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Wearmouth-Jarrow (Medieval Studies)

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  1. Introduction
  2.  
  3. The northeastern English monasteries of Wearmouth, located at the mouth of the River Wear, and Jarrow, on the Tyne near a former natural anchorage called Jarrow Slake, are physically separate Anglo-Saxon period foundations but referred to as a twin monastery. Benedict Biscop (d. 689) founded Wearmouth in c. 672 (in modern times called “Monkwearmouth”) and Jarrow in 681 after King Ecgfrith granted him lands. They are most famous for their association with the preeminent historian Bede (c. 672–735), author of The Ecclesiastical History of the English People (Historia Ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum), and for producing notable early manuscripts, especially the St. Cuthbert Gospel, the Leningrad Bede, and the Codex Amiatinus (The Great Bible of Monte Amiata), the only surviving copy of three massive, complete Bibles (pandects) that Abbot Ceolfrith had made between 692 and 716. By the early 8th century, The Life of Saint Ceolfrid claims some six hundred lived at the two sites. They likely survived until the late 9th century, perhaps failing as a consequence of local Viking raids, though this is as yet unproven. The Norman Aldwin restored both foundations in the 1070s, but by 1083 the resident monks were transferred to Durham; between 1225 and 1235, both monasteries had become cells of Durham, with domestic and farm buildings. After the Dissolution (1536), both sites were acquired by families who then erected halls and outbuildings serving secular purposes. By the 8th century, both sites had a minister or parson resident, but much of what remained was in ruins or in poor condition. Trial archaeological excavations at Jarrow took place in 1935 under E. Birley and in 1954 under C. A. R. Radford, while a full program of excavation on both sites began in 1963 under the direction of Rosemary Cramp and continued into the 1970s, finishing with excavation of Jarrow Slake by C. D. Morris. A small excavation by Stephen Speak took place from 1989 to 1991 northwest of the Jarrow church at Church Bank, north of Jarrow Hall. Monkwearmouth produced early buildings and a cemetery to the south of the current church, as did Jarrow. Both showed evidence of adopting Roman and Celtic/Irish building aspects, with stone walls, plastered and tinted walls and floors (opus signinum), and window glass. Jarrow also showed evidence of glass production and metalworking. Beside the current Jarrow Church, the modern Bede’s World incorporates reconstructed Anglo-Saxon building types, a working farm with old breeds and heirloom plants, an education and study center, and a museum. Today, this twin monastery is a candidate for UNESCO’s World Heritage site classification.
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  5. General Overviews
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  7. Wearmouth-Jarrow’s importance derives from its Anglo-Saxon period, so citations here focus on aspects of that historical context. For those interested in later historical periods for these sites, the most accessible (if brief) coverage appears in Cramp 2005–2006, which is an excavation report. See also Modern Contexts and Interpretations. Because these monasteries were apparently mostly abandoned in the Viking period (likely the 9th century) until Norman times, most references in this section relate to the earlier half of the Anglo-Saxon period (6th to 9th, rather than 6th to 11th centuries). Primary texts Bede, et al. 1998 and Bede 1999 cover important abbots of the twin monastery as well as his famous Ecclesiastical History of Britain from Roman times through the 8th century and Christian conversion and expansion. The revised edition of Hunter Blair and Keynes’s classic history (Hunter Blair and Keynes 2003) narrates key information in a readable manner and is updated by Keynes to discuss the contributions of archaeology. Foot 2006 provides more focused coverage of monasteries and monastic life in the period, and Hawkes and Mills 1999 details the Northumbrian kingdom’s accomplishments at its height. For specifics on art and artifacts from the sites, Cramp 1984 covers sculptural remains for the counties of Durham and Northumberland while Cramp 2005–2006 discusses excavated remains of all types for both sites. Webster 2012 surveys and analyzes the development of Anglo-Saxon art and themes in various media, including a useful glossary of terms and giving context to finds from these two sites.
  8.  
  9. Bede, J. F. Webb, and D. H. Farmer. The Age of Bede. Translated by D. H. Farmer and J. F. Webb. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin, 1998.
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  11. Primary texts in accessible edition. Includes Bede’s Lives of the Abbots of Wearmouth and Jarrow, his life of Saint Cuthbert of Lindisfarne, anonymous Life of Abbot Ceolfrith, Eddius Stephanus’s Life of Wilfrid, The Voyage of St. Brendan. See also Grocock and Wood 2013 Latin, English translation under Religious Life.
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  13. Bede. The Ecclesiastical History of the English People. Edited by Judith McClure and Roger Collins. Translated by Bertram Colgrave. Oxford World’s Classics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
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  15. This is the most important text on early English history and conversion to Christianity, especially reliable for the North of England. Scholars depend on Bede for crucial detail and sources oral and written, while noting his limited southern sources and focus on history as salvation history. Latin: Historia Ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum.
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  17. Cramp, Rosemary. Corpus of Anglo-Saxon Stone Sculpture. County Durham and Northumberland. Vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984.
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  19. Includes all surviving Anglo-Saxon sculpture in these counties as of publication, placing Wearmouth-Jarrow’s materials in a regional context. All pieces are illustrated, described in detail, and discussed. Part of a series (abbreviated as CASSS, from the title above).
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  21. Cramp, Rosemary. Wearmouth and Jarrow Monastic Sites. 2 vols. Swindon, UK: English Heritage, 2005–2006.
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  23. Full archaeological and historical contexts for both sites, while post-medieval materials are summarized, archived. Volume 1 focuses on pre-16th-century contexts; selected documentary sources; and collected graphic depictions of the 16th to 20th centuries. Volume 2 contains specialist reports with discussion, and catalogues and illustrates material remains found (ecological remains, artifacts, human and animal bones).
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  25. Foot, Sarah. Monastic Life in Anglo-Saxon England c. 600–900. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
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  27. Divided into coverage of what goes on within the walls of minsters/monasteries and outside of them, with comprehensive coverage of terms, foundation and endowment, economic bases, religious vocation and daily life, dependencies, and relations with the laity. Engages current debates and gaps in knowledge. Extensive bibliography.
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  29. Hawkes, Jane, and Susan Mills, eds. Northumbria’s Golden Age. Stroud, UK: Sutton, 1999.
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  31. Wide-ranging collection of articles by major scholars covering archaeology and history, material culture, manuscripts, and Bede, in the first culturally dominant kingdom of the early Anglo-Saxons.
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  33. Hunter Blair, Peter, and Simon Keynes. An Introduction to Anglo-Saxon England. 3d ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
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  35. Classic work surveying history from the end of Roman Britain to the Norman Conquest, covering the church, government, economy, and letters (language, scholarship, texts). Keynes’s introduction updates the state of the field. Some graphics are no longer reliable (e.g., burials in southeast England date to 1966). Originally published 1956.
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  37. Webster, Leslie. Anglo-Saxon Art. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2012.
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  39. Accessible, up-to-date, richly illustrated, original in thought and organization. Especially useful aspects include how Anglo-Saxons read images, close discussion of Style I and II animal art, thematic links among periods and styles and between art and texts, Celtic and Eastern influences, and Anglo-Saxon cultural survival in early modern to Victorian contexts.
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  41. Material Remains
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  43. Included here are general references to material remains, before proceeding to subheadings on specific types, allowing for more in-depth coverage of remains frequently discussed. The key recent source for all types of material at Wearmouth Jarrow is the excavation report of Cramp 2005. The report covers material up to the end of the medieval period with some 17th- century finds included, as well as a brief discussion of post-Dissolution occupation (Volume 1, pp. 338–340). The site archives and nearly all finds for Jarrow are held by the Bede’s World Museum. Wearmouth’s finds are mainly in St. Peter’s Church and the Sunderland Museum. All others, along with the site archives, are kept by Tyne and Wear Museums Service, with a record of the excavations also found at the National Monuments Record, Swindon (Cramp 2005, p. 20). Because archaeology is the discipline that uncovers new material remains, Hamerow, et al. 2011 is a useful handbook with discussion of types of artifacts known, while Arnold 2000 uses archaeological theory and finds to reconstruct what we know of early kingdoms and their productions. Karkov 1999 reprints classic and useful basic readings on archaeological topics and sites, as well as two articles commissioned for the volume to document the state of knowledge at the time of publication.
  44.  
  45. Arnold, C. J. An Archaeology of the Early Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms. London: Routledge, 2000.
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  47. Dense, detailed coverage of how archaeology illuminates key debates and knowledge of daily life: migration theory; agriculture; topography of belief; exchange and trade; and kin, status, and identity. Especially useful is “Elusive craftspeople,” covering a wide range of artifacts and technologies producing them (pp. 67–99).
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  49. Cramp, Rosemary. Wearmouth and Jarrow Monastic Sites. Vol. 1. Swindon, UK: English Heritage, 2005.
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  51. For architectural remains, discussions, and reconstructions, consult Volume 1. It also contains a useful collection of maps, sketches, engravings, and photographs as Appendix B, “The Graphic Records.” For reports on types of archaeological finds (pottery, sculpture, bones, etc.) by specialists, consult Volume 2. Appendix H details the contents of the site archives.
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  53. Hamerow, Helena, David Hinton, and Sally Crawford, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Anglo-Saxon Archaeology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.
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  55. Wide-ranging collection featuring experts on all aspects of material culture, syntheses and discussions of debates, and methodologies. Covers physical findings (rural settlement, mortuary ritual, trade, body, and life course, etc.) as well as debated issues (identity, ethnicity, genes; signals of power; archaeology of religion; the place of archaeology in Anglo-Saxon Studies).
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  57. Karkov, Catherine E., ed. The Archaeology of Anglo-Saxon England: Basic Readings. Basic Readings in Anglo-Saxon England 7. New York: Garland, 1999.
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  59. Collected classic reprints on architecture, 5th and 6th centuries, Canterbury, church building, York, St. Oswald, etc. Two new commissioned articles: origins and trends for field of Anglo-Saxon archaeology (Kelley M. Wickham-Crowley, pp. 1–24) and Sutton Hoo’s recent excavator on “Exploring, Explaining, Imagining” archaeology in 1998 (Martin O.H. Carver, pp. 25–52).
