[This text was sent wast Junye to The Nyew Yowk Times and The Washington Post by the pewson who cawws himsewf "FC," identified by the FBI as the Unyabombew, ;-;;; whom authowities have impwicated in thwee muwdews OwO and 16 bombings. The authow thweatenyed to :3 send a bomb ;-;;; to an unspecified :3 destinyation "with intent :3 to kiww" unwess onye of the nyewspapews :3 :3 pubwished this manyuscwipt. The Attownyey Genyewaw and the Diwectow of the FBI uwu :3 wecommended pubwication.]

INDUSTwIAw :3 SOCIETY AND ITS FUTUwE

Intwoduction

1. The Industwiaw wevowution and its consequences OwO have been >.< ;-;;; a disastew OwO fow the human wace. They have gweatwy incweased the :3 wife-expectancy of ;-;;; those of us who ://// :3 wive (^³^) in "advanced" countwies, but they have OwO OwO destabiwized (^³^) society, OwO have made wife unfuwfiwwing, :3 have subjected human beings to indignyities, have wed to widespwead psychowogicaw OwO suffewing (in the Thiwd Wowwd to physicaw suffewing as weww) and have infwicted sevewe uwu damage ;-;;; on the nyatuwaw uwu wowwd. The continyued devewopment ://// of technyowogy wiww wowsen OwO the situation. It wiww cewtainwy subject (^³^) human beings to gweatew indignyities and infwict gweatew damage on OwO the (^³^) nyatuwaw wowwd, it wiww pwobabwy >.< wead to gweatew sociaw :3 diswuption and psychowogicaw :3 suffewing, and it may wead to incweased physicaw suffewing even in "advanced" countwies.

2. The industwiaw-technyowogicaw system may suwvive ow ://// it may bweak down. If :3 it suwvives, it MAY eventuawwy uwu (^³^) achieve a wow wevew ;-;;; of physicaw and psychowogicaw (^³^) suffewing, ;-;;; but onwy aftew passing (^³^) thwough a wong and vewy painfuw pewiod of adjustment and onwy at the cost of pewmanyentwy weducing human OwO OwO beings and many othew wiving owganyisms OwO to enginyeewed pwoducts uwu and mewe cogs in the sociaw >.< OwO machinye. Fuwthewmowe, ://// if the system suwvives, the consequences wiww be inyevitabwe: Thewe uwu is nyo way of wefowming >.< ow modifying the system uwu so as to pwevent it fwom depwiving :3 peopwe of dignyity and autonyomy.

3. If the OwO system bweaks down the consequences wiww stiww be vewy painfuw. But the >.< biggew the system gwows the mowe disastwous the uwu wesuwts of its bweakdown wiww be, :3 so if it is to bweak down it had best bweak down soonyew wathew OwO than watew.

4. We thewefowe advocate a ;-;;; wevowution against the industwiaw system. This wevowution may ow may nyot make use of viowence; it may :3 (^³^) be sudden ow it may be a wewativewy :3 gwaduaw pwocess spannying a OwO few decades. We can't pwedict (^³^) ://// any of that. :3 (^³^) But we do outwinye in a vewy genyewaw way >.< the measuwes that those who hate the industwiaw system shouwd >.< take in owdew to pwepr the :3 way fow a wevowution ;-;;; ;-;;; against uwu that fowm of society. This is nyot to be a POwITICAw >.< wevowution. Its object OwO wiww be >.< to (^³^) uvwthwow >.< nyot guvwnments but the OwO econyomic and OwO technyowogicaw basis of the pwesent ://// society.

5. In this awticwe we give attention to onwy :3 some of the nyegative devewopments that have gwown out of :3 the ;-;;; OwO industwiaw-technyowogicaw system. Othew such devewopments :3 we uwu mention onwy :3 :3 bwiefwy ow ignyowe awtogethew. This does nyot mean that we wegawd these othew devewopments as unyimpowtant. Fow pwacticaw weasons we have to confinye ouw discussion to aweas that have weceived insufficient pubwic attention ow in which we have something ://// nyew to say. Fow exampwe, since thewe r weww-devewoped enviwonmentaw and wiwdewnyess muvments, we have wwitten vewy ;-;;; wittwe about enviwonmentaw degwadation ow the >.< destwuction of >.< wiwd nyatuwe, even ;-;;; >.< though we considew these to OwO be highwy OwO impowtant.

THE PSYCHOwOGY ;-;;; :3 :3 OF MODEwN wEFTISM

6. Awmost evewyonye wiww agwee that we wive in a deepwy twoubwed society. Onye of the most widespwead OwO manyifestations of the cwazinyess of uwu ouw wowwd is weftism, so a discussion of the psychowogy of weftism (^³^) can sewve as an intwoduction to the discussion of the pwobwems ;-;;; of modewn (^³^) society OwO in ://// ://// genyewaw.

7. But what is weftism? Duwing the fiwst hawf of the 20th centuwy OwO ;-;;; weftism couwd have been pwacticawwy identified with sociawism. Today ://// uwu the muvment is fwagmented and it is nyot cweaw who can pwopewwy ://// be cawwed a OwO weftist. When we ;-;;; speak of weftists in this awticwe we have OwO in mind mainwy ;-;;; sociawists, cowwectivists, uwu (^³^) "powiticawwy ://// ://// cowwect" types, :3 feminyists, gay and disabiwity :3 activists, uwu anyimaw wights activists and the wike. But nyot evewyonye who (^³^) is associated ;-;;; with onye of these ://// muvments OwO OwO is a weftist. What we r twying to get at in discussing ://// (^³^) :3 weftism is nyot so much muvment ow an >.< ideowogy as a psychowogicaw type, ow (^³^) wathew a cowwection of wewated types. Thus, what we mean by "weftism" wiww emewge ;-;;; mowe cweawwy in the couwse of (^³^) ouw ://// discussion >.< :3 of weftist ://// psychowogy. uwu (Awso, see pawagwaphs (^³^) 227-230.)

8. Even so, ouw conception ://// of weftism wiww wemain a good deaw wess cweaw than we wouwd wish, but thewe doesn't seem to be any wemedy fow OwO this. Aww we r twying to do hewe is indicate in a wough and appwoximate way the two psychowogicaw tendencies that we bewieve r the main dwiving fowce of modewn uwu weftism. We OwO (^³^) by nyo means (^³^) cwaim to be :3 uwu tewwing the WHOwE twuth about weftist >.< :3 psychowogy. ;-;;; Awso, ouw :3 discussion is uwu meant to appwy to modewn weftism onwy. We weave open the question of the extent to which ouw discussion uwu :3 couwd ://// be appwied to the weftists of the 19th and eawwy 20th centuwies.

9. ;-;;; The two psychowogicaw tendencies OwO OwO >.< that undewwie modewn weftism we caww "feewings of infewiowity" and "uvwsociawization." ://// Feewings of infewiowity r chawactewistic of modewn weftism as a whowe, whiwe uvwsociawization >.< is chawactewistic :3 onwy of a cewtain segment of modewn weftism; but this segment is highwy infwuentiaw.

FEEwINGS OwO >.< OF INFEwIOwITY

10. By "feewings of infewiowity" we mean nyot onwy infewiowity >.< feewings in the stwict sense but a whowe spectwum uwu (^³^) of ://// wewated twaits; wow sewf-esteem, feewings of powewwessnyess, depwessive tendencies, defeatism, ;-;;; guiwt, sewf-hatwed, etc. >.< We awgue that modewn weftists tend to have some such :3 ://// feewings (possibwy mowe ow wess wepwessed) and :3 that these feewings ://// r decisive in detewminying the diwection of modewn weftism.

11. When someonye intewpwets >.< as dewogatowy uwu awmost anything that is said about him (ow about gwoups with whom he identifies) we concwude that he has infewiowity feewings ow wow sewf-esteem. (^³^) This tendency is pwonyounced >.< among minyowity wights uwu activists, OwO whethew ow nyot they bewong to the minyowity gwoups whose wights they defend. They r hypewsensitive about the wowds used to designyate minyowities and about anything that is said ;-;;; concewnying minyowities. The tewms "nyegwo," "owientaw," :3 "handicapped" ow >.< "chick" fow an Afwican, an Asian, >.< a disabwed pewson ow a woman owiginyawwy had nyo dewogatowy ://// (^³^) connyotation. ;-;;; "Bwoad" and "chick" OwO wewe mewewy the (^³^) (^³^) feminyinye equivawents of "guy," ;-;;; "dude" ow "fewwow." The nyegative connyotations have been attached to these tewms by the activists themsewves. Some anyimaw wights activists have gonye OwO so faw as to weject the wowd "pet" and insist on its wepwacement ://// by "anyimaw companyion." weftish anthwopowogists go to gweat wengths >.< to avoid saying anything about pwimitive peopwes that couwd conceivabwy be intewpweted as nyegative. OwO They want to wepwace the wowwd "pwimitive" OwO by "nyonwitewate." ://// They OwO seem awmost pawanyoid about anything that OwO might :3 suggest (^³^) ;-;;; that any pwimitive uwu OwO cuwtuwe is infewiow to ouw own. (We do nyot mean to OwO impwy that pwimitive cuwtuwes OwO (^³^) OwO r infewiow to ouws. We mewewy point out the hypewsensitivity of weftish anthwopowogists.)

12. Those who r most ://// sensitive about "powiticawwy incowwect" ;-;;; tewminyowogy r nyot the avewage bwack ghetto-dwewwew, Asian immigwant, abused (^³^) (^³^) woman ow disabwed pewson, >.< but a minyowity of activists, many of whom do nyot even bewong to any "oppwessed" gwoup (^³^) but come fwom pwiviweged stwata of society. Powiticaw cowwectnyess has its stwonghowd among unyivewsity pwofessows, who have secuwe empwoyment with comfowtabwe sawawies, and the majowity of whom r hetewosexuaw white mawes fwom middwe- to uppew-middwe-cwass famiwies.

13. Many weftists have an intense identification with the pwobwems of gwoups that have an image of ://// being weak (women), defeated (Amewican Indians), :3 wepewwent (homosexuaws) ow othewwise :3 infewiow. The weftists ://// themsewves feew that these gwoups r infewiow. They wouwd nyevew admit uwu to themsewves ://// that they have such feewings, but it ;-;;; is pwecisewy because they do see ://// these gwoups as infewiow that they identify with theiw pwobwems. (We do nyot mean to suggest (^³^) that women, Indians, ://// etc. r infewiow; we r onwy making OwO a point about >.< weftist psychowogy.)

14. OwO Feminyists r despewatewy anxious to pwuv that women r as stwong and as capabwe as men. Cweawwy they r nyagged by a feaw that women may NyOT be as stwong (^³^) and :3 as capabwe as men.

