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Animals (Islamic Studies)

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  1. Introduction
  2. Animal themes feature prominently in Islamic textual sources, a state that reflects simultaneously the centrality of animals to human life and the great interest Islamic tradition took in the subject. Animal themes are traceable back to several sources. Pre- and early Islamic poetry and culture gave birth to philological and genealogical works recording the various names and observable features of domestic animals and tracing the genealogy particularly of horses. The other two legacies of pre-Islamic sources consist of a wealth of proverbs that use animal characteristics to communicate ideas about life and human behavior, and the hunting panels of the journey section in pre-Islamic qasida (ode), from which the genre of hunting poetry emerged. The Qurʾan and the Hadith became the main sources for legal injunctions and ethical teachings pertaining to animal welfare, dietary laws, animal-related ritual purity injunctions, and animals as assets. The translation movement of the first few centuries of Islam introduced works from other world cultures, most notably the Indian and the Greek traditions. The two most important works are the Sanskrit Fables of Bidpai and Aristotle’s zoology. The first introduced the fable genre into Arabic and eventually other Islamic literatures, whereas the latter became the foundational source for veterinary treatises, hunting manuals, and zoology works. The wealth of primary literature notwithstanding, a substantial part still exists in the manuscript format, and many works seem to be no longer extant. This may be one of the contributing factors to the relative dearth in modern scholarship on the topic. The scarcity of research on animals in law and ethics is particularly striking in view of the breadth and depth of relevant discussions in primary sources and the growing interest in animal ethics in the modern period. The field seems to be gaining momentum, however, as the early 21st century has witnessed the publications of several book-length studies on animals, some of which with a significant bearing on ethical questions.
  3.  
  4. General Overviews
  5. To date, Foltz 2006 is the most useful introductory work. Mikhail 2014 is an in-depth study focusing on a particular historical context and specific animal categories. Capper 2016 provides a brief critical overview of Islam’s position on animals. Masri 2007 is written from a faith-based standpoint. Benkheira, et al. 2005 is more into textual interpretations. Foltz 2007 and Giese 2001 are brief introductory articles that are useful for undergraduate students and lay people.
  6.  
  7. Benkheira, Mohammed Hocine, Catherine Mayeur-Jaouen, and Jacqueline Sublet. L’Animal en islam. Paris: Les Indes Savantes, 2005.
  8.  
  9. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  10.  
  11. Discusses themes such as animal impurity, symbolism of animals’ names, and animals as a source of food.
  12.  
  13. Find this resource:
  14.  
  15. Capper, Daniel. Learning from a Tiger: Religious Experiences with Nature. Oakland, CA: University of California Press, 2016.
  16.  
  17. DOI: 10.1525/california/9780520290419.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  18.  
  19. Chapter 2 (“The Donkey Who Communed with Allah”) highlights the tensions that have shaped Islam’s attitude to nonhuman creation, especially animals.
  20.  
  21. Find this resource:
  22.  
  23. Eisenstein, Herbert. “Animals.” In Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE. Edited by Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, and Everett Rowson. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2014.
  24.  
  25. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  26.  
  27. A general survey of animal themes in classical sources, including pre-Islamic poetry, the Qurʾan, and adab works. The article highlights premodern Muslims’ practical uses of animals and assesses their scientific zoological knowledge, among other things. Available online for purchase or by subscription.
  28.  
  29. Find this resource:
  30.  
  31. Foltz, Richard. Animals in Islamic Tradition and Muslim Cultures. Oxford: Oneworld, 2006.
  32.  
  33. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  34.  
  35. Approaches the tradition from an animal advocacy standpoint and situates the subject to animals in Islam in the larger animal rights debate.
  36.  
  37. Find this resource:
  38.  
  39. Foltz, Richard. “Les animaux dans l’Islam.” In L’être humain, l’animal et la technique. Edited by Marie-Hélène Parizeau and Georges Chapouthier, 63–76. Quebec: Les Presses de l’Université de Laval, 2007.
  40.  
  41. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  42.  
  43. A brief overview of animals in scriptural sources, works of jurisprudence, mysticism, literature, and art. The chapter touches briefly upon the questions of vegetarianism and animal rights.
  44.  
  45. Find this resource:
  46.  
  47. Giese, Alma. “Betrachtungen zur Seele der Tiere im islamischen Mittelalter.” In Die Seele der Tiere. Edited by Friedrich Niewöhner and Jean-Loup Seban, 111–132. Wiesbaden, Germany: Harrassowitz, 2001.
  48.  
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  50.  
  51. Approaching the topic from the angle of whether or not animals in Islam are considered to have souls, the author provides a brief and useful overview of the tradition’s attitude toward nonhuman species.
  52.  
  53. Find this resource:
  54.  
  55. Masri, al-Hafiz Basheer Ahmad. Animal Welfare in Islam. Leicestershire, UK: Islamic Foundation, 2007.
  56.  
  57. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  58.  
  59. Written from a combined animal advocacy and faith-based perspective, the book highlights traditional themes of compassion toward animals and reinterprets themes that seem incompatible with the principle of compassion (such as killing for food).
  60.  
  61. Find this resource:
  62.  
  63. Mikhail, Alan. The Animal in Ottoman Egypt. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014.
  64.  
  65. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  66.  
  67. An excellent study that assesses the traumatic impact of Ottoman Egypt’s transition into modernity on livestock, dogs, and charismatic animals.
  68.  
  69. Find this resource:
  70.  
  71. Scriptural Sources
  72. The Qurʾan and the Hadith are the main sources for juristic rules and ethical teachings on animals in Islam. To date, however, most of the work on these two sources consists of compilations of relevant verses and prophetic reports with little critical analysis. ʿĀmilī 2004, Thanvi 1995, and Abbas 2009 are such works, which are nonetheless useful as a starting point for researchers. Eisenstein 2001 gives a brief overview of Qurʾanic animal themes. Tlili 2012 is an in-depth analysis of Qurʾanic animal themes. ʿAbd al-Raḥīm 2005 is an illustrated compilation of literary and other material on animals that are mentioned in the Qurʾan. Tlili 2014 is a brief analysis of animal themes in the Hadith.
  73.  
  74. Abbas, Fakhar-i. Animal’s Rights in Islam: Islam and Animal’s Rights. Saarbrücken, Germany: Verlag Dr. Müller Aktiengesellschaft, 2009.
  75.  
  76. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  77.  
  78. Written from a faith-based standpoint with little critical analysis. The book is nonetheless useful as a compilation in English of Qurʾanic passages and Hadith reports on the subject.
  79.  
  80. Find this resource:
  81.  
  82. ʿAbd al-Raḥīm, Muḥammad. Mawsūʿat al-ḥayawānāt wa-l-ṭuyūr wa-l-asmāk wa-l-hawāmm fī l-Qurʾān al-karīm ḥasba ḥurūf al-muʿjam. Beirut, Lebanon: Dār al-Rātib al-Jāmiʿiyya, 2005.
  83.  
  84. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  85.  
  86. Illustrated anthology of literary and other materials on animals that are mentioned in the Qurʾan.
  87.  
  88. Find this resource:
  89.  
  90. ʿĀmilī, Jaʿfar Murṭaḍā. Ḥuqūq al-ḥayawān fī l-Islām. 2 vols. Beirut, Lebanon: Al-Markaz al-Islāmī li-l-Dirāsāt, 2004.
  91.  
  92. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  93.  
  94. Enumerates the protections that the tradition extends to nonhuman animals with a special emphasis on Shiʿi sources.
  95.  
  96. Find this resource:
  97.  
  98. Eisenstein, Herbert. “Animal Life.” In Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān. Vol. 1. Edited by Jane Dammen McAuliffe, 93–102. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2001.
  99.  
  100. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  101.  
  102. Touches upon some of the major Qurʾanic animal themes, including the theme of God’s care for animals and animals as signs of creation.
  103.  
  104. Find this resource:
  105.  
  106. Thanvi, Ashraf Ali. “Animal Rights in Islam.” Muslim World League Journal 23.5 (1995): 38–42.
  107.  
  108. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  109.  
  110. A number of prophetic reports on animal welfare accompanied by brief commentaries.
  111.  
  112. Find this resource:
  113.  
  114. Tlili, Sarra. Animals in the Qurʾan. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
  115.  
  116. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9781139152204Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  117.  
  118. Proposes an animal-centric reading of the Qurʾan that is situated within the Qurʾan’s theocentric worldview.
  119.  
  120. Find this resource:
  121.  
  122. Tlili, Sarra. “Animals.” In Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God. Vol. 1. Edited by Coeli Fitzpatrick and Adam Walker, 24–29. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2014.
  123.  
  124. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  125.  
  126. A brief overview of the place of animals in the Prophet’s life and the Hadith literature.
  127.  
  128. Find this resource:
  129.  
  130. Law and Ethics
  131. Legal and ethical discussions of animals in primary sources are mostly embedded in encyclopedic works of jurisprudence, Qurʾanic exegesis, theology, and adab. Besides the topic of animal welfare, animals are generally discussed in the contexts of dietary law, sacrifice, pilgrimage, alms giving, hunting, ritual purity, and misappropriation.
  132.  
  133. Primary Sources
  134. Al-Sakhāwī and ʿAbd al-Raḥmān 1998 is a valuable yet unstudied medieval treatise on the treatment of pack animals. Ibn Quṭlūbughā 1994 is a medieval work on the legality of the consumption of horses’ flesh. Al-Māwardī 1994 is a representative passage on financial obligations toward nonhuman animals. Al-Jāḥiẓ 1965 is another sample passage from a work of adab on the legality of castration, docking, and branding. Usmani 2006 is a modern work on the rules of slaughter. Beyond Halal is run by Muslims who promote the consumption of ethical meat. Ebied and Young 1977 introduces a treatise on the ritual purity of dogs.
  135.  
  136. Beyond Halal: Faith in Food.
  137.  
  138. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  139.  
  140. Examines the relationship between Islamic law, ethics, treatment of animals, and ethical meat consumption.
  141.  
  142. Find this resource:
  143.  
  144. Ebied, Rifaat Y., and Michael J. L. Young. “An Unpublished Legal Work on a Difference between the Shafʿites and Malikites.” Orientalia Lovaniensia Periodica 8 (1977): 251–262.
