partial answer key

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES - questions

what are the four types of programming languages? - imperative, OO, functional, logic
what is a token? - smallest meaningful unit of code
what is a grammar? - ways tokens can be arranged
what is an ambiguous grammar? - when a string of tokens can be generated multiple ways
what is a binding? - association between a name and a thing
what is a scope? - portion of code where binding is active
what effect does early / late binding time have? - earlier = faster, later = slower but more flexible
do compiled languages have early or late binding? interpreted? - compiled = earlier, interpreted = later
when might you deactivate a binding? - if you enter another scope that has a local duplicate name
what is a lifetime? garbage? a dangling reference? - a binding's created to destroyed time / object with no binding / binding with no object
what data structures store data associated with scopes? (two of them) stack frames / symbol table.
how do you draw static and dynamic links? what do you use which for?
what is static scoping? dynamic scoping?
what is the difference between expressions and statements?
what is a side effect?
what is short-circuiting?
what's the difference between x++ and ++x?
what is dangling else / strategies for resolving it?
what kind of loop can be optimized / how?
why is recursion a little inefficient w.r.t the stack?
what optimization can be done for a certain type of recursion?
what kinds of argument evaluation are there?
what are two ways of doing object equivalence?
what is coercion?
what is strong typing? static typing? dynamic typing?
what is polymorphism?
what is orthogonality?
what is a universal reference type?
what is a record / structure?
how is the data in a structure stored?
what addressing rules may apply and what does this mean for the data in a structure?
what is a variant structure?
how are multidimensional arrays stored?
what is a dope vector?
where may arrays of constant dimension / variable dimension be allocated?
what is dereferencing?
what is a dangling reference?
what are three garbage collection algorithms?
what two pointers are used for function calling?
what is inline expansion?
what's the difference between call by value and call by reference?
what are read-only parameters? named parameters? default parameters?
what are generic subroutines? what are ways they may be implemented?
what are exceptions?
what are coroutines? what kind of stack do they make?
what is an event handler?
what are three principles of OO?
what are three visibility levels?
what does declaring a function as virtual mean (in languages with this)?
what is a pure virtual function?
what is an abstract class?
what is the diamond problem?
what is dynamic method binding?
what data structure is used to implement dynamic method binding?
what do functional languages NOT have?
what do functional languages use in place of iteration?
what is special about functions in functional languages?
what is a Horn clause? what are the two parts?
what is a query?
what is a structure (in functional languages)?
what is arity?