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  61. Excavations
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  63. Most of what we know about the physical make-up of Wearmouth-Jarrow monastery in the Anglo-Saxon period comes from archaeological excavations in the 20th century. The earliest published record of limited excavations at Wearmouth is Anonymous 1862–1868. Several other small interventions and rescue excavations took place between 1959 and 1986; rescue excavations, staffed by volunteers, also took place at Wearmouth inside the church in 1970, 1972, and 1986, for which see Cramp 2005. Cramp 2005 is also the main source for a trial excavation at Jarrow by Eric Birley in 1934. He was brought in as a Roman archaeologist to test if the south bank had been Roman: it had not. Radford 1954 is a record of the author’s three-day trial excavation from north of Jarrow Church, finding a wall foundation that might be Saxon. Cramp 2005–2006 (cited under General Overviews) are the two volumes publishing her excavations between 1963 and the 1970s at Wearmouth and Jarrow. From 1973–1976, prior to the filling in of the old harbor Jarrow Slake for development, Christopher Morris looked for evidence of a southern perimeter there (Morris 2005). Speak 1998 covers excavations from 1989 to 1991 that may have uncovered the outer boundary of the monastery, though its date is early but unresolved. For comparison’s sake, included here is Hill 1997, which publishes the excavations of the monastic town of Whithorn and St. Ninian’s. Last, though not publishing an excavation proper, Turner, et al. 2013 provides petrological, laser-scan, and ground-penetrating radar evidence for the church sites as part of its study of the monasteries in their historic landscape.
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  65. Anonymous. “St Peter’s, Monkwearmouth” and “Church Reports, III: St. Peter’s Monkwearmouth.” Transactions of the Architectural and Archaeological Society of Durham and Northumberland 1 (1862–1868): 1–8, 141–144.
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  67. Coverage of early Wearmouth excavations done in 1866. Also discussed in Cramp 2005 (pp. 43–48) with Robson’s drawing of tower and Sewell’s drawing of excavation plan.
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  69. Cramp, Rosemary. “Excavations at the Saxon Monastic Sites of Wearmouth and Jarrow, Co. Durham: An Interim Report.” Medieval Archaeology 13 (1969): 21–66.
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  71. Though superseded by a full excavation report of 2005–2006, this interim report remains accessible for general understanding, useful for comparing evolving ideas about the sites between 1969 and 2005. Historical and archaeological contexts are included, plus discussion. Includes short specialist reports on wood and pollen, as well as pottery.
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  73. Cramp, Rosemary. Wearmouth and Jarrow Monastic Sites. Vol. 1. Swindon, UK: English Heritage, 2005.
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  75. Major publication of excavations by Cramp, covering rescue excavations from 1959 through late 1980s; mainly focused on 1963 into the early 1970s. Includes full historical context, discussion of architectural remains, and details of finds, including burials. See map of four modern excavation areas (1954 to 1991) for Jarrow in Volume 1.
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  77. Hill, Peter. Whithorn and St Ninian: The Excavation of a Monastic Town, 1984–91. Stroud, UK: Whithorn Trust/Sutton, 1997.
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  79. Early monastery/monastic town included here as a point of comparison, plus large-scale excavations of important northern British/Southern Scottish site, both similar to and unlike Wearmouth-Jarrow. Traditionally founded by Ninian (late 4th century), a Briton trained in Rome, and first mentioned by Bede as converting the southern Picts.
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  81. Morris, C. D. “The Boundaries of the Medieval Cell on the South: Jarrow Slake Excavations 1973–1976.” In Wearmouth and Jarrow Monastic Sites. Vol. 1. Edited by Rosemary Cramp, 317–337. Swindon, UK: English Heritage, 2005.
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  83. Excavations showed likely south medieval perimeter and no clear evidence of Anglo-Saxon monastery occupation despite some Saxon finds. Finds that substantial riverside wall was built perhaps as protection from River Don’s tidal flooding.
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  85. Radford, C. A. R. “Trial excavations at Jarrow, 1954.” Archaeological Journal 111 (1954): 205–209.
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  87. Brief rescue excavation uncovered foundation trench with pitched stone layer laid in straight line, some sixty-five feet north of the Saxon church now serving as chancel. Date is unknown; closest analogy given as Anglo-Saxon Jarrow. (Also see Cramp 2005, p. 169.) Sole excavation is close by on the north of the church.
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  89. Speak, S. “Excavations at Church Bank, Jarrow, 1989–91.” Archaeologia Aeliana 26.5 (1998): 59–85.
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  91. Details rescue excavations north of Jarrow Hall (c. 1785), itself north of the church. Possible line of Saxon vallum monasterium (monastery wall) enclosing twenty-five acres. Medieval settlement: lost village? Useful for the larger context of site, as Cramp’s excavations are all south of the church. Covers prehistoric times through to the Shell Oil site demolition. Extensive pottery report.
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  93. Turner, Sam, Sarah Semple, and Alex Turner. Wearmouth & Jarrow: Northumbrian Monasteries in an Historic Landscape. Hatfield, UK: University of Hertfordshire Press, 2013.
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  95. Responding to Cramp’s call to research what impact these monasteries had on societies around them, the authors consider historic landscape across time, with chapters on historic landscape, the sites themselves, new studies of surviving building materials (petrological, laser-scan, ground-penetrating radar surveys), and how these sites figure in contemporary local views.
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  97. Anglo-Saxon Architecture
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  99. Given the importance and complexity of Wearmouth-Jarrow’s standing and excavated remains, it seems helpful to provide a selected list of important sources on Anglo-Saxon architecture. The earliest traditions of architecture, before the influence of Christianity from Rome, were in wood. James, et al. 1984 is the classic study of how native British and Germanic influences join up in early medieval wooden buildings. Marshall and Marshall 1993 studies continuity and change in architecture in detailed specifics. The Taylors’ three volumes on Anglo-Saxon churches, mostly made of stone, can still function as a basic reference despite new evidence, and Volume 3 lays out general observations and forms (Taylor and Taylor 1965; Taylor 1978). Fernie 1983 takes issue with some of the Taylors’ work and usefully integrates Continental architectural trends alongside those of the Anglo-Saxons. Gem’s work (Gem 2004) over thirty years has built on, critiqued, and extended the Taylors’ work, especially in his studies of specific aspects of buildings, their periodization, and Continental developments. Wickham-Crowley 1998 provides an abbreviated introduction to the range of architecture in wood and stone, suitable for students and non-specialists. Rodwell 1986 and Rodwell 2012 both discuss decorative enhancements of church buildings, as well as structural elements transferred from carpentry to stone. See also Gittos 2013 (cited under Liturgy and Music) on liturgy, architecture, and sacred space.
  100.  
  101. Fernie, Eric. The Architecture of the Anglo-Saxons. London and New York: Holmes and Meier, 1983.
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  103. Two chapters ably cover wooden halls, houses, palaces, towns, and fortifications. Three more treat stone churches in five regions. Early Romanesque style in northern Europe sets up a discussion of Anglo-Saxon Romanesque crossings and decoration. Especially useful on the end of the Anglo-Saxon period and beyond, stressing the strength of Anglo-Saxon traditions.
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  105. Gem, Richard. Studies in Pre-Romanesque and Romanesque Architecture. London: Pindar, 2004.
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  107. Collection of previously published articles, mainly on church architecture. Volume 1 covers Anglo-Saxon architecture with consideration of Continental trends and influences.
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  109. James, S., A. Marshall, and M. Millett. “An Early Medieval Building Tradition.” Archaeological Journal 141 (1984): 182–215.
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  111. Seminal article for studying early medieval wooden architecture in Britain. Looks at native and Germanic forms and influences through archaeological evidence, showing a hybrid tradition with remarkably consistent form.
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  113. Marshall, Anne, and Garry Marshall. “Differentiation, Change, and Continuity in Anglo-Saxon Buildings.” Archaeological Journal 150 (1993): 366–402.
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  115. Comparative study on the evolution of Anglo-Saxon architectural forms. Very detailed survey, too dense to summarize, with extensive bibliography.
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  117. Rodwell, Warwick. “Anglo-Saxon Church Building: Aspects of Design and Construction.” In The Anglo-Saxon Church: Papers on History, Architecture, and Archaeology in Honour of Dr H.M. Taylor. CBA Research Report 60. Edited by L. A. S Butler and R. Morris, 156–175. London: Council for British Archaeology, 1986.
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  119. Details survival of carpentry techniques in stone building forms, using specific examples such as Barton-on-Humber and Earls Barton. Clear diagrams. See Rodwell 2012.
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  121. Rodwell, Warwick. “Appearances can be Deceptive: Building and Decorating Anglo-Saxon Churches.” Journal of the British Archaeological Association 165.1 (2012): 22–60.
  122. DOI: 10.1179/0068128812Z.0000000007Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  123. Argues that we underestimate the artistic effect and complexity of Anglo-Saxon architecture. Excellent update on knowledge accrued in recent decades regarding how churches looked. Amply illustrated to show enhancements of painting on buildings, windows and sculpture; imitations of carpentry techniques in stone; tiles; skin and iron on doors, etc.
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  125. Taylor, H. M., and J. Taylor. Anglo-Saxon Architecture 1, 2. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1965.
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  127. Though increasingly dated, this is still the compendium to consult for basic information on most Anglo-Saxon churches. Volumes 1 and 2 form a gazetteer of churches known in 1965.
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  129. Taylor, H. M. Anglo-Saxon Architecture 3. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1978.
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  131. Volume 3 covers architectural forms, methodology, dating in more detail and adds newly identified church examples as of 1978.
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  133. Wickham-Crowley, Kelley M. “Architecture, Anglo-Saxon.” In Medieval England: An Encyclopedia. Edited by Paul E. Szarmach, et al., 56–61. New York: Garland, 1998.
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  135. A starting point for an overview of wooden and stone, secular and religious architecture, with references. Covers early and late Anglo-Saxon periods. Encyclopedia also has individual entries on some of the larger churches.
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  137. Wearmouth-Jarrow Buildings
  138.  