  145.  
  146. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  147.  
  148. Introduces a manuscript discussing a Maliki jurist’s refutation of Shafiʿi arguments about the dog’s impurity.
  149.  
  150. Find this resource:
  151.  
  152. Ibn Quṭlūbughā, Abū al-Fidāʾ Zayn al-Dīn Qāsim Al-Sūdūnī. Ḥukm al-islām fī luḥūm al-khayl. Edited by Muḥammad Khayr Ramaḍān Yūsuf. Beirut, Lebanon: Dār ibn Ḥazm, 1994.
  153.  
  154. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  155.  
  156. Addresses the controversy about the legality of consuming horses’ flesh among the four Sunni schools of law.
  157.  
  158. Find this resource:
  159.  
  160. al-Jāḥiẓ, ʿAmr ibn Baḥr. Kitāb al-Ḥayawān. Vol. 1. Edited by ʿAbd al-Salām Hārūn. Cairo, Egypt: Maktabat Mustafā al-Bābī al-Ḥalabī, 1965.
  161.  
  162. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  163.  
  164. See pp. 159–163 for a sample of a legal discussion from the adab genre on castration, docking, and branding.
  165.  
  166. Find this resource:
  167.  
  168. al-Māwardī, Abū al-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad. Al-Ḥāwī al-kabīr fī fiqh madhhab al-Imām al-Shāfiʿī. Vol. 11. Edited by ʿAlī Muḥammad Muʿawwaḍ and ʿĀdil Aḥmad ʿAbd al-Mawjūd. Beirut, Lebanon: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1994.
  169.  
  170. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  171.  
  172. See pp. 531–533 for a sample of a legal discussion from the “Nafaqāt” (financial obligations) chapter. The excerpt details certain obligations that Muslims have toward their livestock.
  173.  
  174. Find this resource:
  175.  
  176. al-Sakhāwī, Shams al-Dīn, and Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān. Juzʾ fīhi taḥrīr al-jawāb ʿan ḍarb al-dawābb. Edited by Muḥmmad Khayr Ramaḍān Yūsuf. Beirut, Lebanon: Dār ibn Ḥazm, 1998.
  177.  
  178. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  179.  
  180. A medieval short treatise on the treatment of pack animals.
  181.  
  182. Find this resource:
  183.  
  184. Usmani, Muhammad Taqi. The Islamic Laws of Animal Slaughter. Translated by Amir A. Toft. Santa Barbara, CA: White Thread, 2006.
  185.  
  186. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  187.  
  188. Written by a contemporary Muslim religious scholar. The book lays down ritualistic rules of animal slaughter, paying attention to the modern context.
  189.  
  190. Find this resource:
  191.  
  192. Secondary Sources
  193. To date there is no book-length academic study that situates Islam’s attitude toward animals within the general discourse on animal rights (Foltz 2006, mentioned in General Overviews, is more of a general overview of animals in Islam). Wheeler 2014 deals with general legal issues, such as alms paying. Stilt 2017 discusses emerging constitutional protections for animals in Egypt. Benkheira 2000 and Cook 1986 focus on issues pertaining to dietary law. Wescoat 1995 discusses animals’ right of thirst. Masri 1986 addresses the question of animal experimentation. Harmès 1998 deals with animal sacrifice. Taneja 2015 offers a critique of the growing anthropocentric discourse in religion, focusing on Muslim India.
  194.  
  195. Benkheira, Mohammed Hocine. Islam et interdits alimentaires: Juguler l’animalité. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2000.
  196.  
  197. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  198.  
  199. A study of prohibited foods in the Qurʾan and the legal tradition, seeking to discern the underlying principles common to all prohibitions.
  200.  
  201. Find this resource:
  202.  
  203. Cook, Michael. “Early Islamic Dietary Law.” Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 7 (1986): 217–277.
  204.  
  205. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  206.  
  207. Compares the early positions of schools of law on the permissibility of the consumption of the flesh of certain animals and explores the possibility of Jewish influence.
  208.  
  209. Find this resource:
  210.  
  211. Harmès, Constant. “Le sacrifice animal au regard des textes Islamiques canoniques.” Archives de Sciences Sociales des Religions 101 (1998): 2–25.
  212.  
  213. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  214.  
  215. An anthropological study of animal sacrifice, exploring the religious, social, and other functions of this institution, including expiation, communion, commemoration, and propitiation.
  216.  
  217. Find this resource:
  218.  
  219. Masri, al-Hafiz Basheer Ahmad. “Animal Experimentation: The Muslim Viewpoint.” In Animal Sacrifices: Religious Perspectives on the Use of Animals in Science. Edited by Tom Regan, 171–197. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1986.
  220.  
  221. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  222.  
  223. Considers whether and to what extent biomedical research is consistent with Islamic teachings on animals.
  224.  
  225. Find this resource:
  226.  
  227. Stilt, Kristen A. “Constitutional Innovation and Animal Protection in Egypt.” Law and Social Inquiry 42 (2017).
  228.  
  229. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  230.  
  231. Describes the process through which constitutional protection is accorded to animals in Egypt’s 2014 constitution. Available online for purchase or by subscription.
  232.  
  233. Find this resource:
  234.  
  235. Taneja, Anand Vivek. “Saintly Animals: The Shifting Moral and Ecological Landscapes of North India.” Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 35.2 (2015): 204–221.
  236.  
  237. DOI: 10.1215/1089201x-3138988Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  238.  
  239. Argues that decline in veneration of animals as moral exemplars among Indian Muslims has produced a negative impact on attitudes toward nonhuman animals and the environment.
  240.  
  241. Find this resource:
  242.  
  243. Wescoat, James L. “The ‘Right of Thirst’ for Animals in Islam Law: A Comparative Approach.” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 13 (1995): 637–654.
  244.  
  245. DOI: 10.1068/d130637Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  246.  
  247. Argues that Islamic law is unique in that it accords animals the right of thirst.
  248.  
  249. Find this resource:
  250.  
  251. Wheeler, Brannon M. “Animals, in Law.” In Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE. Edited by Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, and Everett Rowson. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2014.
  252.  
  253. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  254.  
  255. A brief overview of dietary laws, rules of slaughter and hunting, pilgrimage rituals, and alms paying pertaining to animals. Available by subscription.
  256.  
  257. Find this resource:
  258.  
  259. Vegetarianism
  260. Ethical vegetarianism and discussions thereof are rare in Islamic tradition. Al-Jāḥiẓ 1965 discusses the ethicality of killing for food. Al-Dhahabī 1993 is an example of a pious Muslim who followed a vegetarian diet due to the dubious ethical quality of available meat. Al-Ḥamawī 1993 is a biography of Abū l-ʿAlāʾ al-Maʿarrī and includes a discussion of his vegetarianism. Margoliouth 1902 introduces a discussion on vegetarianism between al-Maʿarrī and one of his opponents. Foltz 2004 asks the question of whether there can be room for vegetarianism in Islam. Perlo 2009 contests and rereads the most important doctrines on which the permissibility of killing is founded in four world traditions, including Islam. Ali 2015 applies feminist theory to animal issues. IslamicConcern.com defends vegetarianism on Islamic grounds.
  261.  
  262. Ali, Kecia. “Muslims and Meat-Eating: Vegetarianism, Gender, and Identity.” Journal of Religious Ethics 43.2 (2015): 268–288.
  263.  
  264. DOI: 10.1111/jore.12097Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  265.  
  266. Draws a parallel between gender and animal ethical reasoning and argues that Muslims who are concerned with gender justice ought to be vegetarians.
  267.  
  268. Find this resource:
  269.  
  270. al-Dhahabī, Shams al-Dīn Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad. Tārīkh al-Islām wa-wafayāt al-mashāhīr wa-l-aʿlām. Vol. 31. Edited by ʿUmar ʿAbd al-Salām al-Tadmurī. Beirut, Lebanon: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī, 1993.
  271.  
  272. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  273.  
  274. The entry “ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Muḥammad ibn al-Muẓaffar” (pp. 232–236) refers to ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Muḥammad ibn al-Muẓaffar’s vegetarianism, among other biographical details.
  275.  
  276. Find this resource:
  277.  
  278. Foltz, Richard. “Is Vegetarianism Un-Islamic?” In Food for Thought: The Debate on Vegetarianism. Edited by Steven Sapontzis, 209–222. Amherst, NY: Prometheus, 2004.
  279.  
  280. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  281.  
  282. Another piece written from the standpoint of animal advocacy. The article considers the compatibility of ethical vegetarianism with Islamic doctrines.
  283.  
  284. Find this resource:
  285.  
  286. al-Ḥamawī, Shihāb al-Dīn Abū ʿAbd Allāh Yāqūt ibn ʿAbd Allāh. Muʿjam al-udabāʾ: Irshād al-arīb ilā maʿrifat al-adīb. Vol. 1. Edited by Iḥsān ʿAbbās. Beirut, Lebanon: Dār al-Gharb al-Islāmī, 1993.
  287.  
  288. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  289.  
  290. See pp. 295–356 for the most detailed biography of Abū al-ʿAlāʾ al-Maʿarrī, the only medieval Muslim known to abstain from animal products out of concern for nonhuman animals.
  291.  
  292. Find this resource:
  293.  
  294. IslamicConcern.com.
  295.  
  296. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  297.  
  298. Promotes vegetarianism, especially abstention from factory farm animal products.
  299.  
  300. Find this resource:
  301.  
  302. al-Jāḥiẓ, ʿAmr ibn Baḥr. Kitāb al-Ḥayawān. Vol. 4. Edited by ʿAbd al-Salām Hārūn. Cairo, Egypt: Maktabat Mustafā al-Bābī al-Ḥalabī, 1965.
  303.  
  304. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  305.  
  306. See pp. 427–436. Al-Jāḥiẓ defends the ethicality of killing for food on rational grounds and argues against the opposite view, especially semivegetarianism.
  307.  
  308. Find this resource:
  309.  
  310. Margoliouth, David S. “Abu’l - ‘Alā al - Ma’arrī’s Correspondence on Vegetarianism.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 34.2 (1902): 289–332.
  311.  
