will be given a Periodic Table and a table of relevant formulas and constants.  Bring a calculator and a pencil to
the exam!

Your exam will include the following major topics...

•  Bronsted acids and bases
•  Conjugate acid/base pairs
•  Self-ionization of water
•  The definitions of pH and pOH
•  The pH scale
•  Determining pH/pOH from [H3O+
] and [OH-
], and vice-versa
•  Strong and weak acids
•  The relative strengths of weak acids, as determined by Ka
•  Carbohydrates and their biochemical functions
•  Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides
•  Lipids – Saponifiable and non-saponifiable
•  Triglycerides:  Saturated and non-saturated fats
•  Biochemical importance (uses) of triglycerides
•  Steroids - male and female sex hormones
•  Amino acids and peptides
•  Proteins and their functions
•  Enzymes and how they work
•  Nucleotides (DNA and RNA)
•  The structure of DNA
•  The functions of DNA/RNA in the flow of genetic information (transcription and translation).
•  Other functions of RNA

Specific material that you need to memorize…
•  Know the following acids from Table 9.7, their formulas and whether they’re strong or weak:
Hydrochloric, hydrobromic, nitric, sulfuric, phosphoric, acetic.
•  Know that H2SO4 is diprotic and H3PO4 is triprotic
•  Know how to determine the relative strengths of weak acids, based on their Ka values
•  The four biochemical functions of carbohydrates
•  Be able to identify and differentiate between pyranose and furanose rings
•  Monosaccharides:  Glucose and fructose.  Know where they’re found
•  Disaccharides:  Lactose and fructose. Know where they’re found
•  Polysaccharides:  Starch, glycogen, and cellulose.  Know what they’re made up of, where they’re found,
and what they’re used for.
•  Be able to recognize the general structure of a triglyceride and its components
•  Be able to recognize the general structure of a steroid
•  Know the four sex hormones discussed in class
•  Be able to recognize the general structure of an amino acid and its functional groups
•  Know the number of naturally-occurring amino acids
•  Be able to recognize a peptide bond
•  Be able to recognize α-helix and β-sheet motifs of proteins
•  Be able to recognize a DNA and an RNA molecule, and know how to tell the difference
•  Be able to recognize and differentiate between a purine and a pyrimidine base
•  The functions of DNA/RNA in the flow of genetic information.  Other functions of RNA

Topics that you will NOT be responsible to know…
•  Anything in the book, but not discussed in class