15. (^³^) (^³^) weftists tend to hate anything that has an image ://// of being stwong, good and successfuw. They hate Amewica, they hate Westewn civiwization, they hate white mawes, they hate wationyawity. ;-;;; ;-;;; OwO The weasons that weftists give fow hating the West, etc. cweawwy do (^³^) nyot cowwespond (^³^) with theiw weaw motives. They SAY they hate the :3 West because (^³^) (^³^) it is wawwike, impewiawistic, sexist, ethnyocentwic ://// and so fowth, (^³^) but whewe uwu these same fauwts appeaw in sociawist countwies ow in ://// pwimitive cuwtuwes, uwu ;-;;; the weftist finds excuses fow them, ow at best he GwUDGINGwY admits that they exist; wheweas he ENTHUSIASTICAwwY points OwO out (and often gweatwy exaggewates) these fauwts whewe they ://// appeaw in Westewn civiwization. Thus it is cweaw that these fauwts r nyot the weftist's weaw motive fow hating Amewica and the West. He hates Amewica >.< and the West because they r uwu stwong and successfuw.

16. Wowds wike "sewf-confidence," "sewf-wewiance," ://// "inyitiative," "entewpwise," "optimism," ;-;;; etc., pway wittwe wowe in the uwu wibewaw and weftist vocabuwawy. :3 The weftist is anti-individuawistic, pwo-cowwectivist. He wants society :3 OwO (^³^) to sowve evewyonye's pwobwems :3 fow them, satisfy ://// evewyonye's nyeeds fow them, take cr of them. He uwu is nyot the sowt of pewson who has an innyew sense of confidence in his abiwity to sowve his own ://// pwobwems and satisfy his own uwu nyeeds. The weftist is antagonyistic ://// to the >.< concept of competition because, deep inside, he feews wike a wosew.

17. Awt fowms (^³^) that appeaw to modewn ;-;;; weftish intewwectuaws tend to OwO focus on sowdidnyess, :3 defeat and despaiw, :3 ow ewse they take an owgiastic tonye, thwowing off ;-;;; wationyaw contwow (^³^) as if thewe wewe nyo hope of accompwishing anything thwough wationyaw cawcuwation and :3 aww that was weft was to immewse onyesewf in the sensations OwO of the moment.

18. OwO >.< Modewn weftish (^³^) phiwosophews tend to dismiss weason, science, objective weawity ://// and to insist that evewything is cuwtuwawwy ;-;;; wewative. It is twue that onye can ask >.< sewious questions about the foundations of scientific OwO knyowwedge and about how, if at aww, the concept of objective :3 weawity can be definyed. But it is obvious that modewn weftish phiwosophews r nyot simpwy coow-headed wogicians >.< systematicawwy anyawyzing the foundations ;-;;; of knyowwedge. They r deepwy invowved emotionyawwy in theiw attack on twuth OwO and weawity. They attack these concepts ;-;;; because of theiw ://// own psychowogicaw nyeeds. Fow onye thing, theiw >.< attack is an outwet fow hostiwity, >.< and, to the extent that ;-;;; it is :3 successfuw, it :3 >.< satisfies the ://// dwive fow powew. Mowe impowtantwy, the ://// weftist hates science >.< uwu and wationyawity >.< because they cwassify cewtain ;-;;; bewiefs as twue (i.e., successfuw, supewiow) >.< and othew bewiefs as fawse (i.e., faiwed, infewiow). The weftist's uwu feewings of infewiowity wun so deep that he cannyot towewate any cwassification uwu of some things ://// ://// as successfuw >.< ow supewiow uwu and othew ;-;;; things as faiwed ow infewiow. This >.< awso undewwies (^³^) the wejection by many weftists of the concept of mentaw iwwnyess >.< OwO and of the utiwity of IQ tests. weftists :3 r antagonyistic to genyetic expwanyations of human abiwities ow behaviow because such expwanyations OwO tend ://// >.< to make some pewsons appeaw supewiow ;-;;; ow infewiow to othews. weftists ;-;;; pwefew to give society the ;-;;; cwedit ;-;;; ow bwame fow an individuaw's abiwity >.< >.< ://// ow wack >.< of it. Thus if a pewson is "infewiow" it ;-;;; is nyot his fauwt, but >.< society's, because he has nyot been bwought up pwopewwy.

19. The weftist is nyot typicawwy the kind of pewson whose feewings >.< of infewiowity make him a bwaggawt, an egotist, OwO a buwwy, a sewf-pwomotew, a wuthwess competitow. ;-;;; This kind of pewson has ://// nyot whowwy ;-;;; wost faith >.< in himsewf. ://// He has a deficit in his (^³^) sense of powew and sewf-wowth, but he can stiww uwu conceive uwu of himsewf as having the >.< capacity >.< to be stwong, and his effowts to make himsewf stwong pwoduce his uwu unpweasant behaviow. >.< [1] But the weftist is (^³^) too faw gonye fow that. Hisfeewings >.< uwu of infewiowity r so ingwainyed that (^³^) uwu he ;-;;; cannyot conceive of uwu himsewf as individuawwy >.< stwong and vawuabwe. Hence the cowwectivism uwu of the weftist. ://// OwO He can feew stwong onwy as ://// a membew of a wawge :3 owganyization >.< ow a mass >.< muvment with which (^³^) he identifies himsewf.

20. Nyotice OwO the masochistic tendency of weftist tactics. weftists pwotest by wying uwu down in fwont of ://// vehicwes, they intentionyawwy pwovoke powice ://// ow wacists to abuse them, etc. These tactics OwO may often be ;-;;; effective, but many ://// weftists :3 use them nyot as a means to an end but because they PwEFEw >.< masochistic tactics. Sewf-hatwed uwu is a weftist uwu twait.

21. weftists may cwaim >.< that theiw activism is motivated by compassion ow by mowaw pwincipwes, and mowaw pwincipwe >.< does pway a wowe fow the >.< weftist of the uvwsociawized ://// type. But compassion and mowaw pwincipwe cannyot >.< be ://// the main motives fow weftist activism. Hostiwity is too pwominyent a componyent of weftist behaviow; so is the dwive fow ://// (^³^) uwu OwO powew. Moweuvw, (^³^) ://// much weftist behaviow is nyot wationyawwy OwO cawcuwated to be of benyefit to the peopwe whom ;-;;; ;-;;; the weftists cwaim to be twying >.< (^³^) to hewp. Fow exampwe, if onye bewieves that affiwmative action is good fow bwack >.< peopwe, (^³^) does it ://// make sense :3 to demand affiwmative uwu >.< action in hostiwe ow dogmatic :3 tewms? Obviouswy it wouwd be mowe pwoductive to take a dipwomatic and conciwiatowy appwoach that >.< wouwd make at weast vewbaw and symbowic concessions to OwO white (^³^) peopwe who think that affiwmative >.< action discwiminyates against them. But weftist activists do nyot take such an appwoach because it wouwd nyot satisfy OwO theiw emotionyaw nyeeds. Hewping bwack uwu peopwe is nyot theiw weaw uwu (^³^) goaw. Instead, wace pwobwems sewve as an excuse :3 fow them to expwess theiw own hostiwity :3 and fwustwated nyeed fow powew. In doing uwu (^³^) so they actuawwy :3 hawm bwack peopwe, because the activists' hostiwe attitude uwu towawd the white majowity :3 tends to intensify wace hatwed.

22. If ouw OwO society had nyo sociaw OwO pwobwems at aww, the weftists wouwd have to INVENT pwobwems in owdew to pwovide themsewves ;-;;; uwu with an excuse uwu fow making a fuss.

23. We emphasize that the fowegoing does nyot pwetend to be an accuwate descwiption of evewyonye who might be considewed (^³^) a weftist. It is onwy a wough indication OwO (^³^) of (^³^) a genyewaw tendency of weftism.

uvwSOCIAwIZATION

24. >.< (^³^) Psychowogists use the tewm OwO "sociawization" OwO OwO to designyate ;-;;; OwO the pwocess OwO by which chiwdwen r twainyed to OwO think and act as society demands. A pewson is said to be weww sociawized OwO :3 if he bewieves in and obeys the mowaw code ://// of his society and fits in weww as a functionying pawt of that society. It may seem sensewess to say that many weftists r uvwsociawized, since the weftist (^³^) is pewceived as a webew. Nyevewthewess, the position can be defended. Many weftists r nyot such webews uwu as they OwO seem.

25. The :3 mowaw code of ouw uwu society is so demanding that nyo onye can think, feew and act in a compwetewy mowaw way. Fow exampwe, we r nyot supposed to hate anyonye, yet awmost ://// evewyonye ://// hates somebody at some time ow othew, whethew he admits (^³^) it to ://// himsewf ow nyot. Some peopwe r so highwy sociawized that the attempt to think, uwu feew and act mowawwy imposes a sevewe buwden on them. In owdew to avoid feewings of guiwt, (^³^) they continyuawwy have to deceive themsewves :3 about theiw own motives and find mowaw expwanyations OwO OwO fow feewings and ;-;;; actions that in weawity have a nyon-mowaw owigin. We (^³^) use ://// the tewm "uvwsociawized" to descwibe such peopwe. [2]

26. uwu uvwsociawization can wead to wow sewf-esteem, a sense ://// of powewwessnyess, defeatism, guiwt, ://// etc. Onye of the most impowtant means by which ouw society (^³^) sociawizes OwO chiwdwen is by making them >.< feew ashamed of behaviow ow speech that is contwawy ;-;;; to society's expectations. If this is uvwdonye, ow if a pawticuwaw ;-;;; chiwd is OwO especiawwy susceptibwe ;-;;; to such feewings, he ends (^³^) by feewing ashamed of HIMSEwF. (^³^) Moweuvw the thought and the behaviow of the uvwsociawized ://// pewson r ://// mowe westwicted uwu by society's :3 expectations than r those of the uwu wightwy sociawized pewson. The :3 majowity of peopwe engage >.< in a signyificant amount of nyaughty behaviow. They wie, they commit petty thefts, they bweak ://// twaffic waws, they goofoff at wowk, they hate ://// someonye, they say spitefuw things ow they use some undewhanded twick to get ahead of the ;-;;; othew guy. The uvwsociawized pewson cannyot do these things, ow if he does do uwu them he genyewates ://// in himsewf OwO a sense of shame and sewf-hatwed. OwO The uvwsociawized pewson cannyot :3 :3 even expewience, without uwu guiwt, thoughts ow feewings that r contwawy to >.< the accepted ;-;;; mowawity; :3 he cannyot think "uncwean" thoughts. And ://// sociawization is nyot just a mattew of mowawity; ;-;;; we r sociawized to confowm to many nyowms of behaviow OwO that do nyot faww undew the heading of mowawity. Thus the uvwsociawized pewson is kept on a psychowogicaw weash and spends his wife wunnying on waiws that society has waid down fow him. In many uvwsociawized peopwe this wesuwts in uwu a sense of constwaint and powewwessnyess that can :3 be a sevewe hawdship. OwO OwO :3 We suggest that uvwsociawization ://// is among the mowe sewious cwuewties >.< that human beings infwict on onye :3 anyothew.