  312. DOI: 10.1017/S0035869X0002921XSave Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  313.  
  314. Arabic text and English translation of a correspondence between the medieval author Abū al-ʿAlāʾ al-Maʿarrī and one of his critics on al-Maʿarrī’s vegetarianism.
  315.  
  316. Find this resource:
  317.  
  318. Perlo, Katherine Wills. Kinship and Killing: The Animal in World Religions. New York: Columbia University Press, 2009.
  319.  
  320. DOI: 10.7312/perl14622Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  321.  
  322. Offers a rereading of animal-related themes in Judaism, Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism to build a case against killing for food.
  323.  
  324. Find this resource:
  325.  
  326. Zoology
  327. The genre of adab counts many works that are devoted entirely or in part to animals. These are not zoologies in the modern sense of the word, however, they are major sources on zoological knowledge in classical Islamic scholarship. Many of these works share theological preoccupations, albeit to various degrees. Motivated by the Qurʾan’s invitation to ponder creation so as to learn about the Creator, the authors seek to emphasize what they perceive as animals’ wondrous skills and features, interpreted as evidence of God’s existence, generosity, perfection, omnipotence, and wisdom. Actual information about animals is derived from Greek sources, particularly Aristotle’s zoology, personal observation, and popular lore. This type of interest in animals extends to the modern period.
  328.  
  329. Primary Texts
  330. Primary texts consist of several multivolume works, including Aristotle’s zoology, the translation of which is attributed to Ibn al-Biṭrīq, and substantial sections in encyclopedic adab works.
  331.  
  332. Multivolume Works
  333. Aristotle’s zoology has been published in three separate volumes (Aristotle 1977, Aristotle 1979, and Aristotle 1972). It is a major source of information about animals in Islamic texts with many commentaries and abridgements. Al-Jāḥiẓ 1965 and al-Damīrī 1994 are the most important classical sources on animals in Islamic tradition. Shākir 1985 is a late-20th-century anthology of classical literary material on animals.
  334.  
  335. Aristotle. Fī kawn al-ḥayawān. Edited by Jan Brugman and Hendrik J. Drossaart Lulofs. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 1972.
  336.  
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  338.  
  339. The third part of Aristotle’s zoology, chapters 15 to 19.
  340.  
  341. Find this resource:
  342.  
  343. Aristotle. Ṭibāʿ al-ḥayawān. Edited by ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Badawī. Kuwait: Wikālat al-Maṭbūʿāt, 1977.
  344.  
  345. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  346.  
  347. The first part of Aristotle’s zoology, chapters 1 to 10.
  348.  
  349. Find this resource:
  350.  
  351. Aristotle. Fī aʿḍāʾ al-ḥayawān. Edited by Remke Kruk. Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1979.
  352.  
  353. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  354.  
  355. The second part of Aristotle’s zoology, chapters 11 to 14.
  356.  
  357. Find this resource:
  358.  
  359. al-Damīrī, Kamāl al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Mūsā ibn ʿIsā. Ḥayāt al-ḥayawān al-kubrā. 2 vols. Beirut, Lebanon: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1994.
  360.  
  361. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  362.  
  363. An alphabetically arranged book, with longer entries typically discussing the name, physical appearance, habits, medicinal uses, and cultural symbolism of the animal under discussion and the legal opinions about the permissibility of using it for food.
  364.  
  365. Find this resource:
  366.  
  367. al-Jāḥiẓ, Abū ʿUthmān ʿAmr ibn Baḥr. Kitāb al-Ḥayawān. 8 vols. Edited by ʿAbd al-Salām Muḥammad Hārūn. Cairo, Egypt: Maktabat Mustafā al-Bābī al-Ḥalabī, 1965.
  368.  
  369. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  370.  
  371. The main exponent of works on animals in adab literature. Al-Jāḥiẓ’s seminal work set the pace and became a major source for later works on the topic. Besides the zoological and theological dimensions, the book is in an important source on Muʿtazilī views on animals.
  372.  
  373. Find this resource:
  374.  
  375. Shākir, Hādī Shākir. Al-ḥayawān fī l-adab al-ʿarabī. 3 vols. Beirut, Lebanon: Maktabat al-Nahḍa al-ʿArabiyya, 1985.
  376.  
  377. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  378.  
  379. A late-20th-century, alphabetically arranged anthology of literary material derived from the Qurʾan, Arabic poetry, and other literary sources.
  380.  
  381. Find this resource:
  382.  
  383. Book Chapters and Sections
  384. Ibn Qutayba 1986 and Ibn ʿAbd Rabbih 1984 are more into animal lore. Al-Qazwīnī 2000 focuses on mythical creatures. Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq 1983 is motivated by the Qurʾanic invitation to contemplate God’s creation and is noteworthy for its anthropocentric outlook. Al-Rāzī 1987 offers important reflections on animals’ mental capacities. Al-Tawḥīdī 1953 and al-Nuwayrī 2004 draw primarily from Aristotle’s zoology and Kitāb al-Ḥayawān (al-Jāḥiẓ 1965, cited under Multivolume Works).
  385.  
  386. Ibn ʿAbd Rabbih, Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad. Al-ʿIqd al-farīd. Vol. 1. Edited by Mufīd Muḥammad Qamīḥa. Beirut, Lebanon: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1984.
  387.  
  388. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  389.  
  390. See Volume 1, pp. 134–152 and Volume 7, pp. 255–275. A mixture of animal lore and literary material on horses and other animals, respectively.
  391.  
  392. Find this resource:
  393.  
  394. Ibn Qutayba, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muslim al-Dīnawrī. ʿUyūn al-akhbār. Vol. 2. Edited by Yūsuf ʿAlī al-Ṭawīl, 73–121. Beirut, Lebanon: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1986.
  395.  
  396. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  397.  
  398. See the section on animals (pp. 73–121) as part of the chapter titled “Kitāb al-ṭabāʾiʿ wa-l-akhlāq al-madhmūma” (pp. 3–132). Derives information mainly from Arabic proverbs. The chapter consists mostly of animal lore.
  399.  
  400. Find this resource:
  401.  
  402. Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq. “Tawḥīd al-Mufaḍḍal.” In Biḥar al-anwār al-jāmiʿa li-durar akhbār al-aʾimma al-aṭhār. Vol. 3. Edited by Al-ʿAllāma Muḥammad Bāqir al-Majlisī, 57–110. Beirut, Lebanon: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1983.
  403.  
  404. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  405.  
  406. The most theologically oriented of the texts described here. The Shiʿi Imām Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq reportedly presents the complexity of animals as evidence of God’s existence and attributes.
  407.  
  408. Find this resource:
  409.  
  410. al-Nuwayrī, Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhāb. Nihāt al-arab fī funūn al-adab. Vol. 9. Edited by Muḥammad Riḍā Muruwwa, Yūsuf al-Ṭawīl, and Yaḥyā al-Shāmī. Beirut, Lebanon: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 2004.
  411.  
  412. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  413.  
  414. See pp. 141 to the end of the volume. Another anthology of animal lore and literary material drawing particularly from Kitāb al-Ḥayawān (al-Jāḥiẓ 1965, cited under Multivolume Works) and Aristotle’s zoology. See also the entirety of Volume 10, edited by Yūsuf al-Ṭawīl.
  415.  
  416. Find this resource:
  417.  
  418. al-Qazwīnī, Abū Yaḥyā Zakariyyā ibn Muḥammad. ʿAjāʾib al-makhlūqāt wa-gharāʾib al-mawjūdāt. Beirut, Lebanon: Muʾassasat al-Aʿlamī li-l-Maṭbūʿāt, 2000.
  419.  
  420. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  421.  
  422. The author dedicates one section to marine life (pp. 104–134) and a longer section to land animals and heavenly creatures (pp. 249–390). Folkloric and mythical materials abound in this work.
  423.  
  424. Find this resource:
  425.  
  426. al-Rāzī, Fakhr al-Dīn. Fī al-arwāḥ al-ʻāliyah wa-al-sāfilah. Vol. 7 of Al-Maṭālib al-ʿāliya min al-ʿilm al-ilāhī. Edited by Aḥmad Ḥijāzī al-Saqqā. Beirut, Lebanon: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī, 1987.
  427.  
  428. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  429.  
  430. Pages 303–311 address the question of whether or not nonhuman animals are intelligent, invoking scriptural and empirical evidence.
  431.  
  432. Find this resource:
  433.  
  434. al-Tawḥīdī, Abū Ḥayyān. “al-Layla al-ʿāshira.” In Al-Imtāʿ wa-l-muʾānsa. Vol. 1. Edited by Aḥmad Amīn and Aḥmad al-Zīn, 159–197. Beirut, Lebanon: Al-Maktaba al-ʿAṣriyya, 1953.
  435.  
  436. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  437.  
  438. A short but central piece, complementing other works on animals and one of the important sources for later works.
  439.  
  440. Find this resource:
  441.  
  442. Individual Animals
  443. A number of quadrupeds, birds, and insects form the sole subject of several monographs and substantial book sections. Most of these texts belong to the adab genre and typically touch upon legal and veterinary themes. Horses, valued for their functions in transportation, war, hunting, and postal service, are the subject of the largest number of such monographs. Other hunting animals, particularly falcons, have received ample attention as well. Ibn al-Mubarrid 1996 and al-Marzubān 2003 are about dogs, the first focusing on legal matters, the second on social and ethical issues. Al-Jāḥiẓ 1995 discusses mules. Al-Bulqīnī 2005 discusses horses. Al-Suyūṭī 2003 discusses postal pigeons. Al-Maqrīzī 1998 discusses bees.
  444.  
  445. al-Bulqīnī, Sirāj al-Dīn ʿUmar ibn Raslān. Qaṭr al-sayl fī amr al-khayl. Edited by Ḥātim Ṣāliḥ al-Ḍāmin. Bagdad, Iraq: Dār Naynawā, 2005.
  446.  
  447. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  448.  
  449. One of numerous monographs on horses. Contains a variety of material, including the names of the Prophet’s horses and legal opinions on horse races.
  450.  
  451. Find this resource:
  452.  