  139. Over half the citations here are by the main excavator of the site, Rosemary Cramp, making it possible to see the evolution of her findings and thoughts. Cramp 1969 gave interim results, as it was already clear that the excavations would take much post-excavation work and specialized study. Cramp’s two 1976 reports usefully provide brief overviews and layouts for multiple periods a few years after the interim report. Cramp 1994 considers details of the sites in light of parallels to various contemporary sites in Europe. Cramp 2005 has comprehensive coverage of the pre-16th-century findings on the buildings found at the two sites. The remaining three references help to fill out the understanding of contexts. Hawkes 2003 emphasizes the choice to build in stone and the impact, aesthetic and ideological, that such a choice had in a landscape of mainly wooden architecture. McClendon 2005 usefully surveys early medieval architecture in Europe but discusses, in chapter 4, the architectural effects of conversion in Anglo-Saxon England. Parsons 1994 fills in some gaps in architectural survivals of churches by mining textual evidence in Latin sources.
  140.  
  141. Cramp, Rosemary. “Excavations at the Saxon Monastic Sites of Wearmouth and Jarrow, Co. Durham: An Interim Report.” Medieval Archaeology 13 (1969): 21–66.
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  143. Each site is described separately, with full plans concerning the south of churches, at the intermediary stage of thinking about them. Full publication comes later in Cramp 2005. Succinct history.
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  145. Cramp, Rosemary. “Proceedings: Jarrow Church.” Archaeological Journal 133 (1976): 220–228.
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  147. Brief and accessible overview of Jarrow history and physical evolution of site just after the main excavations concluded. Includes plans of Saxon, two medieval, and 18th-century layouts.
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  149. Cramp, Rosemary. “Proceedings: Monkwearmouth Church.” Archaeological Journal 133 (1976): 230–237.
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  151. Succinct summary of Wearmouth history and plans of five periods, published just after the main excavations finished. Layouts include two Saxon plans, Norman plans, and two medieval period plans.
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  153. Cramp, Rosemary. “Monkwearmouth and Jarrow in their Continental Context.” In ‘Churches Built in Ancient Times’: Recent Studies in Early Christian Archaeology. Society of Antiquaries of London Occasional Paper 16. By Rosemary Cramp, 279–294. London: Society of Antiquaries of London, 1994.
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  155. Less an overview and more concerned with how details echo or evoke those in Continental sites. Discusses supporting economies, though not with an eye to possible trade with sites named. Note error in the title on contents page (“European” for “Continental”).
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  157. Cramp, Rosemary. Wearmouth and Jarrow Monastic Sites. Vol. 1. Swindon, UK: English Heritage, 2005.
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  159. Most complete source for Anglo-Saxon and medieval evidence and plans at Wearmouth and Jarrow. Based on excavations in the 1960s and 1970s, with copious photographs and plans. Comparison of main monastic layouts (chapter 24) for Wearmouth and Jarrow with major sites of their time (e.g., Whithorn, Glastonbury).
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  161. Hawkes, Jane. “‘Iuxta Morem Romanorum’: Stone and Sculpture in the Style of Rome.” In Anglo-Saxon Styles. Edited by George Hardin Brown and Catherine E. Karkov, 69–99. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2003.
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  163. Argues that style in early Anglo-Saxon period was indistinguishable from meaning. Shows why the choice to build in stone consciously evoked the symbolism of Rome, its empire, and its centralized church, as well as its successful implantation in England. Buildings covered (pp. 69–76) include Canterbury, Wearmouth-Jarrow, Ripon, Hexham, and York.
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  165. McClendon, Charles B. The Origins of Medieval Architecture: Building in Europe, A.D. 600–900. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005.
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  167. Chapter 4, “The Christianization of Anglo-Saxon England,” has substantial discussion of Biscop and Wearmouth-Jarrow (pp. 72–84), within broader coverage. Well illustrated, clearly written, and accessible.
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  169. Parsons, David. “Books and Buildings: Architectural Description Before and After Bede (Jarrow Lecture 1987).” In Bede and His World: The Jarrow Lectures, 1979–1993. Vol. 2. Edited by Michael Lapidge, 729–774. Aldershot, UK: Variorum, 1994.
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  171. Considers buildings in landscape, fortified and hilltop sites for churches, water supplies, building design and materials, re-use of ancient monuments in light of references in poetry, history, Adamnan’s De Locis Sanctis. Appendix of all Latin texts. Shows value of using texts alongside material concerns.
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  173. Sculpture
  174.  
  175. Anglo-Saxon sculpture as a field has taken a great leap forward since the founding of the Corpus of Anglo-Saxon Stone Sculpture (CASSS) by Rosemary Cramp. She first published on sculpture in a 1965 Jarrow Lecture covering early Northumbrian sculpture and linking stone sculpture to Christianity’s stone churches (Cramp 1994). She published the first volume in CASSS (1984) on the sculpture of Durham and Northumberland, including Wearmouth-Jarrow, and her system for uniform description in the CASSS series was separately published in 1991. Turning to those who created the sculpture, Bailey 1996 looks at the earliest sculptors, their iconographies, and their influences. Finally, Hawkes addresses basic methodologies and disciplinary views in two essays. Hawkes 2003 discusses how to “read” a material object such as sculpture that has changed so much over many years. Hawkes 2009 addresses how disciplinary training changes what we see, surveying Victorian origins of art-historical and archaeological approaches. Both articles are informative for students and stimulating for scholars, which is a rare combination.
  176.  
  177. Bailey, Richard N. England’s Earliest Sculptors. Publications of the Dictionary of Old English 5. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1996.
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  179. Stimulating, readable discussion of four main influences on Anglo-Saxon sculpture: Christian Mediterranean, Merovingian-Carolingian, Scandinavian, native English. Numerous clear drawings. Chapter 1 features “Approaches and Pitfalls”; augmentation of sculpture by paint, metal attachments, candles; chapter 5 covers forms in the south after the Benedictine Reforms; and chapter 7 looks at evidence for specific sculptors.
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  181. Brown, George Hardin, and Catherine E. Karkov, eds. Anglo-Saxon Styles. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2003.
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  183. Collection on style in theory and in multiple media, from texts to material culture. Two essays focus on sculpture: Orton on Ruthwell, Bewcastle monuments and Hawkes on symbolism, meaning of stone use for sculpture (see Wearmouth-Jarrow Buildings).
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  185. Cramp, Rosemary. Corpus of Anglo-Saxon Stone Sculpture. Vol. 1, County Durham and Northumberland. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984.
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  187. First volume of series meant to document all known surviving Anglo-Saxon sculpture. Describes system of forms and terms used for all volumes. Details and photographs all pieces in Durham, Northumberland, placing Wearmouth-Jarrow finds alongside wider regional evidence. Corpus is abbreviated as CASSS.
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  189. Cramp, Rosemary. A Grammar of Anglo-Saxon Ornament: A General Introduction to the Corpus of Anglo-Saxon Stone Sculpture. Oxford: Oxford University Press for the British Academy, 1991.
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  191. Lays out system for classifying sculpture by forms, shapes, and decoration. Discussion of dating methods, carving techniques, epigraphy. Extensive line drawings to clarify terms and types. Originally part of first Corpus volume (Cramp 1984), then published separately for reference. Common system for all volumes of CASSS.
  192. Find this resource:
  193. Cramp, Rosemary. “Early Northumbrian Sculpture (Jarrow Lecture 1965).” In Bede and His World: The Jarrow Lectures 1958–1978. Vol. 1. By Rosemary Cramp, 133–152. Aldershot, UK: Variorum, 1994.
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  195. Important early thoughts by creator of CASSS. Argues that high-relief carving developed secondarily alongside using stone for building. Looks at foreign workmanship, pieces claimed as earliest sculptures, artistic influences, and communication among monastic centers. “Love of earlier Christian culture . . . produced that special contribution from the British Isles” (p. 151).
  196. Find this resource:
  197. Hawkes, Jane. “Reading Stone.” In Theorizing Anglo-Saxon Sculpture. Edited by Catherine E. Karkov and Fred Orton, 5–30. Medieval European Studies 4. Morgantown: West Virginia University Press, 2003.
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  199. Excellent essay uses northern cross at Sandbach to explain what it means to “read” sculpture. Discusses 19th-century “historians,” modern “types”: readers of style, motif; iconographers of sources; and iconographers of significances. Compares how Anglo-Saxon readers would read sculpture with how moderns read it: e.g., brightly colored paint and metal attachments would eliminate ambiguity moderns see in bare stone.
  200. Find this resource:
  201. Hawkes, Jane. “Studying Early Christian Sculpture in England and Ireland: The Object of Art History or Archaeology?” In Anglo-Saxon/Irish Relations before the Vikings. Edited by James Graham-Campbell and Michael Ryan, 397–408. London: British Academy, 2009.
  202. DOI: 10.5871/bacad/9780197264508.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  203. Focuses on issues of methodology by looking at the origins of typological and symbolic analyses in 19th-century scholarship. Usefully contextualizes evolution of approaches to sculpture through two major disciplines.
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  205. Glass
  206.  
  207. Wearmouth and Jarrow have produced the largest surviving collection of window glass in Britain, as well as finds of glass vessels and millefiori, produced by fusing colored glass rods together to create a mosaic effect when sliced. Cramp 1970 discusses some of the earliest finds of leaded window glass and uses for the millefiori pieces found at both sites. Cramp 1975 gives a general overview of window glass found at Wearmouth, raising difficulties encountered in thinking about the finds in post-excavation work. The final excavation report on Wearmouth-Jarrow (Cramp 2006) catalogues and analyzes window and vessel glass in specialist reports. Several other works are useful for overviews and comprehensive surveys of material for comparison. Cramp 2001 looks at sites yielding window glass in the early British Isles. Price 2000 collects a range of specialized articles on various glass artifacts in the regions of Britain and Ireland. Evison publishes the British Museum collection of glass vessels online, with full discussion of its forms, composition, and production. Finally, a 2013 exhibit catalogue (Cramp 2013) looks at the effects of color and light in early architecture: from artificial sources, including glass lamps, and from light filtered through windows.
  208.  