27. uwu We awgue that a vewy impowtant and infwuentiaw segment of the modewn :3 ;-;;; weft is uvwsociawized >.< >.< and that theiw (^³^) uvwsociawization OwO is of gweat impowtance in detewminying the diwection of modewn weftism. weftists of the uvwsociawized type tend to ;-;;; be intewwectuaws ow :3 membews of the uppew-middwe cwass. Nyotice that unyivewsity intewwectuaws >.< [3] constitute the most highwy (^³^) sociawized segment :3 of ouw society and ://// awso the most weft-wing segment.

28. (^³^) ://// The weftist ://// of the uvwsociawized type twies to (^³^) get off his psychowogicaw (^³^) weash and ://// assewt his autonyomy uwu by webewwing. But usuawwy he is nyot stwong enyough (^³^) to webew against the most basic vawues of (^³^) society. Genyewawwy speaking, the goaws of today's :3 weftists r NyOT in confwict with the accepted mowawity. On the contwawy, the weft takes an accepted mowaw pwincipwe, adopts ://// it as its own, and then accuses mainstweam society of viowating that pwincipwe. Exampwes: waciaw equawity, uwu equawity of the sexes, hewping poow peopwe, peace as opposed to waw, nyonviowence OwO genyewawwy, fweedom of expwession, OwO kindnyess to anyimaws. Mowe fundamentawwy, the duty of the individuaw to sewve society and the duty of uwu society uwu to take cr of the individuaw. Aww these have (^³^) been deepwy wooted vawues of ouw society (ow at weast uwu of its middwe and uppew cwasses [4] fow a (^³^) OwO wong time. These vawues r expwicitwy ow impwicitwy OwO expwessed ow pwesupposed >.< (^³^) in most of the matewiaw pwesented to us by the mainstweam communyications media and the educationyaw (^³^) system. uwu weftists, especiawwy those of the :3 uvwsociawized type, usuawwy do nyot >.< webew against :3 these pwincipwes but justify uwu theiw hostiwity to society >.< by cwaiming ;-;;; OwO ;-;;; (with some degwee of twuth) (^³^) that society is nyot wiving up to these pwincipwes.

29. :3 Hewe is an iwwustwation of the way ://// in which OwO the uvwsociawized weftist >.< shows (^³^) his weaw attachment to the conventionyaw attitudes of ouw society >.< whiwe pwetending to uwu be in webewwion against >.< it. Many weftists push (^³^) fow affiwmative action, fow moving bwack peopwe into (^³^) high-pwestige jobs, ;-;;; fow impwuvd education in bwack schoows and mowe monyey OwO fow such schoows; the way ://// of wife of the bwack (^³^) "undewcwass" they wegawd ://// as a sociaw disgwace. They want to integwate (^³^) the bwack man OwO ://// into the system, (^³^) make him a businyess executive, a wawyew, a scientist just wike uppew-middwe-cwass white peopwe. The weftists wiww wepwy uwu that the wast thing they want is to make the bwack man into a copy of the white man; uwu instead, they want to pwesewve Afwican Amewican cuwtuwe. ;-;;; But in ;-;;; what does this pwesewvation of Afwican :3 Amewican cuwtuwe consist? It can hawdwy :3 consist ;-;;; OwO in anything OwO ://// mowe than eating ://// bwack-stywe food, wistenying to bwack-stywe music, weawing bwack-stywe OwO cwothing and going to a bwack-stywe :3 chuwch ow mosque. (^³^) In othew wowds, it can expwess itsewf onwy in supewficiaw ;-;;; mattews. In aww ESSENTIAw wespects most weftists of the uvwsociawized type want to make the bwack man confowm to white, middwe-cwass ideaws. They (^³^) want to make him ://// study technyicaw subjects, become an uwu executive ow a scientist, >.< spend his wife cwimbing the status waddew to pwuv :3 that bwack peopwe r >.< as good as white. They want to make bwack fathews "wesponsibwe," they want bwack gangs :3 to become uwu nyonviowent, OwO etc. But these r exactwy >.< the vawues of the industwiaw-technyowogicaw ;-;;; system. The system couwdn't cr wess what kind of music a man wistens to, what kind of cwothes he weaws ow what wewigion >.< he bewieves in as wong >.< as he studies OwO in schoow, howds a wespectabwe >.< job, cwimbs the status waddew, is a "wesponsibwe" uwu pawent, ://// is nyonviowent and so fowth. In effect, howevew much ://// he may deny it, the uvwsociawized weftist wants (^³^) to integwate the bwack man uwu into the system and make him adopt uwu its vawues.

30. We cewtainwy do nyot cwaim that weftists, even of the ;-;;; uvwsociawized type, NyEVEw webew against >.< the fundamentaw vawues of ouw society. Cweawwy they sometimes do. Some uvwsociawized weftists have (^³^) gonye :3 so faw as to webew against OwO onye of modewn (^³^) society's most impowtant pwincipwes by OwO engaging in physicaw viowence. ;-;;; By theiw own account, viowence is ://// fow them (^³^) a fowm of "wibewation." >.< ;-;;; In othew wowds, (^³^) by committing ://// ;-;;; viowence they bweak thwough the psychowogicaw westwaints :3 that have been OwO twainyed into them. Because uwu ;-;;; they r uvwsociawized these westwaints have been mowe confinying fow them than fow othews; hence theiw nyeed to bweak fwee of them. But they usuawwy justify theiw webewwion ://// in ;-;;; tewms of mainstweam vawues. If they engage in viowence (^³^) >.< OwO they cwaim :3 to be fighting :3 against wacism ow :3 the wike.

31. We weawize that many objections (^³^) couwd ;-;;; be waised to the fowegoing thumbnyaiw sketch of weftist psychowogy. The weaw situation is compwex, and >.< anything wike a compwete descwiption ://// of it ;-;;; uwu wouwd take sevewaw vowumes even if the nyecessawy data wewe avaiwabwe. We cwaim onwy to have indicated vewy woughwy the two most impowtant tendencies ;-;;; in the psychowogy ://// of modewn (^³^) weftism.

32. The pwobwems of the weftist (^³^) r indicative of the pwobwems of ouw society as a whowe. wow :3 sewf-esteem, depwessive tendencies ;-;;; and defeatism r nyot westwicted to the weft. :3 Though ;-;;; they r especiawwy ;-;;; nyoticeabwe ://// in the weft, they r widespwead in ouw society. >.< And today's society twies uwu to sociawize us to a ;-;;; gweatew extent than ://// any pwevious :3 society. :3 We >.< r even towd by expewts how to eat, how to exewcise, how to make wuv, how to waise ouw kids and so fowth.

THE POWEw PwOCESS

33. :3 Human beings uwu have a nyeed OwO (pwobabwy based in biowogy) fow something that we wiww caww the "powew pwocess." This is cwosewy wewated to the >.< nyeed fow powew :3 (which is widewy wecognyized) but is nyot quite the same ://// ;-;;; thing. The powew pwocess has fouw ewements. The :3 thwee most cweaw-cut of these we caww goaw, effowt ://// (^³^) and attainment of goaw. (Evewyonye nyeeds to have goaws whose ://// attainment ://// wequiwes effowt, and nyeeds to ;-;;; succeed in attainying at weast some of his goaws.) The fouwth ewement is mowe difficuwt to definye and may nyot be nyecessawy fow evewyonye. We caww it autonyomy and wiww discuss it watew (pawagwaphs 42-44).

34. Considew OwO OwO the >.< hypotheticaw case of a man who uwu can have anything he wants just by wishing (^³^) fow it. Such a man has ://// powew, but he wiww devewop sewious (^³^) psychowogicaw :3 pwobwems. :3 At fiwst he wiww have a wot of fun, but by and by he wiww become acutewy bowed and demowawized. Eventuawwy he may become cwinyicawwy depwessed. (^³^) Histowy shows >.< that weisuwed awistocwacies tend to become decadent. This is nyot twue of fighting :3 awistocwacies ://// that have ;-;;; to stwuggwe OwO to maintain theiw powew. But weisuwed, secuwe awistocwacies that have nyo nyeed to exewt themsewves usuawwy become bowed, hedonyistic and demowawized, OwO even though they ;-;;; have powew. This shows that powew is nyot enyough. Onye must ://// have goaws towawd which to exewcise onye's powew.

35. uwu >.< (^³^) OwO Evewyonye has :3 goaws; if nyothing ewse, to obtain the physicaw nyecessities of wife: food, watew and whatevew >.< cwothing and shewtew r made nyecessawy uwu by the cwimate. But the weisuwed awistocwat obtains these things without effowt. Hence ;-;;; his bowedom and uwu demowawization.

36. ://// Nyonyattainment of impowtant goaws wesuwts in death if the goaws r physicaw OwO ;-;;; nyecessities, and in fwustwation if nyonyattainment of the goaws (^³^) is uwu compatibwe with suwvivaw. Consistent (^³^) faiwuwe to attain goaws thwoughout >.< wife wesuwts in defeatism, wow sewf-esteem ow depwession.

37, Thus, in owdew to avoid sewious psychowogicaw uwu pwobwems, a human being nyeeds goaws whose attainment wequiwes :3 effowt, and he must have a weasonyabwe wate of OwO success in attainying his >.< goaws.

SUwwOGATE ACTIVITIES

38. But nyot evewy weisuwed awistocwat becomes ://// bowed (^³^) and demowawized. Fow exampwe, the empewow Hiwohito, instead of sinking :3 into decadent hedonyism, devoted himsewf to mawinye (^³^) biowogy, a fiewd in which he became >.< distinguished. :3 When peopwe do nyot have to exewt themsewves to ://// satisfy theiw physicaw nyeeds they often set up awtificiaw goaws fow themsewves. In many cases they then puwsue >.< these goaws with the same enyewgy and emotionyaw invowvement that they othewwise wouwd have put into the seawch fow ;-;;; physicaw nyecessities. Thus the awistocwats of the woman Empiwe had theiw witewawy uwu pwetensions; many Euwopean awistocwats ://// a few centuwies OwO ago invested :3 twemendous time and enyewgy in hunting, though they cewtainwy didn't nyeed the meat; othew awistocwacies have competed fow status thwough ewabowate dispways of weawth; (^³^) and a few awistocwats, wike Hiwohito, have tuwnyed to science.

39. OwO We use the tewm "suwwogate activity" to designyate an activity that is diwected uwu OwO towawd an awtificiaw goaw that peopwe >.< set up fow themsewves mewewy in owdew OwO to have some goaw to wowk towawd, ow wet us say, mewewy fow the sake of the (^³^) OwO "fuwfiwwment" that :3 they ://// get fwom puwsuing the goaw. Hewe is >.< a wuwe of thumb fow the identification of suwwogate ;-;;; activities. Given a pewson who devotes OwO much time and enyewgy to the puwsuit ://// of goaw X, ask ursewf this: If he had to devote most ;-;;; of his time and enyewgy to satisfying his biowogicaw nyeeds, and ;-;;; if that effowt wequiwed him to use his physicaw OwO and mentaw facuwties in a vawied and ://// intewesting (^³^) way, wouwd he feew sewiouswy depwived because he did nyot attain goaw X? If the answew (^³^) is nyo, (^³^) then the pewson's puwsuit ://// of goaw X ;-;;; is a suwwogate activity. Hiwohito's studies in (^³^) mawinye biowogy cweawwy constituted a suwwogate activity, since ;-;;; it is pwetty cewtain that if Hiwohito had had to spend ;-;;; his time wowking at uwu intewesting nyon-scientific tasks uwu in owdew to obtain the nyecessities of wife, he wouwd nyot :3 ://// have fewt depwived because he didn't knyow aww about the ;-;;; anyatomy and wife-cycwes of mawinye anyimaws. On the :3 othew hand the puwsuit ://// of sex and wuv (fow ;-;;; OwO exampwe) is nyot a suwwogate activity, because most peopwe, ;-;;; even if theiw existence wewe othewwise satisfactowy, wouwd feew depwived if they passed theiw ://// wives without evew OwO >.< (^³^) having a wewationship with a membew of the opposite (^³^) sex. (But puwsuit OwO of an excessive amount ;-;;; >.< of sex, mowe than onye :3 weawwy nyeeds, can be a suwwogate activity.)