  453. Ibn al-Mubarrid, Jamāl al-Dīn Abū l-Maḥāsin Yūsuf ibn Ḥasan. Al-Ighrāb fī aḥkām al-kilāb. Edited by ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad al-Ṭayyār and ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Ḥujaylān. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: Dār al-Waṭan, 1996.
  454.  
  455. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  456.  
  457. A premodern compilation of Qurʾanic verses, Hadith reports, anecdotes, and legal injunctions pertaining to dogs.
  458.  
  459. Find this resource:
  460.  
  461. al-Jāḥiẓ, ʿAmr ibn Baḥr. Kitāb al-qawl fī l-bighāl. Edited by Charles Pellat. Beirut, Lebanon: Dār al-Jīl, 1995.
  462.  
  463. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  464.  
  465. An addendum to Kitāb al-Hayawān (al-Jāḥiẓ 1965, cited under Multivolume Works) by the same author. It contains literary and other material about mules.
  466.  
  467. Find this resource:
  468.  
  469. al-Maqrīzī, Taqiyy al-Dīn. “Naḥl ʿibar al-naḥl.” In Rasāʾil al-Maqrīzī. Edited by Ramaḍān al-Badrī and Aḥmad Mustafā Qāsim, 277–342. Cairo, Egypt: Dār al-Ḥadīth, 1998.
  470.  
  471. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  472.  
  473. A compilation of scriptural and literary material on bees. The treatise reflects the medieval state of knowledge about these insects and the way they produce honey.
  474.  
  475. Find this resource:
  476.  
  477. al-Marzubān, Muḥammad ibn Khalaf ibn Bassām. Faḍl al-kilāb ʿalā kathīr mimman labisa l-thiyāb. Edited by Muhammad Abd al-Haleem and Rex Smith. Cologne, Germany: Al-Kamel Verlag, 2003.
  478.  
  479. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  480.  
  481. A collection of anecdotes contrasting dogs’ loyalty to humans’ treacherousness.
  482.  
  483. Find this resource:
  484.  
  485. al-Suyūṭī, Jalāl al-Dīn. “Ṭawq al-ḥamāma.” In Majmūʿ rasāʾil al-Suyūṭī. Edited by Abū al-Faḍl Badr ʿAbd al-Ilāh al-ʿImrānī al-Ṭanjī, 61–93. Beirut, Lebanon: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 2003.
  486.  
  487. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  488.  
  489. A compilation of literary material and description of training methods of postal pigeons.
  490.  
  491. Find this resource:
  492.  
  493. Translations of Zoology Works
  494. The longest—albeit unfinished—available translation is that of al-Damīrī’s Ḥayāt al-ḥayawān (Jayakar 1906). The book, however, is out of print and very few libraries own it. Kopf 1949 and Kopf 1956 provide access to Ibn Qutayba’s and al-Tawḥīdī’s zoological sections, respectively. Al-Qazwīnī 1928 provides access to a Persian work on animals, along with the original text. Stephenson 1928 complements this work. Iskandar 1981 gives access to an unpublished manuscript. Abd al-Haleem and Smith 1978 is a translation of Ibn al-Marzubān’s Faḍl al-kilāb. Canova 2007 gives partial access to al-Maqrīzī’s “Naḥl ʿibar al-naḥl.”
  495.  
  496. Abd al-Haleem, Muhammad, and Rex Smith, trans. The Book of the Superiority of Dogs over Many of Those Who Wear Clothes. Warminster, UK: Aris & Phillips, 1978.
  497.  
  498. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  499.  
  500. Translation of Ibn al-Marzubān’s Faḍl al-kilāb.
  501.  
  502. Find this resource:
  503.  
  504. Canova, Giovanni. “Al-Maqrīzī’s Treatise on Bees.” In O Ye Gentlemen: Arabic Studies on Science and Literary Culture in Honor of Remke Kruk. Edited by Arnoud Vrolijk and Jan P. Hogendijk, 15–23. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2007.
  505.  
  506. DOI: 10.1163/ej.9789004157941.i-536Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  507.  
  508. A partial translation preceded by a short introduction to the author and the bee treatise.
  509.  
  510. Find this resource:
  511.  
  512. Iskandar, Albert Z. “A Doctor’s Book on Zoology: Al-Marwazī’s Ṭabāʾiʿ al-ḥayawān (Nature of Animals) Re-assessed.” Oriens 27–28 (1981): 266–312.
  513.  
  514. DOI: 10.2307/1580569Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  515.  
  516. A good discussion and summary accompanied by many Arabic and translated passages from Sharaf al-Zamān Ṭāhir al-Marwazī’s unpublished manuscript, Ṭabāʾiʿ al-ḥayawān.
  517.  
  518. Find this resource:
  519.  
  520. Jayakar, Grandin, trans. Ad-Damīrī’s Ḥayāt al-ḥayawān. 2 vols. London: Luzac, 1906.
  521.  
  522. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  523.  
  524. In four parts (four physical volumes). The translation reaches the letter “fāʾ,” thus covering about three quarters of the Arabic text. The translator tries also to identify al-Damīrī’s ambiguous animals.
  525.  
  526. Find this resource:
  527.  
  528. Kopf, Lothar. “The Zoological Chapter of the Kitāb al-Imtāʿ wa-l-Mu’ānasa of Abū Ḥayyān al-Tauḥīdī (10thCentury).” Osiris 12 (1956): 390–466.
  529.  
  530. DOI: 10.1086/368605Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  531.  
  532. An annotated translation of al-Tawḥīdī’s zoological chapter, preceded by a critical introduction.
  533.  
  534. Find this resource:
  535.  
  536. Kopf, Lothar, trans. and ed., and Friedrich S. Bodenheimer, ed. The Natural History Section from a 9th Century “Book of Useful Knowledge”: The ʿUyūn al-Akhbār of ibn Qutayba. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 1949.
  537.  
  538. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  539.  
  540. A translation of Ibn Qutayba’s zoological section preceded by an introduction explaining this author’s zoological system and identifying his sources.
  541.  
  542. Find this resource:
  543.  
  544. al-Qazwīnī, Ḥamd Allāh Mustawfī. The Zoological Section of Nuzhat al-Qulūb. Translated by John Stephenson. London: Royal Asiatic Society, 1928.
  545.  
  546. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  547.  
  548. This is believed to be the first work on animals in Persian. The volume comprises the Persian text with its English translation, preceded by an introduction situating the work in the larger field of zoology and identifying its sources.
  549.  
  550. Find this resource:
  551.  
  552. Stephenson, John. “The Zoological Section of the Nuzhatu-l-Qulūb: A Persian Compendium of Science, 1340 A. D.” Isis 11.2 (1928): 285–315.
  553.  
  554. DOI: 10.1086/346371Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  555.  
  556. A useful introduction to the zoology chapter from the Persian book Nuzhat al-Qulūb by Ḥamd Allāh Mustawfī al-Qazwīnī (d. 1339), identifying the sources of the work and assessing its place in the history of zoology. The article contains several translated passages.
  557.  
  558. Find this resource:
  559.  
  560. Studies of Zoology Works
  561. Secondary literature on Arabic zoologies from the 20th century, such as de Somogyi 1950 and McDonald 1991, focus mostly on fantastic themes, such as medico-magical properties of animals, imaginary being, and “scientific” inaccuracies. Cook 1999 highlights theological problems emerging from folkloric material. More recent studies are less preoccupied with the “scientific” aspect of zoological information and often discuss these texts according to their own historical and cultural terms. Remke Kruk has contributed significantly to this area of research by introducing unpublished material (Kruk 2010), investigating the natures of ambiguous creatures (Kruk 2001), tracing the sources of information, and pointing to the role of animals in social and political life (Kruk 2008 and Kruk 1995). Ragheb 2002 discusses postal pigeons.
  562.  
  563. Cook, Michael. “Ibn Qutayba and the Monkeys.” Studia Islamica 89 (1999): 43–74.
  564.  
  565. DOI: 10.2307/1596085Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  566.  
  567. A discussion of Ibn Qutayba’s zoological chapter, looking particularly into how the medieval author solves some of the difficulties resulting from his engagement with folkloric material.
  568.  
  569. Find this resource:
  570.  
  571. Kruk, Remke. “Traditional Islamic Views of Apes and Monkeys.” In Ape, Man, Apeman: Changing Views since 1600. Edited by Raymond Corbey and Bert Teunissen, 29–41. Leiden, The Netherlands: Leiden University, 1995.
  572.  
  573. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  574.  
  575. Explores the status of apes and monkeys in the Islamic version of the hierarchy of beings and in popular lore.
  576.  
  577. Find this resource:
  578.  
  579. Kruk, Remke. “Of Rukhs and Rooks, Camels and Castles.” Oriens 36 (2001): 288–298.
  580.  
  581. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  582.  
  583. Discusses two legendary animals, a bird and a quadruped, that share the same name, investigating the possible connection of these legends with the chess game.
  584.  
  585. Find this resource:
  586.  
  587. Kruk, Remke. “Zarāfa: Encounters with the Giraffe, from Paris to the Medieval Islamic World.” In Classical Humanities in Their Own Terms: Festschrift for Wolfahart Heinrichs on His 65th Birthday Presented by His Students and Colleagues. Edited by Beatrice Gruendler and Michael Cooperson, 568–592. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2008.
  588.  
  589. DOI: 10.1163/ej.9789004165731.i-612Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  590.  
  591. Highlights the role of giraffes in diplomatic relations in the premodern world and explores various aspects of giraffe lore.
  592.  
  593. Find this resource:
  594.  
  595. Kruk, Remke. “Elusive Giraffes: Ibn Abi l-Ḥawāfir’s Badāʾiʿ al-Akwān and Other Animal Books.” In Arab Painting: Text and Image in Illustrated Arabic Manuscripts. Edited by Anna Contadini, 49–64. Boston: Brill, 2010.
  596.  
  597. DOI: 10.1163/ej.9789004186309.i-272Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  598.  
  599. Introduces an unpublished zoology by a less-known author, Ibn abī al-Ḥawāfir (d. 1301), and provides information on other unpublished works on animals.
  600.  
  601. Find this resource:
  602.  
