Dicts

"""
"""
# Creating a dictionary
my_dict = {
    'name': 'Alice',
    'age': 25,
    'city': 'New York'
}

# Accessing elements
name = my_dict['name']              # Access the value associated with the key 'name'

# Modifying elements
my_dict['age'] = 26                 # Change the value associated with the key 'age'

# Adding elements
my_dict['email'] = '[email protected]'  # Add a new key-value pair

# Removing elements
del my_dict['city']                 # Remove the key-value pair with the key 'city'
removed_value = my_dict.pop('email') # Remove and return the value associated with 'email'
last_item = my_dict.popitem()       # Remove and return the last inserted key-value pair (Python 3.7+)

# Checking for keys
has_name = 'name' in my_dict        # Check if the key 'name' is in the dictionary
has_city = 'city' in my_dict        # Check if the key 'city' is in the dictionary

# Getting the value of a key with a default
age = my_dict.get('age', 0)         # Get the value for 'age', return 0 if 'age' is not found
country = my_dict.get('country', 'Unknown')  # Get the value for 'country', return 'Unknown' if not found

# Iterating through a dictionary
for key in my_dict:
    print(key, my_dict[key])        # Print each key-value pair

for key, value in my_dict.items():
    print(key, value)               # Print each key-value pair using items()

# Iterating through keys and values separately
for key in my_dict.keys():
    print(key)                      # Print each key

for value in my_dict.values():
    print(value)                    # Print each value

# Dictionary comprehension
squared_numbers = {x: x**2 for x in range(1, 6)}  # Create a dictionary with numbers and their squares

# Merging dictionaries
another_dict = {'country': 'USA', 'gender': 'Female'}
my_dict.update(another_dict)        # Merge another_dict into my_dict

# Clearing the dictionary
my_dict.clear()                     # Remove all key-value pairs from the dictionary

# Dictionary methods
keys = my_dict.keys()               # Get a view of all keys
values = my_dict.values()           # Get a view of all values
items = my_dict.items()             # Get a view of all key-value pairs

# Copying a dictionary
copied_dict = my_dict.copy()        # Create a shallow copy of the dictionary

# Nested dictionaries
nested_dict = {
    'person1': {'name': 'Alice', 'age': 25},
    'person2': {'name': 'Bob', 'age': 30}
}

person1_name = nested_dict['person1']['name']  # Accessing nested dictionary elements