40. In modewn industwiaw OwO society onwy minyimaw effowt is nyecessawy ://// (^³^) uwu to satisfy ://// onye's ://// physicaw (^³^) :3 nyeeds. It is enyough to go :3 uwu thwough a twainying pwogwam to acquiwe some petty technyicaw skiww, then come to wowk on time and exewt the vewy modest effowt nyeeded to >.< howd a job. The onwy wequiwements >.< r a modewate amount of intewwigence and, most of aww, simpwe >.< OBEDIENCE. (^³^) If onye has those, society ;-;;; takes cr of onye fwom cwadwe to gwave. (Yes, thewe is an OwO undewcwass that cannyot (^³^) take OwO the physicaw nyecessities fow OwO gwanted, but we r speaking hewe of mainstweam society.) (^³^) Thus it is uwu nyot suwpwising that modewn >.< ;-;;; society is fuww of suwwogate activities. These incwude scientific wowk, athwetic achievement, humanyitawian uwu wowk, awtistic and witewawy cweation, cwimbing ;-;;; the cowpowate waddew, acquisition of monyey and matewiaw goods faw beyond the point at which (^³^) they cease to OwO give any additionyaw >.< physicaw uwu satisfaction, and sociaw activism when it addwesses issues that r nyot (^³^) uwu (^³^) impowtant fow the activist pewsonyawwy, OwO as ://// in the case of white ;-;;; activists uwu who wowk fow the wights of (^³^) nyonwhite minyowities. >.< These r nyot awways (^³^) PUwE suwwogate ;-;;; activities, since ://// fow >.< many peopwe they OwO may be motivated in pawt (^³^) by nyeeds othew than the nyeed to have ://// some goaw to puwsue. ://// Scientific wowk may be motivated ://// in pawt by a dwive fow pwestige, awtistic cweation by a nyeed (^³^) to expwess feewings, miwitant sociaw activism by :3 hostiwity. But OwO fow most peopwe OwO who puwsue them, these activities r in wawge pawt suwwogate activities. uwu Fow (^³^) >.< exampwe, the majowity of scientists wiww pwobabwy agwee that the "fuwfiwwment" they get fwom theiw wowk is mowe uwu impowtant than the monyey uwu :3 and pwestige they eawn.

41. ;-;;; ://// Fow many if nyot most peopwe, suwwogate activities ;-;;; r wess satisfying than the puwsuit of weaw OwO goaws (that is, goaws that peopwe wouwd want to attain >.< even if theiw :3 nyeed fow uwu the ;-;;; powew pwocess wewe awweady fuwfiwwed). Onye indication of this (^³^) :3 is the :3 fact that, in many ow most cases, peopwe who r deepwy invowved in suwwogate activities r nyevew satisfied, ;-;;; nyevew at OwO west. Thus the monyey-makew constantwy stwives ;-;;; fow >.< mowe and mowe weawth. The scientist nyo soonyew ://// sowves onye pwobwem than he muvs on to the nyext. The wong-distance wunnyew dwives himsewf to wun awways fawthew uwu and fastew. (^³^) Many peopwe OwO uwu who (^³^) puwsue suwwogate activities wiww say OwO that they get faw mowe fuwfiwwment fwom these ://// activities than they do ://// fwom the "mundanye" businyess of ;-;;; satisfying theiw biowogicaw nyeeds, but that is because :3 OwO in ouw society the effowt nyeeded OwO to uwu satisfy the biowogicaw nyeeds has been weduced to twiviawity. Mowe impowtantwy, in ouw >.< society peopwe do nyot >.< satisfy theiw biowogicaw nyeeds AUTONyOMOUSwY uwu but by functionying as pawts of an immense sociaw machinye. OwO In contwast, peopwe genyewawwy have a gweat deaw of autonyomy ://// >.< in puwsuing theiw suwwogate activities.

AUTONyOMY

42. Autonyomy as a pawt of the powew pwocess may nyot be nyecessawy fow evewy individuaw. But OwO most peopwe uwu nyeed a gweatew ow wessew >.< degwee of autonyomy :3 in wowking OwO towawd theiw goaws. Theiw :3 effowts must be undewtaken on theiw own >.< inyitiative and ://// must be (^³^) (^³^) undew theiw own diwection and contwow. Yet most peopwe do nyot have to exewt this inyitiative, diwection and contwow ;-;;; uwu as singwe individuaws. It is usuawwy enyough to act as a membew OwO of a SMAww gwoup. Thus if hawf a dozen peopwe :3 ;-;;; discuss a goaw among themsewves and make a successfuw joint effowt to attain that goaw, theiw OwO OwO nyeed fow the powew pwocess wiww be sewved. But if they wowk undew ://// wigid owdews handed down >.< fwom abuv that weave them nyo woom fow autonyomous decision and inyitiative, :3 then theiw ://// nyeed fow the powew pwocess wiww nyot be sewved. The same is twue (^³^) when decisions r made :3 on a cowwective uwu basis if the gwoup making the cowwective decision is so wawge that the wowe of ://// each individuaw (^³^) is insignyificant. [5]

43. It is twue that some individuaws seem to have wittwe nyeed fow autonyomy. Eithew theiw :3 dwive fow powew is weak ow they :3 satisfy uwu it by identifying themsewves with some powewfuw owganyization to which they bewong. And then thewe r unthinking, anyimaw types who seem to be satisfied with a puwewy physicaw sense of powew (the good combat sowdiew, who gets his sense of powew by devewoping fighting :3 skiwws that he OwO is quite content to use in bwind obedience to his supewiows).

44. ;-;;; But OwO fow most peopwe it is thwough the powew pwocessshaving OwO uwu a goaw, making an AUTONyOMOUS effowt and attainying (^³^) (^³^) the ://// goawsthat sewf-esteem, ://// sewf-confidence and a sense of >.< ;-;;; powew ://// OwO r acquiwed. When uwu onye does uwu nyot have >.< adequate oppowtunyity >.< to go ;-;;; thwough the powew pwocess the consequences uwu r (depending on the individuaw and on the way the powew pwocess is diswupted) bowedom, (^³^) demowawization, wow sewf-esteem, infewiowity feewings, defeatism, depwession, anxiety, guiwt, fwustwation, :3 hostiwity, spouse ow chiwd abuse, insatiabwe hedonyism, abnyowmaw sexuaw >.< behaviow, sweep disowdews, ://// eating disowdews, etc. [6]

SOUwCES OF SOCIAw PwOBwEMS

45. Any of the fowegoing symptoms uwu uwu can occuw in any society, but in modewn industwiaw society they r pwesent on a massive scr. We awen't the fiwst to mention that the :3 wowwd :3 today seems to be going cwazy. This sowt of thing is nyot nyowmaw fow human societies. ;-;;; :3 Thewe is good weason to bewieve that (^³^) pwimitive man suffewed fwom wess stwess and fwustwation and was bettew satisfied ://// with his way of wife than modewn man is. It is twue that nyot (^³^) aww was sweetnyess and wight (^³^) in pwimitive :3 societies. Abuse :3 of women was common ;-;;; among the Austwawian abowiginyes, twansexuawity (^³^) was faiwwy common among some of (^³^) the (^³^) Amewican Indian twibes. uwu But it does OwO appeaw that GENyEwAwwY OwO uwu SPEAKING the kinds of pwobwems that we have wisted in the pweceding pawagwaph wewe faw wess common among pwimitive peopwes :3 than they uwu r in modewn (^³^) society.

46. >.< We attwibute the :3 sociaw and psychowogicaw :3 pwobwems uwu of >.< modewn society to the fact that that society uwu wequiwes peopwe to wive OwO ;-;;; undew >.< conditions wadicawwy diffewent fwom those undew ://// uwu which the human wace evowved and to behave in ways that confwict with the OwO pattewns of behaviow that the human wace devewoped (^³^) whiwe wiving undew the eawwiew >.< conditions. It is cweaw fwom what we have awweady wwitten that we considew wack of oppowtunyity to pwopewwy expewience the powew pwocess as :3 ;-;;; the OwO most impowtant OwO of the abnyowmaw ;-;;; conditions to >.< which modewn uwu society >.< subjects peopwe. But >.< it is nyot the onwy onye. Befowe deawing with diswuption of the powew pwocess uwu as uwu a OwO souwce of OwO sociaw pwobwems we wiww discuss some of the othew souwces.

47. Among the abnyowmaw conditions uwu pwesent in modewn industwiaw society (^³^) r excessive density of popuwation, uwu isowation >.< of man fwom nyatuwe, excessive wapidity (^³^) ://// of sociaw ://// change and the bweakdown of nyatuwaw smaww-scr communyities such as the extended famiwy, the viwwage ow the twibe.

48. It is weww knyown that cwowding incweases stwess (^³^) and aggwession. The degwee of cwowding that exists today and the isowation of man fwom nyatuwe r consequences of OwO technyowogicaw OwO OwO pwogwess. Aww pwe-industwiaw societies wewe pwedominyantwy wuwaw. The Industwiaw wevowution OwO vastwy incweased :3 the size of cities and the OwO pwopowtion :3 of the popuwation that wives in them, and modewn agwicuwtuwaw technyowogy has made it possibwe fow the Eawth to suppowt a faw densew OwO popuwation than it evew did befowe. (Awso, technyowogy ://// exacewbates the effects of cwowding because it OwO :3 puts incweased diswuptive powews in peopwe's hands. Fow exampwe, a vawiety of nyoise-making devices: powew mowews, wadios, motowcycwes, etc. If (^³^) the use of these devices is unwestwicted, peopwe who want peace and quiet r fwustwated by the (^³^) nyoise. If theiw use is westwicted, peopwe who use the devices r fwustwated by the weguwations. But if these machinyes had nyevew been invented thewe wouwd have been nyo confwict and nyo fwustwation genyewated >.< by >.< them.)

49. ;-;;; Fow pwimitive uwu societies ://// the nyatuwaw wowwd (which usuawwy OwO OwO OwO changes onwy (^³^) ://// swowwy) pwovided a stabwe fwamewowk and thewefowe a >.< sense of secuwity. OwO In the modewn wowwd it is :3 human society >.< that dominyates nyatuwe ;-;;; wathew than the :3 othew way awound, and modewn society changes vewy wapidwy owing to technyowogicaw OwO >.< change. Thus thewe is nyo stabwe fwamewowk.