  603. McDonald, Michael V. “Two Mysterious Animals in the ‘Kitāb al-Ḥayawān’ of al-Jāḥiẓ: The Simʿ and the ʿIsbār.” Journal of Arabic Literature 22.2 (1991): 100–107.
  604.  
  605. DOI: 10.1163/157006491X00098Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  606.  
  607. An inquiry into the nature of two ambiguous animals mentioned in pre-Islamic poetry.
  608.  
  609. Find this resource:
  610.  
  611. Ragheb, Youssef. Les messagers volants en terre d’Islam. Paris: CNRS, 2002.
  612.  
  613. DOI: 10.4000/books.editionscnrs.1210Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  614.  
  615. A detailed historical study of the use of pigeons in postal service from the Abbasid period to the early 21st century.
  616.  
  617. Find this resource:
  618.  
  619. de Somogyi, Joseph. “Ad-Damīrī’s Ḥayāt al-ḥayawān: An Arabic Zoological Lexicon.” Osiris 9 (1950): 33–43.
  620.  
  621. DOI: 10.1086/368522Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  622.  
  623. One of several articles by the same author on Ḥayāt al-ḥayawān (al-Damīrī 1994, cited under Multivolume Works). This article introduces al-Damīrī and his work. In other articles, de Somogyi discusses the themes of magic, medicine, and dream interpretation in al-Damīrī’s work.
  624.  
  625. Find this resource:
  626.  
  627. Dogs
  628. Archer 2016 discusses Qurʾanic references to the dog. Nurbakhsh 1989 cites anecdotes illustrating Sufis’ compassion toward dogs. Abou El-Fadl 2005 is a brief assessment of the status of dogs in Islam. Mikhail 2013 documents the transformation of attitudes toward dogs in Ottoman Egypt. Mikhail 2015 explores the factors that led to the deterioration in human-dog relations. Sonbol 2014 engages with attitudes toward dogs in Egypt. Ḥaqqī 1973 situates the theme of dog ownership within cultural and economic contexts. White 1878 is one of many passages in Early Modern European and American travel literature describing Muslims’ attitudes toward dogs.
  629.  
  630. Abou El-Fadl, Khaled. “Dogs in the Islamic Tradition.” In The Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature. Vol. 2. Edited by Bron R. Taylor, 498–500. London: Thoemmes Continuum, 2005.
  631.  
  632. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  633.  
  634. Questions traditional antidog themes and calls for a reinterpretation of the tradition.
  635.  
  636. Find this resource:
  637.  
  638. Archer, George. “The Hellhound of the Qurʾan: A Dog at the Gate of the Underworld.” Journal of Qurʾanic Studies 18.3 (2016): 1–33.
  639.  
  640. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  641.  
  642. Proposes an interesting reading of the dog pericope in the eighteenth sura of the Qurʾan (al-Kahf), arguing that the story is shaped by elements of Late Antiquity mythology.
  643.  
  644. Find this resource:
  645.  
  646. Ḥaqqī, Yaḥyā. “Antar and Juliette.” Journal of Arabic Literature 4 (1973): 146–156.
  647.  
  648. DOI: 10.1163/157006473X00098Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  649.  
  650. Translated by Pierre Cachia. A modern short story, having dog ownership as one of its major themes.
  651.  
  652. Find this resource:
  653.  
  654. Mikhail, Alan. “Bark and Bite.” In The Animal in Ottoman Egypt. By Alan Mikhail, 65–106. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.
  655.  
  656. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199315277.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  657.  
  658. The most balanced and documented reading of the tradition. Shows how, under the pressures of modernity, dogs’ loss of usefulness impacted their status and welfare.
  659.  
  660. Find this resource:
  661.  
  662. Mikhail, Alan. “A Dog-Eat-Dog Empire: Violence and Affection on the Streets of Ottoman Cairo.” Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 35.1 (2015): 76–95.
  663.  
  664. DOI: 10.1215/1089201X-2876116Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  665.  
  666. Explores the political, economic, and social factors that led to the deterioration of human-dog relations in Ottoman Cairo.
  667.  
  668. Find this resource:
  669.  
  670. Nurbakhsh, Javad. Dogs from a Sufi Point of View. London: Khaneqahi-Nimtullahi, 1989.
  671.  
  672. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  673.  
  674. Anecdotal material about dogs and their interactions with Sufis.
  675.  
  676. Find this resource:
  677.  
  678. Sonbol, Amira. “Discourses on and Realities of the Life of Canines among Arabs and Muslims.” Journal of Women of the Middle East and the Islamic World 12 (2014): 101–120.
  679.  
  680. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  681.  
  682. Discusses attitudes toward dogs in contemporary Egypt, blaming the conservative trend of the religious discourse on the growing intolerance of dogs among both Muslims and Copts.
  683.  
  684. Find this resource:
  685.  
  686. White, Charles. “Constantinople.” British Quarterly Review 67 (1878): 436–438.
  687.  
  688. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  689.  
  690. An excerpt from a 19th-century periodical describing Turks’ compassion to dogs.
  691.  
  692. Find this resource:
  693.  
  694. Philology and Genealogy
  695. Within the larger philological movement of the first few centuries of Islam, several authors turned their attention to animals. The monographs that emerged from this effort provide a wealth of linguistic material on the names, body parts, behaviors, life stages, diseases, and other physical aspects primarily of domestic animals. Related to this effort is a longstanding tradition recording the genealogies and other important information about horses. Al-Aṣmaʿī is one of the major authorities in this area. Al-Aṣmaʿī 2003 deals with camels. Al-Aṣmaʿī 1989 discusses wild and domestic animals. Al-Aṣmaʿī 1987 discusses sheep. Al-Aṣmaʿī 2009 discusses horses. Ibn al-Kalbī 1946 is on famous Arabian horses’ genealogies. Al-Ghandajānī 2007 is also about horses, adding literary material to genealogical information.
  696.  
  697. al-Aṣmaʿī, Abū Saʿīd ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Qarīb. Kitāb al-Shāʾ. Beirut, Lebanon: Dār Usāma, 1987.
  698.  
  699. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  700.  
  701. A lexical monograph on sheep.
  702.  
  703. Find this resource:
  704.  
  705. al-Aṣmaʿī, Abū Saʿīd ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Qarīb. Kitāb al-wuḥūsh. Beirut, Lebanon: ʿĀlam al-Kitāb, 1989.
  706.  
  707. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  708.  
  709. Another lexical monograph, discussing ten animals, including donkeys, cows, deer, and ostriches.
  710.  
  711. Find this resource:
  712.  
  713. al-Aṣmaʿī, Abū Saʿīd ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Qarīb. Kitāb al-ibil. Edited by Ḥātim Ṣāliḥ al-Ḍāmin. Damascus, Syria: Dār al-Bashāʾir, 2003.
  714.  
  715. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  716.  
  717. A comprehensive lexicon of camel-related terminology. The book reflects intimate knowledge of this animal species.
  718.  
  719. Find this resource:
  720.  
  721. al-Aṣmaʿī, Abū Saʿīd ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Qarīb. Al-Khayl. Edited by Ḥātim Ṣāliḥ al-Ḍāmin. Damascus, Syria: Dār al-Bashāʾir, 2009.
  722.  
  723. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  724.  
  725. A lexical monograph on horses.
  726.  
  727. Find this resource:
  728.  
  729. al-Ghandajānī, al-Ḥasan ibn Aḥmad. Asmāʾ khayl al-ʿArab wa-ansābuhā wa-dhikru fursānihā. Edited by ʿAlī Sulṭānī. Damascus, Syria: Dār al-ʿAṣmāʾ, 2007.
  730.  
  731. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  732.  
  733. An alphabetically arranged list of famous pre- and early Islamic horses, mentioning their owners and the battles in which they participated, along with anecdotal and poetic material.
  734.  
  735. Find this resource:
  736.  
  737. Ibn al-Kalbī. Ansāb al-Khayl fī l-Jāhiliyya wa-l-islām wa-akhbāruhā. Cairo, Egypt: Maṭbaʿat Dār al-Kutub, 1946.
  738.  
  739. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  740.  
  741. Lists famous horses in the pre- and early Islamic periods and traces their genealogies.
  742.  
  743. Find this resource:
  744.  
  745. Fables
  746. Ibn al-Muqaffaʿ’s translation of the Indian Fables of Bidpai (see Ibn al-Muqaffaʿ 1937) had an immeasurable impact on Arabic, and later, other Islamic literatures. This work became a precursor for a fable genre, was reworked and translated to many Islamic and non-Islamic languages, and inspired innumerable illustrations. Al-Maʿarrī 1984 is a long, sustained narrative. Taghi 2000 is a philosophical fable that has been translated to several languages. ʿAṭṭār 1984 is a mystical epic that has also been translated to many languages. Al-Fallāḥ 2011 discusses one of the earliest yet unpublished fables. The Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ’s animal epistle (see Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ 1957) builds a remarkable case against anthropocentric presumptions.
  747.  
  748. ʿAṭṭār, Farīd al-Dīn. The Conference of the Birds. Translated by Dick Davis and Afkham Darbandi. Harmondsworth, UK, and New York: Penguin, 1984.
  749.  
  750. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  751.  
  752. An allegorical, mystical epic symbolizing Sufis’ quest for the divine.
  753.  
  754. Find this resource:
  755.  
  756. ʿAṭṭār, Farīd al-Dīn. Il Verbo degli Uccelli (Mantiq al-tayr). 3d ed. Translated and edited by Carlo Saccone. Milan, Italy: SE, 2007.
  757.  
  758. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  759.  
  760. Italian translation of ʿAṭṭār’s epic, preceded by an introduction by the translator.
  761.  
  762. Find this resource:
  763.  
  764. al-Fallāḥ, Qaḥṭān Ṣāliḥ. “Al-Adab wa-l-Siyāsa: Qirāʾa fī Qiṣṣat al-Namir wa-l-Thaʿlab li-Sahl ibn Hārūn d. 215 AH.” Majallat Dimishq 27.1 (2011): 75–103.
  765.  
  766. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  767.  
  768. Discusses the unpublished fable “al-Namir wa-l-thaʿlab” (“The Panther and the Fox”) by Sahl Ibn Hārūn. The article also mentions several other fables (judging by their titles) by the same author that seem to be no longer extant.
  769.  
