able to modify that to an oil based ink.




Page 25
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Overview of what was discussed in chapter 1.

Page 26
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Question 1 would be an ecosystem. (A), I chose this because an ecosystem is an area complimented with different species living in that area and nonliving components. That makes the most sense as an answer. C is population, which is the living things inside of an ecosystem, and it is only us humans on campus. D is a taxonomic domain which is like a hierarchy in an ecosystem, which discusses living things within it. B is a community, which is just covering the human part of campus, not considering the dirt, the building, and the ground.

Question 2’s answer would be B. Answer A would not make sense as genomes having nothing to do with a type of biology. C is about studying biology, not making it into a system. And D is about experiments, not about a type of biology.

Question 3’s is D because natural selection reduced, or even killed of species, until every species in the area was unified.

Question 4’s answer would be B, because this corresponds with the mouse experiment that was executed within the passages of the chapter.

Question 5’s answer would be C, as stated within this packet, hypotheses are specific, while theories are broad.

Question 6’s answer would be A because A isn’t based on a number, rather a motion in this situation.

Question 7’s answer would be C. This is because D is about a way of thinking about new information, while having it backed up by information utilizing that new way of thinking.

Question 8’s answer, would be Coral Reef> Fish as an organism > The stomach > and the DNA.

Question 9’s answer would be the human evolved from the same base genetic code, as typical prokaryotic cells, that is why we share the 1,000 genes. They both hold basic encoding for living things with prokaryotic cells.

My hypothesis for number 10 would be, “If an organism’s physical capabilities are below another’s, the lesser capable organism would be hunted more by the stronger organism.”

For question 11, Darwin saw natural selection as a great thing for all things living. Natural selection allows for unity with essentially checks and balances. For an example, out of Darwin’s work, he mentioned, after a type of species has been hunted by a predator, or simply cannot thrive in its habitat, it gains adaptations, to help it live in their ecosystem. The predators, which are at the top of the hierarchy, would no longer have a continuous food source, and eventually after they eat to make their source extinct, they would soon become extinct, due to their main component of their diet. For their prey to keep living, their prey would have to adapt to consume new things, to stay alive, and reproduce. Darwin used an example of this in his research, the Finch didn’t have much variety in their diets, and all they ate was soft seeds, cause they could not break hard ones, they adapted, and started being born with harder beaks, to break these harder seeds.  His view was essentially, they started becoming unified as an ecosystem, when each species developed for what they needed to cycle.

For question 12, the picture in the packet is in black and white, so the gecko is unidentifiable. As to what how the gecko might’ve gained its coloration is simple. Depending on the habitat,(geckos can live in deserts, or forests,), previous versions of the gecko might’ve been simple to spot for predators within that habitat. The only way they could drift away from these animals, is if they developed a different coloration, to blend in with their surroundings a lot better, to avoid getting eaten so simply.

Chapter 2
Mark Batista                                                                                                                                  Chapter 2 Notes + Questions/Answers
AP Biology

Notes for pages 28-32

28.
-To have an understanding of biology, you need chemical knowledge and physics knowledge.

29.
-Elements are a substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical actions
-A compound is a substance that consists of 2 or more different elements in a fixed ratio.
-These compounds are used in daily life, NaCl (sodium chloride), commonly known as table salt, and H2O, or water is a compound essential to our human lives.
-There are 92 natural elements and about 20-25% of them are essential elements used by organisms.
-Humans use 25 of these elements, but plants use around 17.
-4 of them make about 96% of what is living matter, Oxygen (O), Carbon ©, Hydrogen (H) and Nitrogen (N). Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K) , Sulfur (S) and a couple more elements make for most of the remaining 4% or  so of an organism’s mass. Organisms have trace elements which are vital, but in very small amounts, like Iron (Fe), which is used by all organisms.

30.
 -Evolutions are linked to chemistry. Some adaptations give organisms immunity or resistance to toxic elements.
-Subatomic Particles are a factor smaller than atoms, there are more than 100 types of particles from the atom, but only 3 of them are relevant to us, neutrons, protons and electrons.

31.
-Atomic numbers are discussed, along with mass numbers, as well as atomic mass.
-Isotopes are different atomic forms of the same element. Most differences between isotopes are their masses.

32.
-Using Radio Waves, researchers are able to date relics and fossils from when they were living.
-Nucleus is very small in comparison to the atom that it lies in.

34. Electrons are found in different electron shells. Carrying their own characteristic, of an average distance and energy level. Electrons in the 2nd shell have more energy than the first, the first being the closest to the nucleus and having the lowest potential energy.\

35. Explanation of why each element is where it is located on the periodic table. Mentioning of valence electrons, and it’s shell, which is the outermost ring of an element. Electron orbitals is a 3-Dimensional space where electrons are found 90% of the time.

36. Discussion of Covalent Bonds. These bonds is the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms. Discussion of single bonds and double bonds. Discussion of an atom’s valence.