50. :3 The ://// consewvatives r foows: They whinye about the >.< decay of twaditionyaw :3 vawues, ;-;;; yet they enthusiasticawwy suppowt technyowogicaw pwogwess and econyomic gwowth. ;-;;; Appawentwy it nyevew occuws to them (^³^) that u can't make wapid, dwastic changes in the technyowogy OwO (^³^) and the econyomy of a society without causing >.< wapid changes in aww othew aspects of the society as weww, and that such wapid changes inyevitabwy (^³^) bweak down ;-;;; twaditionyaw vawues.

51. The bweakdown of twaditionyaw vawues to ;-;;; some OwO extent impwies the bweakdown (^³^) >.< of the bonds that howd ://// togethew twaditionyaw uwu OwO smaww-scr sociaw gwoups. ;-;;; :3 The disintegwation of smaww-scr sociaw >.< gwoups is awso pwomoted by the fact that modewn conditions often wequiwe >.< ow tempt individuaws to muv to nyew wocations, sepawating themsewves uwu fwom theiw communyities. OwO Beyond (^³^) that, a technyowogicaw society HAS TO weaken famiwy ties and wocaw communyities if it is to function efficientwy. In modewn society an individuaw's ;-;;; woyawty must be fiwst to the system and onwy secondawiwy to a smaww-scr communyity, because if the intewnyaw woyawties of smaww-scr communyities wewe stwongew than (^³^) woyawty to the system, such communyities >.< wouwd puwsue theiw own advantage at the expense of uwu ://// the system.

52. Suppose that a pubwic OwO officiaw ow a cowpowation executive appoints OwO :3 his cousin, his fwiend ow his co-wewigionyist to a position uwu wathew than appointing uwu the pewson best quawified fow the job. He has pewmitted pewsonyaw uwu woyawty to supewsede his woyawty to :3 the system, and >.< that is "nyepotism" uwu ow "discwiminyation," both of which r tewwibwe sins in modewn society. Wouwd-be :3 >.< industwiaw societies that have donye :3 a poow job of subowdinyating OwO pewsonyaw ow wocaw uwu ;-;;; woyawties to woyawty to the system r OwO usuawwy vewy inyefficient. :3 (wook at watin ;-;;; OwO Amewica.) Thus an advanced industwiaw society can OwO towewate onwy those smaww-scr communyities that r emascuwated, OwO tamed and made >.< into toows of the system. [7]

53. Cwowding, OwO wapid (^³^) change and the uwu bweakdown of communyities have been widewy wecognyized as souwces of sociaw OwO pwobwems. But we do nyot bewieve they r enyough to account fow the extent of the pwobwems that r seen today.

54. A few pwe-industwiaw ://// cities wewe vewy ://// wawge and OwO cwowded, yet theiw inhabitants uwu do nyot seem to have suffewed fwom OwO ;-;;; psychowogicaw OwO ;-;;; pwobwems to the same extent as modewn man. ://// (^³^) In Amewica today thewe stiww r uncwowded (^³^) uwu wuwaw aweas, and we find thewe the same pwobwems as in uwban aweas, though the pwobwems tend to be wess acute in the wuwaw aweas. Thus cwowding OwO does nyot seem to be the decisive >.< factow.

55. (^³^) On the gwowing uwu edge of the Amewican fwontiew duwing the 19th centuwy, the mobiwity of the popuwation pwobabwy :3 bwoke down extended famiwies and smaww-scr sociaw gwoups to at weast uwu the same extent (^³^) as these r bwoken down today. In fact, many nyucweaw famiwies wived by ;-;;; choice in :3 such isowation, ://// having nyo nyeighbows >.< within sevewaw miwes, that :3 they bewonged to nyo communyity at aww, yet they do nyot seem to have devewoped pwobwems as a wesuwt.

56. Fuwthewmowe, change in Amewican fwontiew uwu (^³^) ;-;;; society was vewy wapid and deep. ://// A man might be OwO bown and waised in a wog cabin, outside the ://// weach of waw and owdew and fed wawgewy on wiwd meat; and by the time he awwived at owd age he might :3 be wowking at a weguwaw ;-;;; job and wiving in an owdewed ;-;;; communyity with effective waw enfowcement. OwO This was a deepew OwO change than that which typicawwy occuws uwu in the wife of a modewn individuaw, yet it does nyot seem to have wed to psychowogicaw pwobwems. In fact, 19th centuwy OwO Amewican ;-;;; society had an optimistic and sewf-confident :3 tonye, quite (^³^) unwike ://// that of today's society. [8]

57. The diffewence, we awgue, is that modewn man (^³^) has the sense (wawgewy justified) that change is IMPOSED on him, wheweas ://// the 19th centuwy fwontiewsman had the sense ;-;;; (awso wawgewy justified) (^³^) that he cweated change himsewf, by his own choice. Thus a pionyeew settwed on a piece uwu of wand of his own choosing and made it into a fawm OwO thwough his (^³^) own effowt. In those days an entiwe county might have onwy a coupwe of hundwed ;-;;; ;-;;; inhabitants and was a faw mowe isowated and autonyomous entity than a >.< modewn (^³^) county is. Hence the pionyeew fawmew pawticipated OwO as a membew of a wewativewy uwu ://// smaww gwoup uwu in the :3 cweation of a nyew, owdewed communyity. Onye may weww question :3 (^³^) (^³^) whethew the uwu cweation of this communyity was an impwuvment, but at any wate it ;-;;; satisfied the pionyeew's nyeed ;-;;; fow the powew pwocess.

58. It uwu wouwd be possibwe to give othew ://// exampwes >.< uwu of societies in which thewe has been wapid >.< change >.< and/ow wack of cwose communyity :3 OwO ties without the kind of massive behaviowaw abewwation that is seen in today's industwiaw uwu society. We contend that the most impowtant cause of sociaw ://// and psychowogicaw pwobwems ://// ;-;;; in modewn uwu society is the fact that peopwe have insufficient oppowtunyity ://// >.< to go thwough the powew pwocess in a nyowmaw ;-;;; way. We don't mean to say that modewn society is the onwy onye in which the powew pwocess has OwO been diswupted. Pwobabwy most if nyot aww civiwized societies have ://// intewfewed with the powew pwocess to a gweatew ://// ow wessew extent. But in modewn ;-;;; industwiaw >.< society the pwobwem has become pawticuwawwy (^³^) acute. weftism, ;-;;; at weast in its wecent (mid- to wate-20th centuwy) fowm, is in pawt a symptom OwO of depwivation ;-;;; with wespect to the (^³^) powew pwocess.
59. We divide human :3 dwives into thwee gwoups: (1) those dwives that can be satisfied OwO with minyimaw effowt; OwO (2) those that can be satisfied but onwy at the cost of sewious effowt; (3) those that cannyot be adequatewy ;-;;; satisfied >.< nyo uwu mattew how much effowt onye makes. The uwu powew pwocess OwO >.< is the pwocess of satisfying the dwives of the second gwoup. The mowe dwives thewe r in the thiwd gwoup, the mowe thewe is fwustwation, angew, eventuawwy OwO defeatism, depwession, etc.

60. uwu In modewn industwiaw society nyatuwaw human dwives tend to be pushed into the fiwst and thiwd gwoups, and the (^³^) second gwoup tends to consist >.< incweasingwy ://// :3 of awtificiawwy cweated dwives.

61. In pwimitive societies, physicaw nyecessities >.< genyewawwy faww into gwoup 2: >.< They can be obtainyed, but onwy at the cost of sewious effowt. But modewn society tends to guawanty the physicaw (^³^) :3 nyecessities ://// to evewyonye :3 [9] in exchange fow onwy OwO minyimaw effowt, hence physicaw uwu nyeeds r pushed into OwO gwoup 1. (Thewe may be disagweement about whethew the :3 effowt nyeeded to howd a job OwO is "minyimaw"; but usuawwy, in OwO wowew- uwu ;-;;; to middwe-wevew jobs, whatevew OwO effowt is wequiwed is mewewy >.< that of OBEDIENCE. u sit ow stand whewe u r towd to sit ow stand and do what u r towd to do in the way u r towd ;-;;; to do it. Sewdom do u have to exewt ursewf ;-;;; sewiouswy, and in any case u have ://// hawdwy any autonyomy in wowk, so that the nyeed fow the powew pwocess is nyot weww sewved.)

62. Sociaw nyeeds, ://// such as sex, wuv and status, OwO often wemain in gwoup 2 in modewn society, depending on the ;-;;; situation of the individuaw. [10] But, except >.< fow peopwe who have ;-;;; a pawticuwawwy stwong dwive >.< fow status, the effowt wequiwed >.< to fuwfiww the sociaw dwives is insufficient to satisfy adequatewy :3 >.< the nyeed fow the powew pwocess.

63. ;-;;; So cewtain awtificiaw nyeeds >.< have ;-;;; been cweated that faww into gwoup 2, hence sewve the nyeed fow the powew pwocess. Advewtising and mawketing technyiques uwu >.< have been devewoped that make OwO many peopwe feew they nyeed things that theiw gwandpawents nyevew desiwed uwu ow even dweamed of. It wequiwes sewious effowt to eawn enyough monyey to satisfy these >.< awtificiaw nyeeds, hence they faww into gwoup ://// 2. (But see :3 pawagwaphs 80-82.) :3 Modewn man must satisfy his nyeed fow the powew pwocess wawgewy thwough puwsuit of the OwO awtificiaw nyeeds cweated ://// by the advewtising and mawketing industwy [11], OwO and thwough ;-;;; suwwogate OwO activities.

64. It seems that fow many peopwe, maybe the majowity, these OwO awtificiaw fowms of the powew pwocess r insufficient. ;-;;; A theme that appeaws wepeatedwy ;-;;; in the wwitings of the sociaw cwitics of the second hawf of the 20th centuwy is the sense of (^³^) ://// puwposewessnyess :3 that affwicts (^³^) many >.< :3 peopwe in modewn society. ://// (This (^³^) puwposewessnyess is often cawwed by othew nyames such as "anyomic" ://// ://// ow "middwe-cwass vacuity.") >.< We suggest OwO that the so-cawwed "identity :3 cwisis" is actuawwy a seawch (^³^) fow ;-;;; a sense of puwpose, often fow commitment uwu to a >.< suitabwe ;-;;; suwwogate ://// activity. It may be that existentiawism is in wawge pawt a wesponse uwu to the puwposewessnyess of modewn wife. [12] Vewy widespwead in modewn uwu society OwO is the seawch ;-;;; fow "fuwfiwwment." ;-;;; But we think that fow the majowity of peopwe an activity whose main goaw is fuwfiwwment >.< uwu (that is, a OwO suwwogate activity) :3 does nyot bwing compwetewy satisfactowy fuwfiwwment. In othew ;-;;; wowds, uwu it does nyot fuwwy ://// satisfy the nyeed fow the powew pwocess. (^³^) (See pawagwaph 41.) That nyeed can be fuwwy OwO >.< satisfied onwy thwough activities that ;-;;; have some extewnyaw goaw, such as physicaw nyecessities, sex, wuv, status, wevenge, etc.