  770. Find this resource:
  771.  
  772. Ibn al-Muqaffaʿ, ʿAbd Allāh. Kalīla wa-Dimna. Cairo, Egypt: Al-Maṭbaʿa al-Amīriyya, Būlāq, 1937.
  773.  
  774. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  775.  
  776. Translated from Sanskrit to Pahlavi, then, by Ibn al-Muqaffaʿ, to Arabic. The work belongs to the mirror-for-princes genre.
  777.  
  778. Find this resource:
  779.  
  780. Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ. Rasāʾil Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ. Vol. 2. Beirut, Lebanon: Dār Ṣādir, 1957.
  781.  
  782. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  783.  
  784. See pp. 178–377, Epistle 22: Fī Kayfiyyat takwīn al-ḥayāwānāt wa-aṣnāfihā. A fictional court case whereby nonhuman animals take human beings to court on account of their animal abuse.
  785.  
  786. Find this resource:
  787.  
  788. al-Maʿarrī, Abū al-ʿAlāʾ. Risālat al-Ṣāhil wa-l-Shāḥij. 2d ed. Edited by ʿĀʾisha ʿAbd al-Raḥmān bint al-Shātiʾ. Cairo, Egypt: Dār al-Maʿārif, 1984.
  789.  
  790. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  791.  
  792. One long narrative reflecting deep preoccupation with the political situation in Aleppo at the author’s time.
  793.  
  794. Find this resource:
  795.  
  796. Taghi, Shokoufeh, trans. The Two Wings of Wisdom: Mysticism and Philosophy in the Risālat uṭ-ṭair of Ibn Sina. Uppsala, Sweden: Uppsala University Press, 2000.
  797.  
  798. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  799.  
  800. Arabic text and English translation of Ibn Sina’s Risālat al-ṭayr (Epistle of birds) along with an analysis of the work.
  801.  
  802. Find this resource:
  803.  
  804. Secondary Literature
  805. Irwin 1992 is an overview of the fable genre in Arabic literature. Smoor 1981 provides a detailed summary in English and an important discussion of the political and social subtexts of al-Maʿarrī’s fable. Asani 2006 offers a brief summary of ʿAṭṭār’s epic. Jackson 1916 is a translation accompanied by a short commentary on a short excerpt from ʿAṭṭār’s epic. Saccone 2010 offers insights on bird symbolism in Islamic mysticism. Ernst 1999 explores bird symbolism in the work of the Persian mystic Rūzbihān Baqlī.
  806.  
  807. Asani, Ali. “Oh That I Could Be a Bird and Fly, I Would Rush to the Beloved: Birds in Islamic Mystical Poetry.” In A Communion of Subjects: Animals in Religion, Science, and Ethics. Edited by Paul Waldau and Kimberly Patton, 170–175. New York: Columbia University Press, 2006.
  808.  
  809. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  810.  
  811. A brief summary of ʿAṭṭār’s mystical epic, with an investigation of the imagery of birds in Islamic mystical poetry.
  812.  
  813. Find this resource:
  814.  
  815. Ernst, Carl. “The Symbolism of Birds and Flight in the Writings of Ruzbihan Baqli.” In The Heritage of Sufism (1150–1500). Edited by Leonard Lewisohn, 353–366. Oxford: Oneworld, 1999.
  816.  
  817. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  818.  
  819. Explores the imagery of birds in the work of the medieval Sufi author Rūzbihān Baqlī.
  820.  
  821. Find this resource:
  822.  
  823. Irwin, Robert. “The Arabic Beast Fable.” Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 55 (1992): 36–50.
  824.  
  825. DOI: 10.2307/751419Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  826.  
  827. Discusses the literary status and various origins of the fable genre in Arabic literature, highlighting Indian and Persian influences. It also gives the names of a number of unpublished fables.
  828.  
  829. Find this resource:
  830.  
  831. Jackson, A. V. Williams. “The Allegory of the Moths and the Flame, Translated from the Manṭiq aṭ-Tair of Farīd ad-Dīn ʿAttār.” Journal of the American Oriental Society 36 (1916): 345–347.
  832.  
  833. DOI: 10.2307/592692Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  834.  
  835. Explores the mystical symbolism of the moth in ʿĀṭṭār’s epic.
  836.  
  837. Find this resource:
  838.  
  839. Saccone, Carlo. “La Montagna Sacra nella Tradizione Arabo-Persiana.” In La Montagna Cosmica. Edited by Alessandro Grossat, 69–90. Milan, Italy: Medusa, 2010.
  840.  
  841. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  842.  
  843. Discusses the archetypal motif of the sacred mountain in several Islamic works, paying attention to bird symbolism in Islamic mysticism.
  844.  
  845. Find this resource:
  846.  
  847. Smoor, Pieter. “Enigmatic Allusion and Double Meaning in Maʿarrī’s Newly-Discovered ‘Letter of a Horse and a Mule.’” Journal of Arabic Literature 12 (1981): 49–73.
  848.  
  849. DOI: 10.1163/157006481X00035Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  850.  
  851. In two parts; for Part 2, see Journal of Arabic Literature 13 (1982): 23–52. A detailed summary and reading of al-Maʿarrī’s Risālat al-Ṣāhil wa-l-Shāḥij.
  852.  
  853. Find this resource:
  854.  
  855. The Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ’s Fable
  856. The Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ’s fable has been translated to many languages and has several English translations. It has also attracted much critical attention. Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ 2009 is a reworked version based on an earlier translation by Goodman. Johnson-Davies 1994 is an illustrated adaptation of the fable in English. Laytner and Bridge 2005 is another rendition of the fable from a Hebrew version of the narrative. Tlili 2014 discusses the Qurʾanic subtext of the fable. Raymond 2014 reads the epistle as a work of social and political criticism, reflection on human condition, and ethology. Kassam 2006 is one of several explanations of the epistle’s unexpected outcome. Goodman 2008 ponders the philosophical themes of the epistle. McGregor 2015 studies the theme of animals’ religiosity in the fable.
  857.  
  858. Goodman, Lenn. “Reading the Case of the Animals versus Man: Fable and Philosophy in the Essays of the Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ.” In Epistles of the Brethren of Purity: The Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ and Their Rasāʾil; An Introduction. Edited by Nader El-Bizri, 248–274. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
  859.  
  860. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  861.  
  862. Gives a brief historical overview on the fable’s reception and reflects on its moral and philosophical themes.
  863.  
  864. Find this resource:
  865.  
  866. Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ. The Case of the Animals vs. Man in the Court of the King of the Jinn. Translated and edited by Lenn Goodman and Richard McGregor. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
  867.  
  868. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  869.  
  870. A heavily annotated translation, preceded by an introduction identifying the fable’s sources and discussing some of its major themes.
  871.  
  872. Find this resource:
  873.  
  874. Johnson-Davies, Denys. The Island of the Animals: Adapted from an Arabic Fable. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1994.
  875.  
  876. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  877.  
  878. An illustrated adaptation of the Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ’s fable, preceded by an introduction on the subject of animal welfare in Islam.
  879.  
  880. Find this resource:
  881.  
  882. Kassam, Zayn. “The Case of the Animals versus Man: Toward an Ecology of Being.” In A Communion of Subjects: Animals in Religion, Science, and Ethics. Edited by Paul Waldau and Kimberly Patton, 160–169. New York: Columbia University Press, 2006.
  883.  
  884. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  885.  
  886. Sums up the major arguments in the court case and proposes an explanation of the narrative’s end.
  887.  
  888. Find this resource:
  889.  
  890. Laytner, Anson, and Dan Bridge. The Animals’ Lawsuit against Humanity: A Modern Adaptation of an Ancient Animal Rights Tale. Louisville: Fons Vitae, 2005.
  891.  
  892. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  893.  
  894. Another illustrated adaptation, highlighting the multifaith dimension of the work and preceded by a brief introduction by Seyyed Hossein Nasr.
  895.  
  896. Find this resource:
  897.  
  898. McGregor, Richard. “Religions and the Religion of Animals: Ethics, Self, and Language in Tenth Century Iraq.” Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 35.2 (2015): 222–231.
  899.  
  900. DOI: 10.1215/1089201x-3139000Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  901.  
  902. Explores the theme of animals’ religiosity in the fable and considers the ethical impact of the perception of animals as religious subjects.
  903.  
  904. Find this resource:
  905.  
  906. Raymond, Hélène. “Le tribunal des animaux en Islam (IVe/Xe siècle).” Arabica 61 (2014): 116–152.
  907.  
  908. DOI: 10.1163/15700585-12341278Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  909.  
  910. Another reading of the fable, highlighting the authors’ views on humans’ condition and destiny.
  911.  
  912. Find this resource:
  913.  
  914. Tlili, Sarra. “All Animals Are Equal, or Are They? Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ’s Animal Epistle and Its Unhappy End.” Journal of Qurʾanic Studies 16.2 (2014): 42–87.
  915.  
  916. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  917.  
  918. Highlights the Qurʾanic subtext of the fable.
  919.  
  920. Find this resource:
  921.  
  922. Animals in Adab
  923. Besides the works of zoology (which are, strictly speaking, adab works), animals appear in a variety of contexts. Al-Tannūkhī 1978 highlights elephants’ intelligence and morality. Van Gelder 2013a is a translation of one of al-Tannūkhī’s elephant anecdotes. Al-Hamadhānī 1923 depicts a deadly encounter with a lion. Al-Nuwayrī 2004 is an elegy of a cat. Van Gelder 2013b is an elegy of an elephant. Fariq 1950 contains elegies on several domestic animals.
  924.  
  925. Fariq, Khvurshid A. “An Abbasid Secretary-Poet Who Was Interested in Animals.” Islamic Culture 24 (1950): 261–270.
  926.  
  927. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  928.  
  929. Discusses and translates some animal elegies by the medieval poet and secretary al-Qāsim Ibn Yūsuf.
  930.  
  931. Find this resource:
  932.  
  933. al-Hamadhānī, Badīʿ al-Zamān. “Al-Maqāma al-Asadiyya.” In Maqāmāt al-Hamadhānī. Edited by Muḥammad Muḥyī al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd, 32–44. Cairo, Egypt: Al-Maktaba al-Azhariyya, 1923.
  934.  