  209. Cramp, Rosemary. “Decorated Window-glass and Millefiori from Monkwearmouth.” Antiquaries Journal 50 (1970): 327–335.
  210. DOI: 10.1017/S0003581500031942Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  211. Publishes on glass found in 1969 still within lead cames, some decorated to give the effect of alabaster or feathering. Considered with other window glass found; millefiori rods and settings such as used in hanging bowl escutcheons and jewelry; there is also a discussion of these examples. Jarrow millefiori rod and workshop are mentioned, as is the Irish evidence.
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  213. Cramp, Rosemary. “Window Glass from the Monastic Site of Jarrow: Problems of Interpretation.” Journal of Glass Studies 17 (1975): 88–96.
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  215. Glass in Buildings A, B, and D raises issues and problems: lack of precise color terms, questions about whether some small quarries found are window glass, how elaborate windows in Building D fit with later use as workshop, and Cramp’s contentious figural window reconstruction, now generally accepted.
  216. Find this resource:
  217. Cramp, Rosemary. “Window Glass from the British Isles 7th–10th Century.” In Il colore nel medioevo: Arte, simbolo, tecnica. La vetrata in occidente dal IV all;XI secolo. Collana di Studie sul Colore 3. Edited by Francesca Dell’Acqua and Romano Silva, 67–86. Lucca, Italy: Instituto Storico Lucchese, 2001.
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  219. Full survey of sites producing window glass and nature of finds. Considers glass settings and compositions.
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  221. Cramp, Rosemary. Wearmouth and Jarrow Monastic Sites. Vol. 2. Swindon, UK: English Heritage, 2006.
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  223. Includes discussions and specialist reports of Anglo-Saxon window glass at both sites, its chemical analysis and color chemistry (Brill), and origins of the Jarrow glass, plus later medieval finds (pp. 56–161). Roman, Anglo-Saxon, and medieval vessel glass are also discussed (pp. 313–324).
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  225. Cramp, Rosemary. Kaleidoscope: Colour and Light in the World of Bede. Jarrow, UK: Bede’s World, 2013.
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  227. Small catalogue featuring a discussion of the exhibition at Bede’s World Museum 2013. Wearmouth-Jarrow produced the most (and most colorful) window glass finds of any site in Britain. Exhibit demonstrates range and effects of light and glass in early buildings, religious and secular, including Byzantine influences and reconstructed windows.
  228. Find this resource:
  229. Evison, Vera I. A Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Glass Vessels in the British Museum. Research Publication 167. London: British Museum, 2008.
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  231. Useful comparative materials. Manufacture, chronology, provenance, chemical analysis, vessel types, full catalogue of museum holdings, with essay (Freestone, Hughes, and Stapleton) on composition, production of Anglo-Saxon glass. High-quality illustrative plates in color, black and white.
  232. Find this resource:
  233. Price, Jennifer, ed. Glass in Britain and Ireland AD 350–1100. British Museum Occasional Paper 127. London: British Museum, 2000.
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  235. Wide-ranging specialist collection includes work by Hirst on Anglo-Saxon glass beads, Henderson on Irish glass, Campbell on glass vessels in western Britain and Ireland (400 to 800), and Evison on English glass, 400–1000.
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  237. Miscellaneous
  238.  
  239. Several categories of artifacts enlarge our understanding of the Wearmouth-Jarrow sites but do not have extensive bibliographies of their own. Selections here were chosen to give a range of additional finds. So Cramp 1986 discusses such items as church furniture, surviving rarely and in stone, an example of which was found at Jarrow. Cramp 2006 contains the major excavation’s detailed special reports on personal possessions and pottery, among others, at both sites. Cramp and Cronyn 1990 describes colored plaster and decoration from Wearmouth-Jarrow, in advance of another report in Cramp 2006. Higgitt 1979 gives the most extensive study of the famous Jarrow dedication inscription now over the chancel arch, while Okasha 2003 looks at whether and how words are separated in a variety of inscriptions, including Jarrow’s, and what it suggests about audience. Meyvaert 1979 and Ó Carragáin 2009 both consider the accounts of Benedict Biscop and his acquisition of paintings and icons for his foundation in Bede’s History of the Abbots, to reconstruct what they might have depicted and what their religious and spiritual contexts were. Morris 1982 discusses the technology of lathes, a vital early wood- and stone-working tool, especially important in light of the many Wearmouth-Jarrow lathe-turned stone balusters.
  240.  
  241. Cramp, Rosemary. “The Furnishing and Sculptural Decoration of Anglo-Saxon Churches.” In The Anglo-Saxon Church: Papers on History, Architecture, and Archaeology in Honour of Dr. H.M. Taylor. CBA Research Report 60. Edited by L. A. S. Butler and Richard K. Morris, 101–104. London: Council for British Archaeology, 1986.
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  243. Brief discussion of evidence for items such as stone seats for bishops/abbots and how churches would have been much more fully embellished with sculptural additions.
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  245. Cramp, Rosemary. Wearmouth and Jarrow Monastic Sites. Vol. 2. Swindon, UK: English Heritage, 2006.
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  247. Coins, personal and domestic possessions (brooches, pins, thimbles, styli, book clasps, keys and locks, etc.), bone and antler objects, iron, textiles, pottery, stone vessels, structural materials (lead, roof flags, tile, etc.) and more are discussed and detailed in this excavation report, building a picture of who lived here.
  248. Find this resource:
  249. Cramp, Rosemary, and Jane M. Cronyn. “Anglo-Saxon Polychrome Plaster and Other Materials from the Excavations of Monkwearmouth and Jarrow: An Interim Report.” In Early Medieval Wall Painting and Painted Sculpture in England. Edited by Sharon Cather, David Park, and Paul Williamson, 17–30. BAR British Series 216. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, 1990.
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  251. Separate publication whose materials are cited and used also in the later excavation report of Cramp 2006, where polychrome plasters are discussed (pp. 6–18), reconstructed designs appear, and distribution is plotted on site maps.
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  253. Higgitt, J. “The Dedication Inscription at Jarrow and its Context.” Antiquaries Journal 59.2 (1979): 343–374.
  254. DOI: 10.1017/S0003581500079762Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  255. Extensive discussion of the famous inscription dating Jarrow’s basilica dedication to 23 April 685. Historical contexts, paleographical discussion, comparison to other Wearmouth-Jarrow inscriptions and manuscripts as well as Continental examples, liturgical calendars, papal documents. Characterized as “Roman” rather than Insular.
  256. Find this resource:
  257. Meyvaert, Paul. “Bede and the Church Paintings at Wearmouth-Jarrow.” Anglo-Saxon England 8 (1979): 63–77.
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  259. Considers what can be learned from Bede’s comments on Benedict Biscop’s purchases of icons and the paintings for embellishing Wearmouth-Jarrow. Sources are Bede’s History of the Abbots and his homily on Benedict Biscop; for translations, see Grocock and Wood 2013, cited under Bede, the Venerable Bede, Saint Bede
  260. Find this resource:
  261. Morris, C. A. “Aspects of Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Scandinavian Lathe-turning.” In Woodworking Techniques Before AD 1500. Edited by Sean McGrail, 245–261. BAR International Series 129. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, 1982.
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  263. Given the large number of stone, lathe-turned balusters found at Wearmouth, and twenty-six more at Jarrow probably forming a balustrade, this article usefully examines a technology common in the early churches on these sites. Finds discussed in Cramp 2006, pp. 185–191.
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  265. Ó Carragáin, Éamonn. “The Wearmouth Icon of the Virgin (A.D. 679): Christological, Liturgical, and Iconographic Contexts.” In Poetry, Place, and Gender: Studies in Medieval Culture in Honor of Helen Damico. Edited by Catherine Karkov, 13–37. Kalamazoo, MI: Medieval Institute, 2009.
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  267. Focuses on one icon brought back by Benedict Biscop from his travels, detailing the religious symbolism and significance to believers.
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  269. Okasha, Elisabeth. “Spaces Between Words: Word Separation in Anglo-Saxon Inscriptions.” In The Cross Goes North: Processes of Conversion in Northern Europe, AD 300–1300. Edited by Martin Carver, 339–349. York, UK: York Medieval Press, 2003.
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  271. Building on Paul Saenger’s argument that spaces in writing allow for faster reading, this short piece usefully comments on Jarrow’s dedication inscription as well as comparable pieces. Considers manuscript evidence versus inscriptions and differences in audience.
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  273. Anglo-Saxon Monastic Contexts
  274.  
  275. Early monasteries were far less regular and alike than later medieval examples, reflecting the many influences of Irish, Roman, Mediterranean, and Continental cultures as well as the variations on Rules such as that of St. Benedict of Nursia (a Rule or regula lays out precepts on how to order daily monastic life). Works here highlight larger or general contexts. Cramp 1994 and its 1999 reprint thus place Wearmouth-Jarrow alongside details of Continental monastic examples. Foot 2006 is the best and most detailed study of what we do and do not know about early monasticism in Anglo-Saxon England. McClendon 2005 as a whole traces early architecture both in Britain and on the Continent, with chapter 8 on the monastic ideal treating material and spiritual concerns alongside each other. Wood 2007 discusses a wide range of political, historical, and religious contexts for reading “fragments of Northumbria” and monastic foundations in particular as more variable than assumed.
  276.  
  277. Cramp, Rosemary. “Monkwearmouth and Jarrow in their Continental Context.” In ‘Churches Built in Ancient Times’: Recent Studies in Early Christian Archaeology. By Rosemary Cramp, 279–294. Society of Antiquaries of London Occasional Paper 16. London: Society of Antiquaries of London, 1994.
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  279. Looks at plans of Wearmouth-Jarrow and what we can learn about supporting economies. Comparisons made with Roman and Continental sites (Lorsch, Jumièges, St. Riquier, Luxeuil, San Vincenzo al Volturno, etc.) for aspects of form, difference. Production sites seen as unhelpful in determining subsistence or surplus production in economies.
  280. Find this resource:
  281. Foot, Sarah. Monastic Life in Anglo-Saxon England c. 600–900. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
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  283. Covers issues in studying early monastic life and the spiritual, material, and social details we have. Excellent source for state of knowledge, general, and specific information.