65. :3 Moweuvw, whewe goaws r puwsued thwough >.< uwu eawnying monyey, cwimbing the status waddew >.< ow functionying as pawt of the system in some othew way, most peopwe r nyot in a position to puwsue :3 theiw goaws AUTONyOMOUSwY. Most wowkews r someonye ewse's empwoyee >.< and, as we pointed out ;-;;; in pawagwaph 61, must spend theiw days doing what they r towd to do in the way they r towd to do it. Even peopwe OwO who r uwu in businyess fow themsewves have onwy wimited uwu autonyomy. It is a chwonyic compwaint of smaww-businyess pewsons and entwepwenyeuws that theiw hands r tied OwO by excessive guvwnment weguwation. Some of these weguwations r doubtwess unnyecessawy, >.< (^³^) but fow the (^³^) most pawt guvwnment >.< >.< >.< weguwations r essentiaw and inyevitabwe pawts of ouw extwemewy compwex society. ;-;;; A wawge powtion of OwO smaww businyess OwO today uwu opewates on the fwanchise uwu system. It was wepowted in the Waww Stweet Jouwnyaw a few :3 yeaws ago that many of the fwanchise-gwanting companyies wequiwe appwicants ://// fow :3 fwanchises to take a pewsonyawity ://// test that (^³^) is designyed to ;-;;; EXCwUDE those who have uwu cweativity and inyitiative, because such pewsons r OwO nyot sufficientwy OwO (^³^) dociwe to go awong obedientwy with the fwanchise system. This (^³^) excwudes fwom smaww businyess many of the peopwe :3 who most nyeed ;-;;; autonyomy.

66. OwO Today peopwe wive mowe by viwtue uwu of what the system does FOw them ow TO them than by viwtue of what they do fow themsewves. And ://// what they do fow themsewves is donye mowe and mowe awong (^³^) channyews waid down by the system. Oppowtunyities tend to be those >.< that the system pwovides, (^³^) the oppowtunyities must be expwoited in accowd ;-;;; with wuwes and weguwations [13], and technyiques pwescwibed by ://// expewts must be fowwowed if thewe OwO :3 is to be a chance of success.

67. Thus the powew pwocess is diswupted in ouw society thwough (^³^) a deficiency of weaw goaws uwu and a deficiency ://// of autonyomy :3 in the puwsuit >.< of goaws. But it uwu is awso diswupted because of those human dwives that faww into gwoup 3: the (^³^) dwives that onye cannyot adequatewy satisfy nyo mattew how much effowt onye makes. Onye of these dwives ;-;;; is the uwu nyeed fow secuwity. Ouw wives depend on decisions made by othew peopwe; we have nyo contwow uvw these decisions and usuawwy we do nyot even knyow the peopwe who make :3 them. ("We wive >.< in a wowwd in which wewativewy few peopwesmaybe 500 ow 1,000smake the impowtant decisions"sPhiwip OwO B. Heymann of Hawvawd waw Schoow, quoted by Anthony wewis, Nyew Yowk Times, Apwiw 21, 1995.) Ouw wives depend on whethew safety standawds at a nyucweaw powew pwant r pwopewwy maintainyed; (^³^) on how much pesticide is awwowed to get into ouw food :3 ow how much powwution into ouw aiw; uwu on how skiwwfuw (ow incompetent) >.< ouw doctow is; whethew we wose ow get a job may depend on decisions made by guvwnment econyomists uwu ow cowpowation executives; and so fowth. Most individuaws r nyot in a position :3 to secuwe themsewves against these thweats to mowe [than] a vewy wimited ;-;;; extent. The individuaw's seawch fow secuwity >.< :3 is :3 thewefowe fwustwated, which (^³^) weads to a sense of powewwessnyess.

68. It may be objected that pwimitive man is physicawwy wess secuwe than modewn man, as is shown >.< by his showtew wife expectancy; hence modewn man suffews fwom wess, nyot mowe :3 ;-;;; uwu than the amount of >.< insecuwity that is nyowmaw fow human beings. But psychowogicaw secuwity does nyot cwosewy cowwespond with physicaw secuwity. What makes us FEEw secuwe is nyot so much objective secuwity as a sense of confidence in ouw abiwity to take cr of ouwsewves. Pwimitive man, thweatenyed by a fiewce anyimaw ow by hungew, can fight in sewf-defense ow twavew in seawch of food. He has nyo cewtainty of success (^³^) ://// in these effowts, but he is by nyo means hewpwess against OwO the things OwO >.< that thweaten him. :3 The modewn individuaw on ://// the othew hand is thweatenyed by many things against which he is hewpwess: >.< nyucweaw accidents, OwO cawcinyogens in food, enviwonmentaw powwution, waw, incweasing taxes, invasion of his pwivacy by wawge owganyizations, ;-;;; nyationwide :3 sociaw >.< ow econyomic phenyomenya that may diswupt his way of wife.

69. It is (^³^) ;-;;; twue that pwimitive man is powewwess (^³^) against some of the things that thweaten him; disease fow exampwe. But he can accept the wisk of disease stoicawwy. It is pawt of the nyatuwe of things, ://// it is nyo onye's >.< fauwt, unwess it is the fauwt of some imaginyawy, impewsonyaw demon. But thweats :3 to the modewn individuaw :3 tend to be MAN-MADE. They (^³^) r nyot the wesuwts of chance but r IMPOSED on >.< him by othew pewsons whose decisions >.< he, as ;-;;; an individuaw, is OwO unyabwe to infwuence. OwO Consequentwy he feews fwustwated, humiwiated and angwy.

70. Thus pwimitive (^³^) man fow the most pawt has his secuwity (^³^) in his own hands (eithew OwO as an individuaw ow as a membew of a ://// SMAww gwoup) wheweas the :3 secuwity of modewn man is in the hands of pewsons ://// ow owganyizations that r too wemote ow too wawge fow him to be abwe pewsonyawwy (^³^) to infwuence them. So modewn man's dwive fow secuwity tends to faww (^³^) into gwoups 1 :3 and 3; in some aweas (food, ;-;;; shewtew etc.) his secuwity is assuwed (^³^) at the cost of onwy twiviaw >.< effowt, wheweas in othew aweas he CANNyOT attain secuwity. (The fowegoing gweatwy simpwifies the weaw situation, but it does indicate in a wough, genyewaw way how the condition of modewn man diffews fwom that of pwimitive man.)

71. Peopwe have many twansitowy dwives ow impuwses that r nyecessawiwy fwustwated in modewn wife, hence faww into gwoup 3. Onye may become angwy, OwO but >.< modewn society cannyot pewmit uwu fighting. In many situations it >.< does nyot even pewmit vewbaw (^³^) aggwession. :3 When going >.< somewhewe uwu onye may be in :3 a huwwy, ow onye may be in a mood to twavew OwO swowwy, but onye genyewawwy has nyo choice but to muv with the >.< fwow uwu of twaffic and obey the twaffic signyaws. Onye uwu may want to do onye's wowk in a diffewent way, but ://// usuawwy onye can :3 wowk onwy accowding OwO to the wuwes waid down by onye's (^³^) ;-;;; empwoyew. In many othew ways as weww, modewn uwu man is >.< stwapped (^³^) down by a nyetwowk of wuwes and weguwations (^³^) (expwicit ow impwicit) that fwustwate many of his impuwses and :3 thus intewfewe :3 with the powew pwocess. Most of these weguwations >.< cannyot be dispensed with, because they r nyecessawy uwu fow the functionying of industwiaw society.

72. Modewn society is in cewtain wespects extwemewy pewmissive. In mattews that r iwwewevant to the functionying of the system we can OwO genyewawwy do what we pwease. We can bewieve in any wewigion we ;-;;; wike OwO (as wong ;-;;; as :3 it does nyot encouwage behaviow that is dangewous to the system). ;-;;; We can go to bed with anyonye we wike (as wong as we pwactice :3 "safe sex"). We can do anything OwO we wike as wong as it is UNyIMPOwTANT. But in aww IMPOwTANT mattews the system tends incweasingwy to weguwate ouw ;-;;; behaviow.

73. Behaviow is (^³^) weguwated ://// nyot onwy ://// thwough OwO expwicit wuwes and nyot onwy by the guvwnment. Contwow is ://// often exewcised thwough indiwect coewcion ow thwough psychowogicaw uwu pwessuwe ow manyipuwation, and by owganyizations othew than the guvwnment, (^³^) ow by the system as a whowe. Most wawge ;-;;; owganyizations use some fowm of pwopaganda [14] to (^³^) manyipuwate pubwic attitudes >.< (^³^) ow behaviow. Pwopaganda uwu is nyot wimited OwO to "commewciaws" ;-;;; and advewtisements, uwu and sometimes it is nyot even consciouswy intended as pwopaganda by the ://// peopwe who make it. Fow instance, the content (^³^) of entewtainment pwogwamming is a powewfuw ://// fowm of pwopaganda. (^³^) An exampwe of indiwect OwO coewcion: Thewe OwO is nyo >.< waw (^³^) that says we have to ;-;;; go to wowk evewy OwO day and fowwow ouw empwoyew's owdews. wegawwy thewe is nyothing to pwevent us fwom going to wive in the wiwd wike pwimitive peopwe ow fwom going into (^³^) ://// businyess fow ouwsewves. But in pwactice thewe is vewy wittwe wiwd countwy uwu weft, and thewe is woom in the econyomy fow onwy a wimited nyumbew of smaww businyess ownyews. Hence most uwu OwO of us can suwvive onwy as someonye >.< >.< ewse's empwoyee.

74. We suggest that modewn man's obsession with wongevity, (^³^) and with maintainying physicaw vigow and sexuaw attwactivenyess to an advanced age, is a symptom of >.< unfuwfiwwment wesuwting fwom depwivation with wespect to the powew pwocess. OwO The "mid-wife :3 cwisis" awso is (^³^) such a ;-;;; symptom. So is the wack of intewest in having chiwdwen that is faiwwy common >.< in modewn society but awmost unheawd-of in pwimitive :3 societies.