  935. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  936.  
  937. Fictional piece depicting an encounter between a group of travelers and a lion.
  938.  
  939. Find this resource:
  940.  
  941. al-Nuwayrī, Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhāb. Nihāyat al-Arab fī Funūn al-Adab. Vol 9. Edited by Muḥammad Riḍā Muruwwa, Yūsuf al-Ṭawīl, and Yaḥyā al-Shāmī. Beirut, Lebanon: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlimiyya, 2004.
  942.  
  943. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  944.  
  945. See pp. 178–181. Abū Bakr ibn al-ʿAllāf’s (d. 930) famous elegy mourning the death of a cat.
  946.  
  947. Find this resource:
  948.  
  949. al-Tannūkhī, al-Muḥsin ibn ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad. Al-Faraj baʿd al-shidda. Vol. 4. Edited by ʿAbbūd al-Shālijī. Beirut, Lebanon: Dār Ṣādir, 1978.
  950.  
  951. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  952.  
  953. See pp. 129–132 and 174–176. Anecdotes belonging to the “deliverance after hardship” genre and highlighting elephants’ intelligence and morality.
  954.  
  955. Find this resource:
  956.  
  957. van Gelder, Geert Jan. Classical Arabic Literature: A Library of Arabic Literature Anthology. New York: New York University Press, 2013a.
  958.  
  959. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  960.  
  961. See pp. 241–243 for an English translation of one of al-Tannūkhī’s elephant anecdotes.
  962.  
  963. Find this resource:
  964.  
  965. van Gelder, Geert Jan, trans. “A Zajal: An Elegy on the Elephant Marzūq.” In Classical Arabic Literature: A Library of Arabic Literature Anthology. Translated by Geert Jan van Gelder, 89–92. New York: New York University Press, 2013b.
  966.  
  967. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  968.  
  969. A zajal poem mourning the death of the elephant of the Mamlūk Sultan al-Malik al-Nāṣir. The elephant was apparently mourned by several poets.
  970.  
  971. Find this resource:
  972.  
  973. Children’s Animal Books
  974. Bilkan 2008 is mostly animal stories selected from Jalāl al-Dīn al-Rumī’s Mathnawi. Johnson-Davies 1995 is tales adapted from Kalīla wa-Dimna and other Arabic texts. Kayani 1981 contains five animal stories based on Prophetic reports. Lemu 1993 invokes the Qurʾan and the Hadith to teach children compassion and respect for other animals. Bahjat 1983 consists of narratives inspired from Qurʾanic animal stories.
  975.  
  976. Bahjat, Aḥmad. Qiṣaṣ al-ḥayawān fī l-Qurʾān. Beirut, Lebanon: Dār al-Shurūq, 1983.
  977.  
  978. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  979.  
  980. The stories expand Qurʾanic animal narratives.
  981.  
  982. Find this resource:
  983.  
  984. Bilkan, Ali Fuat. Tales from Rumi: Mathnawi Selections for Young Readers. Somerset, NJ: The Light, 2008.
  985.  
  986. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  987.  
  988. The collection seeks to communicate spiritual insights and Sufi wisdom through fables.
  989.  
  990. Find this resource:
  991.  
  992. Johnson-Davies, Denys. Animal Tales from the Arab World. Cairo, Egypt: Hoopoe, 1995.
  993.  
  994. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  995.  
  996. Another collection of stories that aims to entertain and teach moral lessons.
  997.  
  998. Find this resource:
  999.  
  1000. Kayani, Mohammad S. Love for All Creatures. Leicester, UK: Islamic Foundation, 1981.
  1001.  
  1002. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1003.  
  1004. Seeks to teach children compassion toward other animals through stories from the Prophetic tradition.
  1005.  
  1006. Find this resource:
  1007.  
  1008. Lemu, B. Aisha. Animals in Islam. Minna, Nigeria: Islamic Education Trust, 1993.
  1009.  
  1010. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1011.  
  1012. Seeks to teach children about animals through scriptural themes and descriptions of animal behavior.
  1013.  
  1014. Find this resource:
  1015.  
  1016. Arts and Architecture
  1017. The orthodox tradition’s objection to the depiction of living beings notwithstanding, animal portrayals are not infrequent in Islamic art and architecture. Contadini 2012 is a good introduction to the illustrated genre of naʿt al-ḥayawān (roughly, zoology). Contadini 2003 is useful for both students of arts and literature. Buchthal 1941 provides a brief history of miniature illustrations. Cowen 1989 is a closer study of an illustrated Kalīla wa-Dimna manuscript. Massé 1944 covers a different genre of illustrated works, depicting marvelous and imaginary creatures. Fowden 2004 and Artan 2008 discuss depictions of hunting scenes, the first in the Umayyad palace “Qusayr ʿAmra,” the second in a treatise. Mouton and ʿAbd al-Mālik 1994 highlights the early stage of animal depictions in Islamic Egypt’s architecture.
  1018.  
  1019. Artan, Tülay. “A Book of Kings Produced and Presented as a Treatise on Hunting.” Muqarnas 25 (2008): 299–330.
  1020.  
  1021. DOI: 10.1163/22118993-90000138Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1022.  
  1023. Discusses an illustrated hunting treatise, with an endeavor to identify its two painters.
  1024.  
  1025. Find this resource:
  1026.  
  1027. Buchthal, Hugo. “Indian Fables in Islamic Art.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 4 (1941): 317–324.
  1028.  
  1029. DOI: 10.1017/S0035869X00097604Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1030.  
  1031. A still-relevant, brief history of the miniature illustrations in Islamic cultures, highlighting the centrality of representations of the Kalīla wa-Dimna fables.
  1032.  
  1033. Find this resource:
  1034.  
  1035. Contadini, Anna. “A Bestiary Tale: Text and Image of the Unicorn in the Kitāb naʿt al-ḥayawān (British Library, or. 2784).” Muqarnas 20 (2003): 17–33.
  1036.  
  1037. DOI: 10.1163/22118993-90000037Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1038.  
  1039. Emphasizes that miniatures and illustrated manuscripts should be studied in their textual and sociohistorical contexts and proposes such a reading of an illustrated zoology.
  1040.  
  1041. Find this resource:
  1042.  
  1043. Contadini, Anna. A World of Beasts: A Thirteenth-Century Illustrated Arabic Book on Animals (The Kitāb Naʿt al-Ḥayawān) in the Ibn Bakhtīshūʿ Tradition. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2012.
  1044.  
  1045. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1046.  
  1047. A well-documented, careful analysis of an anonymous pre-Mongol illustrated manuscript of the Bakhtīshūʿ tradition.
  1048.  
  1049. Find this resource:
  1050.  
  1051. Cowen, Jill Sanchia. Kalila wa Dimna: An Animal Allegory of the Mongol Court. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.
  1052.  
  1053. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1054.  
  1055. A reconstruction of the 14th-century illustrated manuscript of Kalīla wa-Dimna with analyses of painting techniques.
  1056.  
  1057. Find this resource:
  1058.  
  1059. Fowden, Garth. “The Hunt.” In Quṣayr ʿAmra: Art and the Umayyad Elite in Late Antique Syria. By Garth Fowden, 85–114. Berkeley: California University Press, 2004.
  1060.  
  1061. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1062.  
  1063. A discussion of the hunting scenes in Quṣayr ʿAmra (Jordan), situating the discussion in the context of pre-Islamic poetry and Persian culture.
  1064.  
  1065. Find this resource:
  1066.  
  1067. Massé, Henri. Le livre des merveilles du monde. Paris: Les Éditions du Chêne, 1944.
  1068.  
  1069. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1070.  
  1071. Introduces an anonymous Persian-illustrated manuscript sharing the title of al-Qazwīnī’s work and dealing with similar themes.
  1072.  
  1073. Find this resource:
  1074.  
  1075. Mouton, Jean-Michel, and Sami ʿAbd al-Mālik. “Les décors animaliers de la forteresse de Ṣadr (Qalʿat al-Ğindī).” Annales Islamologiques 28 (1994): 59–69.
  1076.  
  1077. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1078.  
  1079. Discusses animal representations in a fortress in Sinai going back to the Ayyūbid era.
  1080.  
  1081. Find this resource:
  1082.  
  1083. Veterinary Medicine
  1084. Medieval authors of veterinary manuals were either theoreticians whose aim was to enhance their scholarly profiles or practitioners who dealt firsthand with animals. Of the latter group, many belonged to the ruling elite. The animals that are mostly discussed in veterinary manuals are horses, hunting birds, dogs, and livestock. Shehada 2013 is the most comprehensive study of this topic. Al-Ghassānī 1990 and Ibn al-Ḥusayn 1953 discuss hunting birds. Al-Bayṭār 1991 is a veterinarian’s work on horses. Ibn Yūsuf 2004 discusses the diseases of horses and camels. Al-Ṣāḥib and Ibn ʿAlī 1984 is mainly about horses, especially those used for hunting. Al-Rasūlī 1987 relies heavily on the author’s own veterinary expertise. Ibn Akhī Ḥizām 2008 is valuable for the study of the early history of hippiatry in the Muslim world.
  1085.  
  1086. al-Bayṭār, Abū Bakr ibn Mundhir. Kāshif hamm al-wayl fī maʿrifat amrāḍ al-khayl. Beirut, Lebanon: Dār al-Nafāʾis, 1991.
  1087.  
  1088. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1089.  
  1090. Known also as Kāmil al-ṣināʿatayn al-bayṭara wa-l-zarṭaqa and al-Nāṣirī. A veterinarian’s treatise, mainly about horses.
  1091.  
  1092. Find this resource:
  1093.  
  1094. al-Ghassānī, al-Ghiṭrīf ibn Qudāma. Kitāb ḍawārī al-ṭayr. Edited by Nūrī Ḥammūdī al-Qaysī and Muḥammad Nāyif al-Dalīmī. Bagdad, Iraq: Dār al-Shuʾūn al-Thaqāfiyya al-ʿĀmma, 1990.
  1095.  
  1096. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1097.  
  1098. With possible authorship attributed to al-Ghassānī, one of the earliest hunting and veterinary manuals (8th century) discussing the training, diseases, and treatments of hunting birds.