37. Discussion on electronegativity and how it affects bonds, which can be one of two things, either a nonpolar bond or a polar bond. Discussion of ionic bonds, and ions. Ions are a result of two oppositely charged atoms or molecules being in a bond. They can either be a cation which is a negative ion, or an anion, or a positively charged ion.

38. Compounds formed by ionic bonds are known as ionic compounds, or commonly known as salts.

39-40. Discussion of van der Waals interactions. Also discusses the shape of molecules.

41-42. This page discusses the function of molecules and how they interact with living things. There is a condition where there is a point where reactions offset one another

43. Questions

1. The answer to this question is A, because even though it is very miniscule within life, it is also vital.

2. The answer to this question would be B, because when an isotope becomes radioactive, it loses an electron.

3.  The answer to this question is B, because in the packet it is explained that the reactivity arises because of these unpaired electrons that are present.

4.  The answer to this question is C, because what makes an anion, is the reduced number of protons there are within an isotope.

5. The answer to this one is D, because at an equilibrium, none of the rates are overgoing or undergoing because of each other, this negates both reactions.

6. The answer to this one is B, because when the isotope has equal protons and neutrons, all you have to do is add one of them with the number neutrons, and that would give the number for the isotopes

7. This question’s answer would be C, H2S, as S has 6 valence electrons, to reach the 8 it needs, it would need to bond with H (Hydrogen) twice, due to it having 1 valence electrons, after the bond, the sulfur would have what it needs.

8. The answer to this question is D, this is because if we were to fill both blanks with “2”, the chemical equation would be correct.

10. I think being able to wield a life and soul, your body needs to be constructed of certain materials that can be utilized by the body, that is why I think some elements are recurring, within organisms such as us humans.

11.
A) I hypothesize that the chemical given off by the female, is received chemically by the male because of gender differences, males have an element that would react whenever in contact with the female’s chemical.
B) My prediction is that when tested between the two genders of the moth, there will be a chemical difference between the two.
C) Take samples off of the moths to test the chemical comparison, and if there is a difference, test to see if the different chemicals between the chemical signals, and the male’s sensory organs.

12. This argument is highly invalid because the way that the “already present” material that is being expended for industrial use is being changed in form, either from liquid to gas or solid to gas. This means that after the material is done being burned, it easily just rises into our atmosphere and combines with the chemical make-up of our atmosphere, making it more and more artificial, which will soon overpower the oxygen and hydrogen in air, so us humans will not be able to rely on just breathing without machines. We would need machines that feed us oxygen directly. Even the trees and plants that serve us our oxygen would not be able to output oxygen enough for it to take back our atmosphere, and it will die before it could, if given the chance, because the toxic substances reach plant life and kill plant life.

Chapter 3
Chapter 3 Notes and Questions

44-
Water is  the substance that allows life to exist. Water can take the form of solid, liquid and gas. The solid form can also float on the liquid form which is a rare occasion in molecular studies.
45-
The Oxygen in the molecule of water is negatively charged, and the hydrogen is positively charged. Cohesion is the holding together of substance through water. Adhesion is the clinging of one substance to another.
46-
Water actually moderates some of the air temperature by absorbing some of the heat.
Kinetic energy is an energy caused by molecular movement. Kinetic energy produces heat.
47-48
In these pages, it is just an explanation on how kinetic energy and heat interact with water.
With these interactions, it can affect normal things like weather. Ice can float on water because of the change made in density between forms
49-
Discussion of previously studied solutions, and compounds.
Discussion of Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Substances.
Hydrophilic: A substance with the affinity of water
Hydrophobic: Substances that repel from water.
50-
Mentioning of different laws used in aqueous solutions, such as Avogadro's Law.
Mols are a form of scaling in the molecular view. Depending on these mols, us as people of study can find out the molarity of an aqueous solution.
51-
This page talks about how pH and PPMs affect living organisms chemically. Such as plants.
pH ranges from 1-14 which is also scaled as 1-7 being acidic, and 7-14 being basic.
52-
Discussion of common things and where they would go on the pH scale to add a layer of familiarization for the reader. It also talks about buffers which change the pH of solutions without ruining anything chemically.
53-
Mentioning of Acidification, which is the action of making a solution more acidic which does chemically change solutions.


Questions and Answers:
1.
I chose C because all of the other substances other than wax are dissolved by water.
2.
I chose D, because it is different in every way except the amount of molecules there are in them.
3.
I chose D because the pH does not affect the charge nor does it become one number, so in a logical sense D is the only answer.
4.
I chose A, because no other answer would make sense in the sense that we are talking about only the ions concentration without affiliates.
5.
There is no need to overthink this, the answer is D, all you have to do is divide the kcal, (500) with the volume of the water (50) and that shows the temperature difference.
6.
Cannot draw on document.
8.
Both of these occurrences are changes to the ocean that are happening rapidly which will affect the sea inhabitants.
9.
They would be interested because it is something that completely counters their prior thoughts, and if studied the right way, an accurate theory can be born. This shows that given dire situations, life can exist on other planets, in different forms as well as most other planets share drastically different properties than ours.
10.
Take the condition of the Elodea before and after acid rain hits, describe the differences between these two conditions and see if anything changed in the chemical makeup of the plant, and depending on the change we can decide if the plant’s growth is getting inhibited.