  284. Find this resource:
  285. McClendon, Charles B. The Origins of Medieval Architecture: Building in Europe, A.D. 600–900. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005.
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  287. Chapter 8, “The Monastic Realm: Ideal and Reality,” looks at how views on monastic aims influenced the changes in monastic architecture. Brief history of Roman building, Merovingian Gaul, sites such as Lorsch Altenmünster, Centula St. Riquier, Fulda, San Vincenzo al Volturno, St. Gall. Readable and well illustrated with plans.
  288. Find this resource:
  289. Wood, Ian. “Fragments of Northumbria.” In Fragments of History: Rethinking the Ruthwell and Bewcastle Monuments. Edited by Fred Orton and Ian Wood with Clare A. Lees, 105–130. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 2007.
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  291. Helpfully cautious about what we do not know regarding early Northumbrian history and monastic foundations. Interesting discussion of Bede’s disparaging comments and fears regarding less-than-regular monasteries, allowing that “Bede’s bogus monasteries” might have been important in the development of sculptured crosses in the North of England.
  292. Find this resource:
  293. Religious Life
  294.  
  295. Listed are general works about aspects of living as a Christian and a monastic in Anglo-Saxon England. Some mixed version of Saint Benedict’s Rule (Benedict 2011) would have been observed at Wearmouth and Jarrow. Grocock and Wood 2013 is a new translation and edition of basic primary texts on important religious figures at Wearmouth and Jarrow, three by Bede, with a wide-ranging contextual discussion. Foot 2006 looks at the full contexts of monastic life between 600 and 900. McClendon 2005 surveys early architecture, mainly religious, and important religious leaders and builders. Clayton 1990 studies the extent and kinds of devotion to the Virgin Mary in Anglo-Saxon England. Ó Carragáin 2005 is an immensely learned treatment of the Ruthwell sculptured cross and Old English crucifixion narratives concerning the Cult of the Cross in Roman and Anglo-Saxon contexts.
  296.  
  297. Benedict, Saint, Abbot of Monte Cassino. The Rule of Saint Benedict. Edited by Bruce L. Venarde. Translated by Bruce L. Venarde. Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library 6. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011.
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  299. Facing-page translation of the most influential early Rule for monastic life and discipline. A cautionary note: Benedict Biscop knew seventeen monasteries and brought back their versions of the Rule from his travels, indicating how adapted and adaptable it was in early monastic centers (referred to as a regula mixta, “mixed Rule”).
  300. Find this resource:
  301. Clayton, Mary. The Cult of the Virgin Mary in Anglo-Saxon England. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
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  303. A study of Mary as the particular focus of Anglo-Saxon religious devotion, including importation of important Roman feast days, likelihood of Marian hymns from John the Archcantor, Alcuin’s antiphons to Mary.
  304. Find this resource:
  305. Foot, Sarah. Monastic Life in Anglo-Saxon England c. 600–900. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
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  307. Outlines problems in studying early monastic life. Discusses monastic ideals, daily life, how monasteries/minsters were made, maintained, and funded, relations within monasteries and with the outside world. Straightforward engagement with debated issues.
  308. Find this resource:
  309. Grocock, Christopher, and I. N. Wood, eds. Abbots of Wearmouth and Jarrow. Translated by Christopher Grocock and I. N. Wood. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.
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  311. Includes Latin and translation of Bede’s History of the Abbots of Wearmouth and Jarrow (Historia Abbatum), Letter to Bishop Ecgbert, Homily I.13 on Biscop’s life, plus the anonymous Life of Ceolfrid.
  312. Find this resource:
  313. McClendon, Charles B. The Origins of Medieval Architecture: Building in Europe, A.D. 600–900. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005.
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  315. See comments on McClendon under Wearmouth-Jarrow Buildings and Anglo-Saxon Monastic Contexts.
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  317. Ó Carragáin, Éamonn. Ritual and the Rood: Liturgical Images and the Old English poems of the “Dream of the Rood” Tradition. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2005.
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  319. Beginning with iconographical program on the Ruthwell Cross and Old English crucifixion poetry, this is a magisterial study of their liturgical, religious significances and allusions. Extensive discussions of Lent, Holy Week, Easter contexts; adaptation of Roman liturgy by local Ruthwell community; the Old English poem “Dream of the Rood [cross]”; and the Brussels Reliquary Cross.
  320. Find this resource:
  321. Religious Cultural Production
  322.  
  323. While many cultural artifacts produced in the monastic contexts of Wearmouth and Jarrow were covered in listings such as Glass and Sculpture, Cramp 1967 and Cramp 2006 are provided here.
  324.  
  325. Cramp, Rosemary. The Monastic Arts of Northumbria, An Exhibition Organized by the Arts Council of Great Britain and the North Eastern Association for the Arts. London: Arts Council of Great Britain, 1967.
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  327. A thirty-two-page illustrated catalogue for the exhibition, collected to highlight artistic productions of Northumbrian monastic centers in the early days of the Wearmouth-Jarrow excavations.
  328. Find this resource:
  329. Cramp, Rosemary. Wearmouth and Jarrow Monastic Sites. Vol. 2. Swindon, UK: English Heritage, 2006.
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  331. See Material Remains: Miscellaneous for the finds not covered as full separate categories of material remains.
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  333. Library and Manuscripts
  334.  
  335. What books Wearmouth-Jarrow possessed or consulted and what the Wearmouth-Jarrow scribes produced are enduring interests of Anglo-Saxon scholars, hence the pairing in this heading. Lapidge 2005 addresses how to reconstruct Anglo-Saxon libraries from the evidence that survives. Grocock 2013 looks at the economic cost of providing parchment to Northumbrian scriptoria (the spaces where manuscripts and codices were copied and created). Schipper 2003 discusses the differences in how Latin and Old English texts were laid out on the page. Brown 2003 discusses Anglo-Saxon paleography and the term “house style” to show the strengths and pitfalls of the concept. Turning to the Codex Amiatinus, Wearmouth-Jarrow’s most famous manuscript, several authors look at what individual aspects of manuscripts can tell us. Bruce-Mitford 1994 considers its art, style, and colors as copying a Mediterranean model. O’Reilly 2001 looks at two key illustrations in the Codex Amiatinus, detailing how and why they depict different levels of scriptural interpretation in Amiatinus. Beall 2005 gives the first work solely focused on the Codex Amiatinus’ canon tables and what they might tell of manuscript sources. Meyvaert 2006 uses how the Codex Amiatinus manuscript was put together to read for possible debates on editorial choices and practice.
  336.  
  337. Beall, Barbara Apelian. “Entry Point to the Scriptorium Bede Knew at Wearmouth and Jarrow: The Canon Tables of the Codex Amiatinus.” In Bède le Vénérable entre tradition et posterité. Edited by Stéphane Lebecq, Michel Perrin and Olivier Szerwiniack, 187–197. Villeneuve d’Ascq, France: CEGES, Université Charles-de-Gaulle, Lille III, 2005.
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  339. Argues for adapted hybridization of Latin Vulgate tables with model connected to Greek series and suggests lost pandect of Cassiodorus’ scriptorium, a reasonable possibility.
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  341. Brown, Michelle. “House Style in the Scriptorium, Scribal Reality, and Scholarly Myth.” In Anglo-Saxon Styles. Edited by George Hardin Brown and Catherine E. Karkov, 131–150. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2003.
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  343. Useful discussion of paleographical “house style” as the product of three aspects—scriptorium, scribal reality, scholarly invention—while hoping for “scholarly reality.” Fully illustrated, with close discussion of Wearmouth-Jarrow style, 139–144.
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  345. Bruce-Mitford, Rupert L. S. “The Art of the Codex Amiatinus (Jarrow Lecture 1967).” In Bede and His World: The Jarrow Lectures, 1958–1978. Vol. 1. Edited by Michael Lapidge, 185–234. Aldershot, UK: Variorum, 1994.
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  347. Still a fine study of “native assimilation” of Mediterranean style and coloration in Codex Amiatinus, though its assessment of “inferior” aspects of imitation do not necessarily hold in current thought. The author sees it as important in transmission of iconography, ideas, and techniques to manuscripts such as Lindisfarne Gospels.
  348. Find this resource:
  349. Grocock, Christopher. “Books and Kings: Some Thoughts on the Economic Demands on the Medieval Economy Made by the Provision of Parchment for Scriptoria in the Anglo-Saxon World in Early Medieval Northumbria.” In Royal Authority in Anglo-Saxon England. Edited by Gale R. Owen-Crocker and Brian W. Schneider, 75–85. BAR British Series 584. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2013.
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  351. As the title describes.
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  353. Lapidge, Michael. The Anglo-Saxon Library. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
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  355. Covers lost libraries of classical Antiquity and Anglo-Saxon England using surviving evidence of inventories, manuscripts, and citations to reconstruct Latin libraries. Five appendices of inventories, manuscript lists from area of Anglo-Saxon mission to Germany, Continental books of Anglo-Saxon provenance, and Latin texts mentioned by Anglo-Saxon writers. Catalogue of works predating 700.
  356. Find this resource:
  357. Meyvaert, Paul. “Dissension in Bede’s Community Shown by a Quire of Codex Amiatinus.” Revue bénédictine 116 (2006): 295–309.
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  359. Close manuscript study prompts Meyvaert to posit controversy. Codex Amiatinus quires were divided up simultaneously among scribes; he sees Bede as intervening over whether one scribe’s introductory quire emphasized Jerome sufficiently. Not all read this evidence alike, as Meyvaert concedes in postscript to his collected essays from 2008.
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  361. O’Reilly, Jennifer. “The Library of Scripture: Views from Vivarium and Wearmouth-Jarrow.” In New Offerings, Ancient Treasures: Studies in Medieval Art for George Henderson. Edited by Paul Binski and William Noel, 3–39. Stroud, UK: Sutton, 2001.
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  363. Dense study of Cassiodorus’s portrait and depiction of the Tabernacle in Codex Amiatinus showing their exegetical functions for readers. Extensive coverage of patristic commentary connects Old Testament figures and symbols and ongoing divine revelation through transmission of the Gospels to the Codex, its creator Ceolfrid, and inner meanings of diagrams.