  1099.  
  1100. Find this resource:
  1101.  
  1102. Ibn Akhī Ḥizām, Muḥammad ibn Yaʿqūb. Kitāb al-Bayṭara. Edited by Martin Heide. Wiesbaden, Germany: Harrassowitz, 2008.
  1103.  
  1104. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1105.  
  1106. Possibly the earliest hippiatric treatise, written by the person who was in charge of the stables of the ʿAbbāsid caliph al-Muʿtaḍid.
  1107.  
  1108. Find this resource:
  1109.  
  1110. Ibn al-Ḥusayn, Abū ʿAbd Allāh al-Ḥasan. Al-Bayzara. Edited by Muḥammad Kurd ʿAlī. Damascus, Syria: Al-Majmaʿ al-ʿIlmī al-ʿArabī bi-Dimishq, 1953.
  1111.  
  1112. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1113.  
  1114. With possible authorship attributed, composed by the falconer of the Fāṭimīd Caliph al-ʿAzīz bi-Llāh (d. AH 386/996 CE). One of the major books on the training and veterinary medicine of hunting birds.
  1115.  
  1116. Find this resource:
  1117.  
  1118. Ibn Yūsuf, ʿUmar (al-Malik al-Ashraf, Sultan of Yemen). Al-Mughnī fī l-bayṭara fī l-khayl wa-l-jimāl wa-ghayrihā. Edited by Muḥammad al-Tunjī. Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates: Al-Majmaʿ al-Thaqāfī, 2004.
  1119.  
  1120. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1121.  
  1122. An excellent source on premodern, practical veterinary medicine from a Sultan of Yemen. The book deals mainly with horses and camels, with some attention to mules, donkeys, cows, sheep, and goats.
  1123.  
  1124. Find this resource:
  1125.  
  1126. al-Rasūlī, al-Malik al-Mujāhid ʿAlī ibn Dāwūd ibn Yūsuf. Al-Aqwāl al-kāfiya wa-l-fuṣūl al-shāfiya fī l-khayl. Edited by Yaḥyā Jabūrī. Beirut, Lebanon: Dār al-Gharb al-Islāmī, 1987.
  1127.  
  1128. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1129.  
  1130. A book on horses and other pack animals. The fourth chapter deals with horse illnesses. The book is also valuable in that it discusses themes specific to Yemen, including a plague that struck horses and mules during the author’s time.
  1131.  
  1132. Find this resource:
  1133.  
  1134. al-Ṣāḥib, Tāj al-Dīn, and Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad Ibn ʿAlī. Kitāb al-Bayṭara. 2 vols. Frankfurt: Institute for the History of Arabic-Islamic Science, 1984.
  1135.  
  1136. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1137.  
  1138. Veterinary material is mostly in the second volume and consists of material collected from other works rather than the author’s own practice.
  1139.  
  1140. Find this resource:
  1141.  
  1142. Shehada, Housni Alkhateeb. Mamluks and Animals: Veterinary Medicine in Medieval Islam. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2013.
  1143.  
  1144. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1145.  
  1146. An erudite study, placing the discussion of veterinary medicine in political, social, and cultural contexts and extending beyond the Mamlūk period and the strict topic of veterinary medicine.
  1147.  
  1148. Find this resource:
  1149.  
  1150. Hunting
  1151. Kushājim 1954 is an adab work on hunting. Ibn Mankalī 1993 describes the techniques of capturing and training hunting animals. Pharaon 1880 is a French translation of this work. Ibn Munqidh 1930 is a biographical work containing a section on the author’s hunting expeditions. Viré 1973 describes another medieval hunting technique. Viré and van den Abeele 2005 describes the utilization of crows as hunting birds. Stetkevych 1999 explores the roots of the hunting poetry genre (ṭardiyya). Ahsan 1976 discusses hunting from an economic vantage point.
  1152.  
  1153. Ahsan, Muḥammad Manazir. “Hunting in the Early ʿAbbasid Period: Some Evidence on Expenditure and Prices.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 19.1 (1976): 101–105.
  1154.  
  1155. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1156.  
  1157. Discusses the economic dimension of hunting in the Abbasid period, both as a major venue of expenditure for the wealthy and a source of sustenance for the poor.
  1158.  
  1159. Find this resource:
  1160.  
  1161. Ibn Mankalī, Muḥammad. Uns al-malā bi-waḥsh al-falā. Edited by Muḥammad ʿĪsā Ṣāliḥiyya. Amman, Jordan: Dār al-Bashīr, 1993.
  1162.  
  1163. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1164.  
  1165. The book starts with legal matters, followed by a discussion of hunting techniques using a variety of animals, including horses, dogs, and hunting birds.
  1166.  
  1167. Find this resource:
  1168.  
  1169. Ibn Munqidh, Usāma. Kitāb al-Iʿtibār. Edited by Philip Hitti. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1930.
  1170.  
  1171. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1172.  
  1173. See pp. 191–226. Ibn Munqidh’s autobiography, Kitāb al-Iʿtibār, ends with a section describing the hunting expeditions in which the author accompanied his father.
  1174.  
  1175. Find this resource:
  1176.  
  1177. Kushājim, Abū l-Fatḥ Maḥmūd ibn al-Ḥasan al-Kātib. Al-Maṣāyid wa-l-maṭārid. Edited by Muḥammad Asʿad Ṭalas. Bagdad, Iraq: Dār al-Maʿrifa, 1954.
  1178.  
  1179. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1180.  
  1181. Combines professional knowledge on falconry with literary and legal material on hunting.
  1182.  
  1183. Find this resource:
  1184.  
  1185. Pharaon, Florian, trans. Traité de vénerie. Paris: E. Dentu, 1880.
  1186.  
  1187. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1188.  
  1189. French translation of Ibn Mankalī’s Uns al-malā, preceded by an introduction.
  1190.  
  1191. Find this resource:
  1192.  
  1193. Stetkevych, Jaroslav. “The Hunt in Classical Arabic Poetry: From Mukhadram Qasidah to Umayyad Tardiyyah.” Journal of Arabic Literature 30 (1999): 107–127.
  1194.  
  1195. DOI: 10.1163/157006499X00108Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1196.  
  1197. Traces the stages through which hunting themes in the pre-Islamic ode developed into a freestanding hunt poem in the Umayyad period.
  1198.  
  1199. Find this resource:
  1200.  
  1201. Viré, Franҫois. “La chasse à la glu (tadbīq) en Orient medieval.” Arabica 20.1 (1973): 1–10.
  1202.  
  1203. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1204.  
  1205. One of many works by the same author on hunting and veterinary medicine. This article introduces a medieval hunting technique consisting of the use of glue to catch birds.
  1206.  
  1207. Find this resource:
  1208.  
  1209. Viré, Franҫois, and Baudouin van den Abeele. “L’utilisation du grand corbeau, d’après le traité de chasse d’al-Asadī.” Arabica 52.4 (2005): 544–564.
  1210.  
  1211. DOI: 10.1163/157005805774320213Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1212.  
  1213. The posthumous publication of a translation of a passage on Muslims’ use of the crow for hunting. The article also provides a list of publications by François Viré, who translated and authored numerous texts on falconry in Islam.
  1214.  
  1215. Find this resource:
  1216.  
  1217. Comparative Works
  1218. Animal themes in Islam have been the subject of several comparative studies. Bousquet 1958 provides some important preliminary remarks on the ethical and legal status of animals in the three Abrahamic traditions. Bakhos 2009 reflects on the themes of hierarchy and egalitarianism in the same traditions through the Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ’s narrative. Berkowitz and Katz 2016 studies a number of Jewish and Islamic texts dealing with animal ethics. Landry 2015 explores the theme of equine-human companionship in Russian and Ottoman cultures. Menache 1997 investigates negative attitudes toward dogs in the three Abrahamic traditions.
  1219.  
  1220. Bakhos, Carol. “Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Attitudes toward Animals.” Comparative Islamic Studies 5.2 (2009): 177–219.
  1221.  
  1222. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1223.  
  1224. The author holds that the Ikhwān’s fable is representative of attitudes toward animals in the three Abrahamic traditions, whereby notions of humans’ superiority are suffused with teachings of compassion.
  1225.  
  1226. Find this resource:
  1227.  
  1228. Berkowitz, Beth, and Marion Katz. “The Cowering Calf and the Thirsty Dog: Narrating and Legislating Kindness to Animals in Jewish and Islamic Texts.” In Islamic and Jewish Legal Reasoning: Encountering Our Legal Other. Edited by Anver Emon, 61–111. London: Oneworld, 2016.
  1229.  
  1230. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1231.  
  1232. The authors analyze and discuss short excerpts from Jewish and Islamic medieval texts on animal ethics.
  1233.  
  1234. Find this resource:
  1235.  
  1236. Bousquet, Georges-Henri. “Des Animaux et de leur traitement selon le Judaïsme, le Christianisme et l’Islam.” Studia Islamica 9 (1958): 31–48.
  1237.  
  1238. DOI: 10.2307/1594972Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1239.  
  1240. A still-influential article providing preliminary remarks on the question of animal welfare in the three Abrahamic traditions.
  1241.  
  1242. Find this resource:
  1243.  
  1244. Landry, Donna. “Horse-Human Companionship: Creaturely Cosmopolitanism across Eurasia.” In Cosmopolitan Animals. Edited by Kaori Nagai, Karen Jones, Donna Landry, Monica Mattfeld, Caroline Rooney, and Charlotte Sleigh, 181–193. New York and Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.
  1245.  
  1246. DOI: 10.1057/9781137376282_13Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1247.  
  1248. Explores horse-human affection and companionship in the 17th century through the Ottoman traveler Evliya Çelebi’s Seyahatname and works of Russian literature.
  1249.  
  1250. Find this resource:
  1251.  
  1252. Menache, Sophia. “Dogs: God’s Worst Enemies?” Society and Animals: Social Scientific Studies of the Human Experience of Other Animals 5 (1997): 23–44.
  1253.  
  1254. DOI: 10.1163/156853097X00204Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1255.  
  1256. A study dealing with the alleged hostile attitudes toward dogs in pagan, Jewish, Christian, and Muslim cultures.
  1257.  
  1258. Find this resource:
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