Chapter 4
AP Biology Chapter 4
Mark Batista
Mr. Madeira

Page 56
Like oxygen, carbon is prominent in a lot of factors of biology. Carbon enters the atmosphere through producers, like plants and other photosynthetic organisms which take sanctuary on Earth. Carbon has a very complex molecular structure that allows it to be a prime element of biology. It also tends to bond to other elements very simply to allow simple compound elements.

Page 57
Organic Chemistry are compounds that contain carbon. It was believed that things with life force could wield organic compounds. Chemists decided to work and see if that was true, in 1828, a german chemist, known as Friedrich Wohler, attempted to make an inorganic salt, known as ammonium cyanate, by mixing NH4 and CNO. He actually made urea, an organic compound present in urine of animals. This backs up the view of physical and chemical laws governing properties of the living.
In 1953, Stanley Miller, a graduate of Harold Urey at the University of Chicago helped bring the nonliving synthesis of organic compounds into the same context of evolution. His results had shown that complex organic molecules could arise spontaneously under conditions thought at that time to have been in the times of early Earth.

Page 58
This page is discussion about Stanley Miller’s experiment.


Page 59
Carbon has 6 electrons with 2 in the 1st shell and the 2nd shell and 4 valence electrons, so that 8 electrons are present. Carbon is easy to bond with because of that, for example, it easily bonds with Hydrogen, to create, Methane (CH4), Ethane (C2H6), and Ethene (C2H4).

Page 60
This page is adding description for the cellular structure of Methane, Ethane and Ethene.

Page 61
Isomers are compounds that consist of the same number of atoms and the same elements but with different structures, which leads to different properties. There are 3 types of Isomers, there are structural isomers, which are different covalent arrangements, through their carbon skeletons. There are cis-trans isomers, which is a condition where carbons have covalent bonds, but their spacial arragement is different due to the inflexibility of double bonds. Then there are Enantiomers, which are isomers that are mirror images of each other and that differ in shape due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon, one that is attached to four different atoms or groups of atoms.

Page 62
Functional groups are chemical groups which are directly involved with chemical reactions. Each functional group carries its own properties such as shape and their charge. The 7 most important functional groups are hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate and methyl groups. The first 6 groups can be chemically reactive, of these 6, all except sulfhydryl group are also hydrophilic and increases the solubility of organic compounds in water. The Methyl group is not reactive but instead often serves as a recognizable tag on biological molecules.

Q/A

1) The answer would be B. As described within the reading, organic chemistry only includes carbon compounds
2) The answer would be D. Amino contains nitrogen in its molecular build and it is nowhere found in the given molecule.
3) The answer would be C. Amino is very distinctive in its own right, and because of that, it really serves easier as a base.
4) The answer is D. Ethane  carries a double bond branching from the Carbon to the other carbon, to make sure both carbons have 8 valence electrons.
5) The answer would be A. I know this is A because structural isomers  are chemically matched, but in a different shaping, forming different chemical reactions.
6) The asymmetric Carbon would be the leftest carbon, because instead of carrying just a single hydrogen, it also carries a double bond with oxygen.
7) The answer would be D. I sifted through all of the possible answers and replacing the OH of a carboxyl group with hydrogen brings it the closest to a carbonyl group.
8) The asymmetric carbon is in the 2nd molecule, also known as the rightmost molecule. The first carbon in that molecule is the asymmetric carbon, as it only bonds with 1H and double bonds with 1O. The corresponding carbon on the 1st molecule bonds with 2 different hydrogens, and 1OH.
9)Silicon is a prime part of computing, which is our focus and will drive us far as humans. Silicon and carbon are non-metals, with nearly the same density. They both easily form compounds, which is great for elemental developments. Silicon will propel us as a society further into computing, and as a non-metal it will not be limited to a huge degree.
10) This drug is probably still utilized for the people who are looking away from any children or further children and are suffering from leprosy or multiple myeloma.

11) The functions between L-dopa and D-dopa in the case of Parkinson's Disease, is a clear cut case of structures causing different reactions within its molecules. The configuration of nitrogen and the 3 hydrogen in the different setting most likely causes a different reaction within the human's body after it has taken in either medicinal attempts. D-dopa has an H2N separate from a single H, and in L-Dopa consists of a bond of NH2 and a single H. This causes a different reaction within the body to interact with Parkinson's. This shows that with trial and error, medicinal duds can be created into medical-law breaking medicine given the right choices in a simple process.