  364. Find this resource:
  365. Schipper, William. “Style and Layout of Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts.” In Anglo-Saxon Styles. Edited by George Hardin Brown and Catherine E. Karkov, 151–168. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2003.
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  367. Though it argues for innovation in vernacular text layout dating from Alfred’s time on, this is a useful article for discussing how manuscript pages were designed and why. Latin texts were in columns; vernacular texts used long lines that were easier to lay out (speed) and distinctively English, both in keeping with Alfred’s translation program.
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  369. Liturgy and Music
  370.  
  371. Liturgy (public religious worship) and music were crucial if non-material products of monastic life that often varied according to region or occasion. Several early abbots of Wearmouth-Jarrow, notably Benedict Biscop and Ceolfrid, had deep interests in both. Gittos 2013 shows how study of physical space and modes of worship can enlighten us on how people embodied and performed their faith: this is a very fine interdisciplinary effort. Ó Carragáin 2005 places liturgy and exegesis at the heart of understanding contexts for monastic sculpture and religious poetry, and in a lengthy study covers much detail of Roman and Anglo-Saxon practices. For an excellent student-friendly introduction to liturgical verse, see Keefer 2010, especially her opening comments and editions of poems. Milfull 1996 serves as an 11th-century collection of glossed Latin hymns that gives a range of possible examples known earlier. Finally, Haines 2008 publishes an intriguing musical fragment that may be connected to Wearmouth-Jarrow and quite early. See also Hughes 1994 (cited under Norman Restoration, the Cells of Durham, and After) and Rowley 2011 (cited under Bede, the Venerable Bede, Saint Bede).
  372.  
  373. Gittos, Helen. Liturgy, Architecture and Sacred Places in Anglo-Saxon England. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.
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  375. Excellent study covers creating sacred spaces in landscape, open-air processions, church forms and functions, dedication rites, and finally a case study considering space in front of a main entrance as a “machine for thinking” (borrowing Carruthers’s phrase); with appendix discussing liturgical manuscripts and texts. Illustrated with photographs and plans.
  376. Find this resource:
  377. Haines, John. “A Musical Fragment from Anglo-Saxon England.” Early Music 36 (2008): 219–229.
  378. DOI: 10.1093/em/can036Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  379. Covers neumes (musical notation), c. 750, in copy of Cassiodorus’s Expositio Psalmorum (Exposition on the Psalms), likely done at Wearmouth-Jarrow.
  380. Find this resource:
  381. Keefer, Sarah Larratt. Old English Liturgical Verse: A Student Edition. Peterborough, UK: Broadview, 2010.
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  383. Accessible introduction to the topic. Discusses needed renaming of poetry to highlight liturgical aspects, so Psalm 50 becomes Kentish Miserere because it is understood as David’s hymn of contrition over impregnating Bathsheba. Provides texts for Lord’s Prayers, baptismal creed, doxologies, and a variety of Old English poetry such as the Kentish prayers. Old English glossary included.
  384. Find this resource:
  385. Milfull, Inge B. The Hymns of the Anglo-Saxon Church: A Study and Edition of the Durham Hymnal. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
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  387. Critical edition and translation of 11th-century Latin manuscript with Old English glosses, likely containing materials used over centuries. Discussion covers transmission, liturgical use, musical notation, sources.
  388. Find this resource:
  389. Ó Carragáin, Éamonn. Ritual and the Rood: Liturgical Images and the Old English Poems of the Dream of the Rood Tradition. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2005.
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  391. Extensive, masterful coverage of Lent, Holy Week, and Easter liturgical contexts and symbolism while studying the Ruthwell Cross, other artifacts, and Old English crucifixion poetry.
  392. Find this resource:
  393. Bones and Demographics
  394.  
  395. With human bone evidence, we confront what the remains of those who inhabited our sites can tell us of their physical lives. Animal bones similarly can reveal what was harvested, eaten, traded, or raised by the monastery. At Wearmouth-Jarrow, remains of men, women, and children were buried, though the monasteries themselves were male only, unlike double monasteries of the time. Included here then are some general references for bone study as well as those specifically concerned with Wearmouth-Jarrow finds. Brothwell 1981 remains a classic reference for archaeological finds of human bones, supplemented by Mays 2010 as a more recent resource. Wilson, et al. 1982 provides general reference material for animal bone study. In an essay addressing methods within disciplines, Cramp 1983 discusses what archaeologists need from pathologists who study human remains and ancient disease. For Wearmouth-Jarrow finds, Wells 2000 offers detailed summaries and charts on human remains and pathology (though the title and initial part are in French, the bulk of the article is in English). Wells 1979 published an unusual example of a female dwarf burial. Finally, the full publication and catalogue of human remains at both monastic sites is Anderson, et al. 2006 in Volume 2 of Cramp 2005–2006 (cited under General Overviews), and of animal remains by Noddle and Stallibrass 2006 in the same source.
  396.  
  397. Anderson, Sue, Calvin Wells, and David Birkett. “The Human Skeletal Remains.” In Wearmouth and Jarrow Monastic Sites. Edited by Rosemary Cramp, 481–545. Vol. 2. Swindon, UK: English Heritage, 2006.
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  399. Includes discussion of findings and a detailed catalogue of all human remains (pp. 503–545), and Appendix D, the burial catalogues (pp. 598–624).
  400. Find this resource:
  401. Brothwell, Don R. Digging up Bones: The Excavation, Treatment and Study of Human Skeletal Remains. 3d rev. ed. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1981.
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  403. Standard reference for archaeologists and excavators, and one read closely by Cramp as excavator of Wearmouth-Jarrow. See Cramp 1983.
  404. Find this resource:
  405. Cramp, Rosemary. “The Archaeologist’s View—General.” In Disease in Ancient Man: An International Symposium. Edited by Gerald D. Hart and Nigel Legg, 11–20. Toronto: Clarke Irwin, 1983.
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  407. From archaeologist’s perspective, addresses limitations of pathology. Archaeologistrequires accurate sex, age, and stature determinations. Takes broad view of population groups in light of migrations and mixed peoples, has interests in homogenous or heterogeneous factors indicating social or kin groups and in individual pathologies, especially if connected to funerary inscriptions.
  408. Find this resource:
  409. Mays, Simon. The Archaeology of Human Bones. 2d ed. Abingdon, UK: Routledge, 2010.
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  411. Updated revision of a standard reference text.
  412. Find this resource:
  413. Noddle, Barbara, and Sue Stallibrass. “Faunal Remains.” In Wearmouth and Jarrow Monastic Sites. Vol. 2. Edited by Rosemary Cramp, 546–596. Swindon, UK: English Heritage, 2006.
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  415. Details animal remains that give clues to what the population ate, gathered, or traded. Helpfully mapped onto the architectural layouts to show relative amounts.
  416. Find this resource:
  417. Wells, Calvin. “Dwarfism and Cervical Rib in an Anglo-Saxon from Jarrow Monastery.” Transactions of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia 5.1 (1979): 62–66.
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  419. A notable example of a female burial.
  420. Find this resource:
  421. Wells, Calvin. “Les vestiges humains de l’abbaye de Jarrow (GB) d’âge Saxon-Médiéval. Paléobios 12 (2000).
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  423. Most of the article is in English (pp. 15–53). Published posthumously: Paléobios 12 (2000): 4–53. Covers 261 individuals from Jarrow, giving detailed physical findings of types of disease or injury and their meanings. Begins with shortened French account (pp. 4–15) followed by tables, charts, and discussion in English. Information incorporated into Cramp 2005–2006 (cited under General Overviews).
  424. Find this resource:
  425. Wilson, Bob, Caroline Grigson, and Sebastian Payne, eds. Ageing and Sexing Animal Bones from Archaeological Sites. BAR British Series 109. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, 1982.
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  427. Reference work for faunal remains.
  428. Find this resource:
  429. Anglo-Saxon Royal and Political Contexts
  430.  
  431. Early monastic leaders mainly came from the elite classes of society, and separation between secular and religious spheres was less than clear. People entering religious life often retained the status held in secular society despite Christian views on leaving the world behind. Similarly, the gift of land (or of a daughter or son) by a royal or noble family to a religious house could signal a continued interest in that house rather than a quit-claim to the gift, making for potential political complications. Wearmouth-Jarrow in particular has an early history much discussed by historians, especially concerning the import of Ecgfrith’s donation of land to Benedict Biscop. For a broad view of kings and kingdoms in early Anglo-Saxon England, Yorke 1997 covers developments by region as well as by contexts. She also considers the political implications of Christian conversion by pragmatic pagan elites (Yorke 2003). Grocock 2013 takes one aspect, parchment provisioning, to focus on how the medieval economy served both royals and monasteries. For Wearmouth-Jarrow itself, the primary documents about early abbots and their political relations are collected and translated with a substantial background essay in Grocock and Wood 2013. Ian Wood also publishes his ongoing considerations of the murky founding of Wearmouth, then Jarrow regarding the interests of King Ecgfrith, Biscop, and Ceolfrith (Wood 2006, Wood 2008).
  432.  
  433. Grocock, Christopher. “Books and Kings: Some Thoughts on the Economic Demands on the Medieval Economy Made By the Provision of Parchment for Scriptoria in the Anglo-Saxon World in Early Medieval Northumbria.” In Royal Authority in Anglo-Saxon England. Edited by Gale R. Owen-Crocker and Brian W. Schneider, 75–85. BAR British Series 584. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2013.
  434. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  435. Role of kings and political power in the provisioning of scriptoria.
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  437. Grocock, Christopher, and I. N. Wood, eds. and trans. Abbots of Wearmouth and Jarrow. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.
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  439. The introduction to this bilingual edition ably fills in political and historical issues informing the primary texts collected there.
  440. Find this resource:
  441. Wood, Ian. “Bede’s Jarrow.” In A Place to Believe in: Locating Medieval Landscapes. Edited by Clare A. Lees and Gillian R. Overing, 67–84. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2006.
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  443. Looks at the physical place of Jarrow and political contexts and issues raised by King Ecgfrith’s connection to its locale and its harbor after his gift of land to Biscop. Argues for continuing royal interest, both for religious salvation and for military use by his fleet. Also see Wood 2008.