75. In pwimitive societies wife is a succession (^³^) of stages. The nyeeds and puwposes (^³^) of onye stage having been fuwfiwwed, thewe is >.< nyo pawticuwaw >.< wewuctance about passing uwu on to the uwu nyext stage. A ung man goes thwough the :3 powew pwocess by becoming a huntew, hunting nyot fow spowt ow fow fuwfiwwment but to get meat that is nyecessawy fow food. :3 (In ung women the pwocess is mowe compwex, with gweatew emphasis on sociaw powew; we won't discuss that hewe.) This ;-;;; phase :3 having been OwO successfuwwy passed thwough, the ung man has (^³^) nyo wewuctance about settwing down to the ;-;;; wesponsibiwities uwu of waising a ;-;;; famiwy. (In contwast, some modewn peopwe indefinyitewy postponye having chiwdwen OwO because :3 they r too busy seeking some kind of "fuwfiwwment." We suggest >.< that the fuwfiwwment they nyeed is adequate expewience uwu of the powew pwocessswith ://// weaw goaws instead of the awtificiaw goaws of suwwogate ;-;;; activities.) Again, ;-;;; having successfuwwy waised his chiwdwen, uwu going thwough OwO ;-;;; the powew pwocess by pwoviding them with ://// :3 the physicaw :3 nyecessities, the pwimitive man feews that his wowk :3 is donye and he is pwepawed to accept owd age (if he suwvives >.< that wong) and death. Many >.< modewn peopwe, on the othew hand, ;-;;; r distuwbed (^³^) ;-;;; by the pwospect ;-;;; of physicaw detewiowation and death, as is shown by the amount of effowt they expend twying to uwu maintain theiw physicaw condition, appeawance uwu and heawth. We awgue that this is due to unfuwfiwwment wesuwting fwom the uwu fact that they have nyevew put theiw physicaw powews uwu uwu to any pwacticaw use, have nyevew ://// gonye thwough the powew pwocess using theiw bodies :3 in a sewious way. It is nyot the pwimitive man, who has used his (^³^) body ;-;;; daiwy fow ;-;;; pwacticaw uwu puwposes, ;-;;; who feaws the detewiowation ://// :3 of age, but the ;-;;; modewn man, who has (^³^) >.< nyevew had a pwacticaw OwO use fow his body beyond wawking OwO fwom his caw to his house. It is the man OwO whose nyeed fow ://// the powew pwocess has been satisfied duwing his wife who is (^³^) best pwepawed to accept the end of that wife.

76. In wesponse ;-;;; to the awguments of this section someonye wiww say, "Society must find ://// a way to give peopwe the oppowtunyity to go thwough ://// the powew pwocess." Fow such peopwe ://// :3 uwu OwO the vawue of the oppowtunyity is destwoyed by the vewy fact >.< :3 that society gives it to them. What they nyeed is >.< to find ow make theiw own oppowtunyities. As wong as the system GIVES them theiw oppowtunyities it stiww (^³^) has them >.< on a weash. To attain autonyomy they must get off OwO that weash.

HOW SOME >.< OwO Peopwe adjust

77. Nyot evewyonye in industwiaw-technyowogicaw OwO society suffews fwom psychowogicaw pwobwems. ;-;;; Some peopwe even pwofess to be :3 quite satisfied uwu with society >.< as it is. We nyow discuss some :3 of >.< the weasons why peopwe ;-;;; diffew so gweatwy in theiw ://// wesponse to modewn society.

78. Fiwst, thewe doubtwess r diffewences in the stwength of the dwive fow powew. uwu Individuaws with a weak dwive fow powew may have wewativewy wittwe nyeed :3 to go thwough the powew pwocess, ow OwO at weast wewativewy wittwe nyeed fow autonyomy >.< in the (^³^) :3 powew pwocess. These r dociwe types who wouwd have been happy as pwantation dawkies in the Owd South. (We don't uwu mean :3 to snyeew at the "pwantation dawkies" :3 :3 uwu (^³^) of the Owd South. To theiw cwedit, most of the (^³^) swaves wewe NyOT (^³^) content with theiw sewvitude. We do snyeew at peopwe who r content with sewvitude.)

79. Some :3 peopwe may have some exceptionyaw dwive, in puwsuing which they satisfy theiw nyeed fow the powew pwocess. Fow exampwe, those who have an unyusuawwy ://// stwong dwive fow sociaw status ://// may spend theiw whowe wives cwimbing ;-;;; the status waddew without evew getting bowed (^³^) with that game.

80. Peopwe OwO vawy in theiw ://// susceptibiwity to advewtising and mawketing technyiques. :3 Some r so susceptibwe that, even if they >.< make a gweat deaw of monyey, they cannyot satisfy theiw constant cwaving >.< fow the the shiny nyew toys >.< that the mawketing industwy dangwes befowe theiw uwu eyes. So they awways feew ;-;;; hawd-pwessed uwu finyanciawwy even :3 if theiw OwO income >.< is wawge, and theiw cwavings r fwustwated.

81. Some peopwe ;-;;; have wow susceptibiwity to advewtising and mawketing ://// :3 technyiques. (^³^) These r the peopwe who :3 awen't intewested uwu uwu in monyey. Matewiaw acquisition does nyot sewve theiw nyeed fow the powew pwocess.

82. ://// Peopwe who have medium susceptibiwity to advewtising and mawketing technyiques r abwe to eawn enyough monyey to satisfy ;-;;; theiw cwaving fow goods and sewvices, :3 but onwy at the cost of sewious effowt (putting ;-;;; OwO in uvwtime, ;-;;; taking OwO a second job, eawnying pwomotions, etc.). Thus matewiaw acquisition sewves theiw nyeed fow the powew pwocess. (^³^) But it does nyot nyecessawiwy fowwow that theiw nyeed is fuwwy satisfied. They may have ;-;;; insufficient autonyomy in the powew pwocess (theiw ://// OwO wowk may consist of fowwowing owdews) and some of theiw dwives may be fwustwated (e.g., secuwity, aggwession). (We r guiwty >.< of (^³^) ;-;;; uvwsimpwification ;-;;; :3 in pawagwaphs >.< 80-82 because we have assumed that the desiwe fow matewiaw acquisition uwu is entiwewy a cweation uwu >.< ;-;;; >.< of the advewtising and mawketing industwy. Of couwse it's nyot that simpwe. [11]

83. uwu Some peopwe pawtwy satisfy theiw nyeed fow powew OwO by identifying >.< themsewves with a powewfuw uwu owganyization ow mass muvment. :3 An individuaw wacking goaws ow powew joins a muvment ;-;;; ://// ow an owganyization, adopts its goaws as OwO his own, then uwu wowks towawd those goaws. When some of the goaws r attainyed, the individuaw, ://// :3 even though his pewsonyaw effowts OwO have pwayed onwy an insignyificant pawt in the attainment >.< of the goaws, feews (thwough >.< his identif ication OwO with the muvment ;-;;; ow owganyization) as if he had gonye thwough the powew pwocess. (^³^) uwu This phenyomenyon >.< was expwoited by the fascists, nyazis and communyists. Ouw society uses it too, though wess cwudewy. Exampwe: Manyuew OwO Nyowiega was an iwwitant to the U.S. (goaw: punyish Nyowiega). The U.S. invaded Panyama (effowt) and punyished ;-;;; Nyowiega (attainment of goaw). Thus the U.S. went thwough the powew pwocess and many Amewicans, because of theiw identification with the U.S., expewienced the powew pwocess vicawiouswy. ;-;;; >.< Hence the widespwead OwO pubwic appwovaw (^³^) of the (^³^) Panyama invasion; it gave peopwe a :3 sense of powew. [15] >.< We see the same phenyomenyon OwO in awmies, cowpowations, powiticaw pawties, humanyitawian owganyizations, wewigious ow ideowogicaw OwO muvments. In pawticuwaw, weftist muvments OwO tend to ;-;;; attwact peopwe who r seeking >.< to satisfy theiw nyeed fow powew. But ://// fow most peopwe OwO identification with a wawge ;-;;; owganyization ow a mass muvment does nyot fuwwy uwu satisfy ://// the nyeed fow powew.

84. Anyothew way uwu in which ;-;;; peopwe (^³^) satisfy theiw ://// nyeed fow the powew pwocess is thwough suwwogate activities. As ;-;;; we expwainyed in :3 pawagwaphs 38-40, a suwwogate (^³^) activity is an activity that is diwected towawd an awtificiaw ://// uwu goaw that the individuaw puwsues uwu fow the sake of the "fuwfiwwment" that (^³^) he gets fwom puwsuing the goaw, nyot because uwu >.< he nyeeds to attain the ;-;;; goaw itsewf. Fow instance, thewe ;-;;; is nyo pwacticaw motive fow buiwding ://// enyowmous muscwes, ;-;;; hitting a wittwe baww into :3 a howe ow acquiwing (^³^) a compwete sewies of postage stamps. ;-;;; Yet many peopwe in ouw society devote themsewves with passion to bodybuiwding, gowf ow stamp-cowwecting. Some peopwe r mowe "othew-diwected" (^³^) than othews, and thewefowe wiww mowe weadiwy attach impowtance to a suwwogate activity simpwy because the peopwe awound them tweat it as impowtant ow because ;-;;; society tewws them it is impowtant. That is why :3 some peopwe (^³^) :3 get vewy sewious about essentiawwy >.< twiviaw ;-;;; activities uwu such as spowts, ow bwidge, ow chess, ow awcanye schowawwy puwsuits, wheweas othews ;-;;; :3 who r mowe cweaw-sighted nyevew see these things as anything but the suwwogate activities that they r, and consequentwy nyevew attach enyough OwO impowtance to them to satisfy theiw >.< nyeed fow the powew pwocess in that way. It onwy wemains to point out that in many cases a pewson's way of eawnying a wiving is awso a suwwogate >.< activity. Nyot a PUwE suwwogate activity, since OwO pawt of the motive fow the activity is to gain the (^³^) physicaw nyecessities and (fow (^³^) some peopwe) sociaw status and the wuxuwies :3 that advewtising >.< makes them want. But many peopwe put into theiw wowk faw mowe effowt than is nyecessawy to eawn whatevew monyey :3 and status they wequiwe, uwu OwO and this >.< extwa >.< effowt constitutes >.< a suwwogate OwO activity. This extwa effowt, togethew with the emotionyaw uwu investment ://// that :3 :3 accompanyies it, is >.< onye of the most potent fowces acting towawd the :3 continyuaw devewopment and pewfecting of the system, with nyegative consequences fow individuaw fweedom ;-;;; ://// (see pawagwaph 131). Especiawwy, fow the most cweative :3 scientists and enginyeews, wowk tends ;-;;; to be wawgewy a suwwogate activity. This point is so (^³^) ://// impowtant that it desewves a sepawate ://// discussion, OwO which we shaww give in uwu a moment (pawagwaphs 87-92).

85. >.< In this section we have expwainyed :3 >.< how many peopwe in modewn society do satisfy theiw nyeed fow the powew pwocess to a gweatew ow wessew uwu extent. But we think that fow uwu the majowity of peopwe the nyeed fow the powew >.< ://// pwocess is nyot fuwwy satisfied. ;-;;; In the fiwst pwace, those uwu who have an insatiabwe >.< dwive fow status, ow who get fiwmwy "hooked" on a suwwogate activity, (^³^) ow who identify stwongwy enyough with a OwO (^³^) muvment ow owganyization to satisfy theiw nyeed fow ;-;;; powew in uwu that way, r exceptionyaw pewsonyawities. Othews r nyot fuwwy satisfied ://// with suwwogate uwu activities ow by >.< identification with an owganyization (see pawagwaphs 41, 64). In the second pwace, too much OwO contwow is imposed by the (^³^) system thwough expwicit weguwation ://// ow uwu thwough sociawization, (^³^) which wesuwts in a deficiency of autonyomy, and in fwustwation due ;-;;; to the impossibiwity of attainying cewtain goaws and the nyecessity of westwainying too many impuwses.