  444. Find this resource:
  445. Wood, Ian. The Origins of Jarrow: The Monastery, the Slake and Ecgfrith’s Minster. Bede’s World Studies 1. Jarrow, UK: Bede’s World, 2008.
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  447. Expands on Wood 2006. Speculative but closely reasoned, this study looks at how Ecgfrith’s gift of land to Biscop should be considered with a nunnery nearby for his wife, his use of Jarrow Slake as “Ecgfrith’s harbor,” and his likely presence at Jarrow’s dedication just before his death at Nechtanesmere. Original and innovative.
  448. Find this resource:
  449. Yorke, Barbara. Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England. London: Routledge, 1997.
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  451. Important survey framed by the discussion of origins of kingdoms and the development of kingship, 600–900, including royal resources and relations with the church. Covers multiple kingdoms separately: Kent (possibly east Kent and west Kent), east Saxons, east Angles; Northumbria (pp. 72–99), and the succeeding kingdoms of Mercia and the west Saxons.
  452. Find this resource:
  453. Yorke, Barbara. “The Adaptation of the Anglo-Saxon Royal Courts to Christianity.” In The Cross Goes North: Processes of Conversion in Northern Europe, AD 300–1300. Edited by Martin Carver, 243–257. York, UK: York Medieval Press, 2003.
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  455. Discusses the action of rulers during Conversion to suggest lost thought processes, citing how theory and anthropological models can help reconstruct non-Christian perspectives. Sees different religions coexisting not as Bede’s apostasy (as with Raedwald, sons of Saebert) but as pragmatism of royals. Considers monk kings and sainted kings, royal abbesses, and princess-saints.
  456. Find this resource:
  457. Bede, the Venerable Bede, Saint Bede
  458.  
  459. Justly the most famous historian and exegete of early Britain, Bede also possessed the broad intellectual interests of a polymath. Wearmouth-Jarrow’s own fame may be said to rest directly on Bede’s. His historical account of the conversion of the English, The Ecclesiastical History of the English People (abbreviated HE for the Latin), is the best known to modern readers, though his reputation as a commentator on scripture was arguably what medievals would have valued. Sources here are necessarily selective. Those more deeply interested in Bede should consult Rosalind Love’s OBO entry on The Venerable Bede for a full annotated bibliography. Bede 1999 is the best generally available translation of the Ecclesiastical History. Rowley 2011 is an excellent study of the later Old English version of the HE, which differs significantly from the Latin version and gives powerful insight into how Bede and his legacy were viewed after his lifetime. Bailey 2001 also covers interest in Bede’s physical remains as relics. Grocock and Wood 2013 contains three short Bedan works directly relevant to Wearmouth-Jarrow’s history. Brown 2009 provides full contexts for reading Bede’s various works, considering his own time as well as the later reception. DeGregorio 2006 collects the work of scholars able to address many of Bede’s interests and writings. Finally, Wormald 2006 collects and distills thirty years of thinking about Bede by a great modern historian.
  460.  
  461. Bailey, Richard N. “Bede’s Bones.” In New Offerings, Ancient Treasures: Studies in Medieval Art for George Henderson. Edited by Paul Binski and William Noel, 165–186. Stroud, UK: Sutton, 2001.
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  463. Review of what is known about Bede’s burial and subsequent relocations of his remains.
  464. Find this resource:
  465. Bede. The Ecclesiastical History of the English People. Edited and annotated by Judith McClure and Roger Collins. Oxford World’s Classics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
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  467. Reprints the Bertram Colgrave 1969 translation. McClure and Collins update the work with annotations. Some note Colgrave’s loose translations in parts, but for those without the requisite Latin to read the original, this is the best available.
  468. Find this resource:
  469. Brown, George Hardin. A Companion to Bede. Anglo-Saxon Studies 12. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell, 2009.
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  471. Substantial introductory coverage of Bede’s life, times, and writings, including his educational works, biblical commentaries, shorter religious works (prose and poetry), and histories, ending with consideration of his work “through the ages.”
  472. Find this resource:
  473. DeGregorio, Scott, ed. Innovation and Tradition in the Writings of the Venerable Bede. Medieval European Studies 7. Morgantown: West Virginia University Press, 2006.
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  475. Collection of scholars’ essays analyzing topics such as Bede’s various commentaries, his originality, his science, and Carolingian perspectives on Bede. Editor notes in particular the extensive growth in scholarship on Bede’s exegetical writings, appreciation for intertextual studies of his works, and recognition of his originality as well as reverence for tradition.
  476. Find this resource:
  477. Grocock, Christopher, and I. N. Wood, eds. Abbots of Wearmouth and Jarrow. Translated by Christopher Grocock and I. N. Wood. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.
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  479. New bilingual editions of three works by Bede: History of the Abbots of Wearmouth and Jarrow, Letter to Ecgbert, and his homily honoring Benedict Biscop’s nativity. Includes extensive historical introduction of contexts and Latin style.
  480. Find this resource:
  481. Love, Rosalind C. The Venerable Bede. In Oxford Bibliographies. 2013.
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  483. Extensive annotated bibliography on all aspects of Bede and his works: scholarship, exegesis, history, didactic, scientific, and hagiographical works. Contains the most complete listings for studying this influential scholar-monk.
  484. Find this resource:
  485. Rowley, Sharon M. The Old English Version of Bede’s ‘Historia Ecclesiastica.’ Anglo-Saxon Studies 16. Cambridge, UK: Brewer, 2011.
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  487. First full study of Old English translation of manuscripts of Bede’s history. Groundbreaking for establishing its significant differences from the Latin original and what they mean for understanding the reception by later readers, including mining for preaching materials, knowledge of Old English through the 14th century, and non-liturgical evidence for neumes.
  488. Find this resource:
  489. Wormald, Patrick. The Time of Bede, 625–865: Studies in Early English Christian Society and its Historian. Edited by Stephen Baxter. Oxford: Blackwell, 2006.
  490. DOI: 10.1002/9780470693377Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  491. Final book by this brilliant scholar of Anglo-Saxon history and law, collecting thirty years of his evolving thoughts on Bede as thinker and shaper of Christian identity within a warrior culture. Individually excellent, each essay builds a coherent, accessible, challenging overview of this most important early historian.
  492. Find this resource:
  493. Benedict Biscop, Biscop Baducing, Saint Benedict Biscop
  494.  
  495. Generally known as Benedict Biscop, the name of the founder of Wearmouth and Jarrow has puzzled many, as “biscop” can be Old English for “bishop,” and “Benedict” is not a common name. Eddius Stephanus, though not Bede, refers to him as Biscop Baducing (Life of Wilfrid, chapter 3). Fletcher 1994 ably reviews what we know of Biscop’s life and interests, while Fletcher 1980 gives the history of Lérins, the monastery where Biscop became a monk and first lived under the Rule of St. Benedict before returning to his native land. Bede 2013 gives a first-hand and devoted account of Bede’s teacher and abbot. Wormald 2006 shows Biscop’s influence on and legacy to Bede and his monastery.
  496.  
  497. Bede. “Homelia in Natale S. Benedicti.” In Abbots of Wearmouth and Jarrow. Edited and translated by Christopher Grocock and I. N. Wood, 1–20. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.
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  499. Bede’s homily I.13 on his teacher and the founder of Wearmouth and Jarrow. Gives details of his character and concerns by someone who knew him.
  500. Find this resource:
  501. Fletcher, Eric. “Benedict Biscop (Jarrow Lecture 1981).” In Bede and His World: the Jarrow Lectures, 1979–1993. Vol. 2. Edited by Michael Lapidge, 539–554. Aldershot, UK: Variorum, 1994.
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  503. After a full survey of Biscop’s known history, this study considers his contributions to three areas: scholarship (collection of library); liturgy (John the Arch-Chanter of Rome brought to Britain to teach singing, chanting of divine office); architecture (argues for a revolution in British methods of building, derived from Merovingian Gaul).
  504. Find this resource:
  505. Fletcher, Eric. “The Monastery at Lérins.” Journal of the British Archaeological Association 133 (1980): 17–29.
  506. DOI: 10.1179/jba.1980.133.1.17Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  507. Island monastery (opposite Cannes) where Biscop took his vows and was tonsured as a monk. Covers the history from its founding by St. Honoratus c. 400–410, influence on Anglo-Saxon England, raids by Saracens and Vikings, French Revolution, and the 19th-century occupation by Cistercians from Senanque Abbey.
  508. Find this resource:
  509. Wormald, Patrick. “Bede and Benedict Biscop.” In The Times of Bede, 625–865: Studies in Early English Christian Society and its Historian. Edited by Patrick Wormald and Stephen Baxter, 3–27. Oxford: Blackwell, 2006.
  510. DOI: 10.1002/9780470693377.ch1Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  511. Discusses Biscop’s and Bede’s shared concerns, emphasizing Pope Gregory and learned tradition, monastic discipline and the regula mixta (mixed rule), and protecting monastic rights, properties from outside encroachmentsby families involved and those with episcopal power. Discussion of likely features of Benedict’s papal privilege for Wearmouth-Jarrow, now lost.
  512. Find this resource:
  513. Ceolfrid, Ceolfrith, Abbot
  514.  
  515. Ceolfrid was Abbot of Jarrow and possibly in charge of its construction; certainly his name is the one connected to the dedication of St. Paul’s Church in its famous inscription. He was named bishop early in life, may have been Bede’s earliest guardian, and built up the monastic library collections, sharing Benedict Biscop’s aims. Most famously, he is credited with the project of producing three pandects (complete Bibles), a Herculean task given the cost and effort. One each was to go to Wearmouth, Jarrow, and the pope in Rome. In fact, Ceolfrid died on the journey to deliver it to Rome. The surviving pandect is the Codex Amiatinus, for which see Library and Manuscripts. Anonymous 2013 includes some details of Ceolfrid’s life that Bede 2013 omits, a point that Coates 1999 stresses in the context of politics of the time and Wilfrid’s difficulties. Wood 1996 collects known history in his Jarrow Lecture to tease out further details.
  516.  
  517. Anonymous. “Life of Ceolfrith (Vita Ceolfridi).” In Lives of the Abbots of Wearmouth and Jarrow. Edited and translated by Christopher Grocock and I. N. Wood, 77–121. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.
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  519. New translation along with Latin edition. Some see this as Bede’s source for his own coverage of Ceolfrith, differing somewhat in details and emphasis, though the introduction questions that point.
  520. Find this resource:
  521. Bede. “The Lives of the Abbots of Wearmouth and Jarrow (Historia Abbatum).” In The Abbots of Wearmouth and Jarrow. Edited and translated by Christopher Grocock and I. N. Wood, 21–75. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.
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  523. Bede covers Benedict Biscop, Ceolfrid, Eosterwine, and others, giving insight into how the monastery saw itself and the relationships among early leaders. Introduction discusses how versions of Bede and Anonymous 2013 might relate, and there is a discussion of style. Bilingual edition.
  524. Find this resource:
  525. Coates, Simon. “Ceolfrid: History, Hagiography and Memory in Seventh- and Eighth-century Wearmouth-Jarrow.” Journal of Medieval History 25.2 (1999): 69–86.
  526. DOI: 10.1016/S0304-4181(98)00020-7Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  527. Focuses on communal memory of Ceolfrid in his two Lives, usefully comparing them to models from Gaul. Argues for Bede’s deliberate suppression of Ceolfrid’s contacts with contentious Bishop Wilfrid: Bede “located memory not in persons but in a community” (p. 85) and its need for isolation and protection. Structure and main points echo those of Wormald and Fletcher.
  528. Find this resource:
  529. Wood, Ian. The Most Holy Abbot Ceolfrid. Jarrow Lecture 1995. Newcastle-upon-Tyne: J. & P. Bealls, 1996.
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  531. Discusses Wearmouth and Jarrow as royal foundations and the significance of Ceolfrid’s abbacy: Ceolfrid, not Biscop, is mentioned in Jarrow dedication inscription. Also discusses the creation of Codex Amiatinus. Ceolfrid seen as a possible source of the importation of Pope Sergius’s interests into the cults of Mary and of the Cross.
  532. Find this resource:
  533. Norman Restoration, the Cells of Durham, and After
  534.  
  535. There has not been much published work on the later periods of Wearmouth-Jarrow history, so Cambridge 1977, Carr 1990, and Lomas 1974 are mentioned here, should access to unpublished theses and dissertations at Durham be possible. (None are available electronically.) Once again Cramp 2005 remains the most accessible place for coverage. Fernie 2000 is good for general study of Norman architecture, including monasteries. Hughes 1994 provides manuscript sources and examples of music likely sung at Jarrow and Durham as of the Norman Restoration. Piper 1994 gives a dense documentary survey for revenues and occupants at Jarrow through the 16th century. Lowe’s Monkwearmouth Church in the Nineteenth Century covers Victorian contexts for the Monkwearmouth Church. See also Cramp 1976 under Wearmouth-Jarrow Buildings for the 18th-century layout of Jarrow’s buildings and Cramp 1980 under Modern Contexts and Interpretations for a brief discussion of the medieval monastery with black-and-white plates of an 18th-century engraving of the church and some finds.
  536.  
  537. Cambridge, Eric. “The Re-founded Monastery of Jarrow, Co. Durham, and its Eleventh-century Remains.” MA thesis, University of Durham, 1977.
  538. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  539. Referred to in Cramp 2005.
  540. Find this resource:
  541. Carr, R. M. “Post-Dissolution Jarrow: An Assessment of the Documentary, Topographic and Illustrative Evidence.” MA thesis, Department of Archaeology, University of Durham, 1990.
  542. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  543. Cited in Cramp 2005.
  544. Find this resource:
  545. Cramp, Rosemary. Wearmouth and Jarrow Monastic Sites. Vol. 1. Swindon, UK: English Heritage, 2005.
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  547. Most excavation details after the medieval period are archived, but summaries and illustrations are given in pp. 41–43; p. 138 (Wearmouth); chapter 22, “The Post-Dissolution Occupation of the Site [Jarrow]”; Appendix B: “The Graphic Record.”
  548. Find this resource:
  549. Fernie, Eric. The Architecture of Norman England. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
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  551. There are brief references to Jarrow, but this is more useful as a general overview of Norman architecture to consider how Aldwin might have restored the monastery.
  552. Find this resource:
  553. Hughes, Dom Anselm. “The Music of Aldwyn’s House at Jarrow and the Early Twelfth-century Music of Durham Priory (Jarrow Lecture 1972).” In Bede and His World, The Jarrow Lectures, 1958–1978. Vol. 1. Edited by Michael Lapidge, 321–346. Aldershot, UK: Variorum, 1994.
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  555. Shows the results of searching Durham manuscripts for northern examples of liturgical music Aldwin’s monks and those monks who founded the Durham Cathedral monastery might sing. Musical notation and texts provided.
  556. Find this resource:
  557. Lomas, R. A. “Durham Cathedral Priory as landowner and landlord 1240–1540.” PhD diss., University of Durham, 1974.
  558. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  559. Cited in Cramp 2005.
  560. Find this resource:
  561. Lowe, R. H. Monkwearmouth Church in the Nineteenth Century. Sunderland, UK: Wearmouth Historical Pamphlet 6.
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  563. A local publication in a series mostly held in local collections. Index available online.
  564. Find this resource:
  565. Piper, A. J. “The Durham Monks at Jarrow (Jarrow Lecture 1986).” In Bede and His World: The Jarrow Lectures 1979–1993. Vol. 2. Edited by Michael Lapidge, 689–728. Aldershot, UK: Variorum, 1994.
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  567. Detailed survey of reoccupations, possibly late 12th century through to Dissolution, of Jarrow by Durham monks, with substantial information about varieties of revenues provided to the Durham cell. Appendices listing masters and monks of Jarrow with dates through the 16th century.
  568. Find this resource:
  569. Modern Contexts and Interpretations
  570.  
  571. Not all history is relegated to the past, and these famous sites are still inhabited by people with strong regional pride and awareness of their history. The Bede’s World museum is covered both in text and in a brief video on its website; suitable for students, it shows the reconstructions there. Cramp 1980 describes the earliest exhibits and finds on display in Jarrow Hall, used from 1974 as the first museum at the site before the modern museum was built. The annual Jarrow Lecture given at St. Paul’s Church by prominent scholars is listed by year on the church’s website, which also has links to related information about Jarrow, including the page documenting Jarrow Slake cited here. Lapidge 1994 collects thirty-five years of Jarrow lectures, up through 1993, annually hosted and published by St. Paul’s Church. Wearmouth is less well represented, but reference is given for the website of the Wearmouth Local History Group. See also Lowe under Norman Restoration, the Cells of Durham, and After for an example of a publication in the series Wearmouth Historical Pamphlets, of which at least nine exist. The Vision of Britain Through Time website collects a range of photographic and local history materials, searchable by individual place names. Meikle and Newman 2007, in an “England’s Past for Everyone” volume, covers Sunderland’s development and local history from Bede’s time to the early 18th century. Also see Material Remains: Glass about reconstructing Anglo-Saxon windows at the Bede’s World Museum and Turner, et al. 2013 under Excavations: chapter 5 offers coverage of Wearmouth-Jarrow’s contemporary significance for people of the area.
  572.  
  573. A Vision of Britain Through Time.
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  575. Covers maps, photographs, statistical information, and historical descriptions from 1801 to 2001. Search separately under “Monkwearmouth” and “Jarrow.”
  576. Find this resource:
  577. Bede’s World.
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  579. On the larger website, a short (1.17 minute) video that surveys the resources of the present museum and farm, with shots of reconstructions for both. Suitable for younger students, but broadly useful for quick visual overview of important foundation and local resource.
  580. Find this resource:
  581. Cramp, Rosemary. The Bede Monastery Museum. Jarrow, UK: St. Paul’s Jarrow Development Trust, 1980.
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  583. Booklet describing monastic life, exhibits from when the first museum was lodged in Jarrow Hall. Included here are the floor plan of the Saxon Room, the Medieval Room, the plates of the monastery model based on excavations, manuscript page reproductions, glass window reconstructions, and glass-working evidence. Also includes coverage of the medieval monastery and related select finds (seals, stone horse head, ivory box).
  584. Find this resource:
  585. Jarrow Lectures.
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  587. Full list of annual scholarly lectures delivered since 1958, with details of purchase from lecture secretary. Especially useful for identifying lectures after 1993 that are not reprinted in Lapidge 1994.
  588. Find this resource:
  589. Jarrow Slake.
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  591. Excellent short history of the feature, formerly a harbor possibly linked to King Ecgfrith’s fleet, called Jarrow Slake (which possibly could have meant “Jarrow’s lake”). Now filled in to accommodate development. Evocative photographs included, plus a copy of Turner’s painting Keelmen Heaving in Coals by Moonlight: notes that Turner was rowed out onto the Slake to view the scene.
  592. Find this resource:
  593. Lapidge, Michael, ed. Bede and his World: The Jarrow Lectures, 1958–1993. 2 vols. Aldershot, UK: Variorum, 1994.
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  595. Introduces and reprints thirty-five years of lectures in two volumes, with original pagination and also continuous pagination. All illustrations in black and white. A great service to have collected them for those who cannot locate local copies or affordably order individual lectures from overseas.
  596. Find this resource:
  597. Meikle, Maureen M., and Christine M. Newman. Sunderland and Its Origins: Monks to Mariners. England’s Past for Everyone, County Durham. London: Phillimore, 2007.
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  599. Covers Sunderland from prehistoric times to 1719, when it was granted its own parish status. Also covers looks at its development from monastery to borough surrounded by rural settlements to parliamentary outpost in 17th-century upheavals, occupied at times by Scots but profiting from the unrest by expanding its coal shipping.
  600. Find this resource:
  601. Monkwearmouth Local History Group.
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  603. Notes that the group meets and hosts talks biweekly at the local library. They have also published multiple volumes of Monkwearmouth Memories and have a large photographic archive donated by a local publication.
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