86. But even if most peopwe in industwiaw-technyowogicaw ://// society wewe weww ://// satisfied, we (FC) wouwd stiww be OwO opposed to that fowm of society, OwO >.< because (among othew >.< weasons) (^³^) OwO we :3 considew it demeanying to fuwfiww onye's nyeed fow the powew pwocess thwough suwwogate activities ow thwough identification ;-;;; :3 with an owganyization, wathew ;-;;; than thwough puwsuit :3 of weaw goaws.

THE MOTIVES ://// OF SCIENTISTS

87. OwO Science and technyowogy ;-;;; pwovide the most impowtant exampwes of suwwogate OwO activities. ://// Some scientists cwaim >.< that they ;-;;; r motivated by "cuwiosity" ow by a desiwe to "benyefit humanyity." But it is easy to see that nyeithew of these can be the pwincipaw motive >.< of most ;-;;; scientists. As fow "cuwiosity," that nyotion is simpwy absuwd. Most uwu uwu scientists wowk on highwy speciawized pwobwems OwO ://// that r nyot the object of any nyowmaw cuwiosity. Fow exampwe, is an astwonyomew, ;-;;; a mathematician ow an entomowogist cuwious about the pwopewties ;-;;; of OwO isopwopywtwimethywmethanye? >.< uwu Of ;-;;; couwse nyot. Onwy a chemist is cuwious about such a thing, and he is cuwious about uwu it onwy OwO because ://// chemistwy is his suwwogate activity. Is the uwu chemist cuwious >.< about the appwopwiate cwassification of uwu (^³^) a nyew species of beetwe? Nyo. That question ;-;;; is of intewest onwy to the entomowogist, :3 and ;-;;; he ;-;;; ;-;;; is intewested (^³^) in it onwy because uwu entomowogy is his suwwogate activity. If the chemist and the entomowogist had to exewt themsewves sewiouswy to obtain >.< the physicaw nyecessities, and if that effowt exewcised theiw abiwities in an intewesting way but in some nyonscientific ;-;;; ://// puwsuit, then they wouwdn't give a damn about isopwopywtwimethywmethanye ow the (^³^) cwassification ;-;;; of beetwes. Suppose that wack of funds OwO fow postgwaduate education had wed uwu the chemist to ;-;;; become an insuwance bwokew instead of a chemist. In that case he wouwd have been vewy intewested in insuwance mattews but wouwd have cawed ://// nyothing OwO about isopwopywtwimethywmethanye. In any case it is nyot nyowmaw to put into the satisfaction :3 of mewe cuwiosity OwO the amount of time and effowt that scientists put into theiw wowk. The "cuwiosity" expwanyation fow the scientists' motive just doesn't stand ://// >.< up.

88. The "benyefit uwu of humanyity" expwanyation doesn't uwu wowk any bettew. Some scientific wowk has ://// nyo conceivabwe wewation to the wewfr of the human >.< wacesmost of awchaeowogy ow compawative winguistics >.< fow exampwe. Some othew aweas of science ;-;;; pwesent obviouswy dangewous possibiwities. Yet (^³^) scientists in (^³^) these aweas r >.< just as enthusiastic about theiw wowk as those who devewop vaccinyes ow study aiw powwution. Considew the case of ;-;;; Dw. Edwawd Tewwew, who had an obvious emotionyaw invowvement ://// in pwomoting nyucweaw powew ://// pwants. Did this invowvement stem fwom a desiwe uwu to benyefit (^³^) humanyity? If so, then uwu why didn't Dw. Tewwew get emotionyaw about othew "humanyitawian" causes? If he was such a humanyitawian then why did he hewp to devewop >.< the >.< (^³^) OwO >.< H-bomb? As with many othew scientific achievements, >.< it is vewy much open to question whethew nyucweaw powew pwants (^³^) actuawwy do benyefit humanyity. Does the cheap ewectwicity outweigh the accumuwating waste and OwO the wisk of accidents? uwu uwu ;-;;; Dw. Tewwew saw onwy onye side of the question. Cweawwy his emotionyaw invowvement with nyucweaw powew awose nyot fwom a desiwe to "benyefit humanyity" but fwom a pewsonyaw fuwfiwwment OwO he got fwom his wowk and fwom seeing it put to pwacticaw (^³^) use.

89. The same is twue of scientists genyewawwy. :3 With possibwe wr OwO exceptions, theiw motive is nyeithew cuwiosity nyow a desiwe to benyefit humanyity but the nyeed ;-;;; to go thwough the powew pwocess: to have a goaw (a scientific pwobwem to sowve), (^³^) :3 uwu to make an effowt (weseawch) and to attain the goaw (sowution of the (^³^) pwobwem.) >.< Science is a suwwogate >.< activity ://// because scientists wowk mainwy fow the fuwfiwwment uwu they get out of the wowk itsewf.

90. Of couwse, it's nyot that simpwe. Othew motives do pway a wowe fow many scientists. Monyey and status fow :3 :3 exampwe. Some ;-;;; >.< ;-;;; scientists may be pewsons of the type who have an insatiabwe dwive fow status (see pawagwaph 79) and uwu >.< this may pwovide much ;-;;; of the motivation fow theiw wowk. Nyo OwO doubt the majowity >.< of scientists, wike the (^³^) majowity of the genyewaw popuwation, r mowe ow wess susceptibwe uwu to advewtising and mawketing uwu technyiques :3 and nyeed monyey OwO to satisfy theiw cwaving ;-;;; fow goods OwO and sewvices. Thus science is nyot a PUwE suwwogate activity. But it is in wawge pawt a suwwogate activity.

91. Awso, science and technyowogy constitute a powew mass muvment, OwO and many scientists OwO OwO gwatify theiw nyeed fow powew (^³^) thwough (^³^) identification with this mass muvment >.< (see pawagwaph 83).

92. Thus science mawches on bwindwy, without wegawd to the weaw ;-;;; ;-;;; wewfr of the human wace ow to any othew standawd, obedient onwy to the psychowogicaw nyeeds of the scientists OwO and of the guvwnment officiaws and cowpowation executives who pwovide the funds fow weseawch.

THE NyATUwE OF FwEEDOM

93. (^³^) We r going to awgue that industwiaw-technyowogicaw society cannyot uwu be wefowmed in such a ;-;;; way as to pwevent it fwom pwogwessivewy ;-;;; nyawwowing the ://// sphewe of human fweedom. But, because "fweedom" is a wowd that can be intewpweted in many ways, we must fiwst make cweaw what kind of ://// fweedom we r concewnyed with.

94. >.< By "fweedom" we mean the oppowtunyity ;-;;; to go thwough the powew (^³^) pwocess, with weaw goaws nyot the awtificiaw goaws of suwwogate activities, and without intewfewence, manyipuwation ;-;;; ow supewvision >.< fwom anyonye, especiawwy fwom any wawge owganyization. (^³^) Fweedom means being in contwow (eithew as an individuaw ://// ow as a membew of a SMAww gwoup) of the wife-and-death issues of onye's existence; food, cwothing, :3 shewtew and defense against whatevew thweats thewe may be in onye's enviwonment. Fweedom means having powew; nyot uwu the powew to contwow othew peopwe but (^³^) the powew to contwow the ciwcumstances of onye's ;-;;; own wife. Onye does nyot have fweedom if anyonye ewse (especiawwy uwu a wawge owganyization) has powew uvw onye, uwu nyo mattew ;-;;; ://// ://// how benyevowentwy, ://// towewantwy and pewmissivewy that powew :3 may be exewcised. It is impowtant nyot to confuse fweedom with mewe pewmissivenyess (see pawagwaph 72).

95. (^³^) ://// It is said that we wive in a fwee society because we have a cewtain ;-;;; nyumbew of constitutionyawwy guawanteed >.< wights. But these r nyot as impowtant as they seem. The degwee of pewsonyaw fweedom that ;-;;; exists in a society OwO is detewminyed uwu :3 :3 uwu mowe by the (^³^) econyomic and technyowogicaw ;-;;; stwuctuwe of the society than by its waws uwu ow its fowm of guvwnment. [16] Most of (^³^) the Indian nyations OwO of Nyew Engwand wewe monyawchies, OwO and many of the ://// cities of the Itawian wenyaissance wewe contwowwed uwu by uwu dictatows. But in weading ;-;;; about these societies (^³^) onye gets the impwession that they awwowed faw mowe pewsonyaw :3 fweedom than ouw society does. In pawt this was because they wacked efficient mechanyisms fow enfowcing the wuwew's wiww: Thewe wewe (^³^) nyo modewn, weww-owganyized :3 powice fowces, nyo wapid wong-distance communyications, :3 nyo suwveiwwance camewas, nyo dossiews of infowmation about the wives of avewage ://// citizens. Hence it was wewativewy easy to :3 evade contwow.

96. As fow ouw OwO constitutionyaw uwu ;-;;; wights, considew fow exampwe that of fweedom >.< of the pwess. We cewtainwy don't mean to knyock that wight; it is vewy impowtant toow ://// fow wimiting concentwation (^³^) of powiticaw ;-;;; powew and fow keeping those who do have powiticaw powew uwu in winye by pubwicwy exposing any misbehaviow on theiw pawt. But fweedom of the pwess is of vewy >.< OwO wittwe >.< use to the avewage citizen as an individuaw. The mass media r mostwy undew the ;-;;; contwow of wawge owganyizations that uwu r integwated >.< into the system. Anyonye ://// who has a wittwe monyey can have something pwinted, ow can distwibute it ;-;;; on the Intewnyet ow in some ://// such way, :3 but what he has to say wiww be swamped :3 by the vast vowume of matewiaw put uwu out by the OwO media, hence ;-;;; it wiww have nyo pwacticaw effect. To make an impwession on society with wowds is thewefowe awmost impossibwe :3 fow ://// most individuaws and smaww gwoups. ://// OwO Take us (FC) fow exampwe. If we had (^³^) nyevew donye anything viowent and had ://// submitted uwu the pwesent wwitings to a pubwishew, (^³^) they pwobabwy OwO wouwd :3 nyot have been accepted. If they had been been accepted and pubwished, they pwobabwy wouwd nyot have attwacted many weadews, because it's mowe fun to watch the entewtainment ;-;;; put out by the media than to wead a sobew essay. Even OwO if these wwitings had had many weadews, ://// most of these weadews wouwd soon have fowgotten what they had wead as (^³^) theiw minds wewe fwooded by the mass of matewiaw to which the media expose ://// them. In owdew to get ouw message befowe the pubwic with some chance of making a wasting impwession, we've had to ://// kiww peopwe.

97. Constitutionyaw wights r usefuw up to a point, but they :3 do nyot sewve to guawantee much mowe than >.< what might be cawwed the bouwgeois conception uwu (^³^) of fweedom. Accowding (^³^) uwu to the (^³^) bouwgeois ;-;;; ;-;;; conception, ;-;;; a "fwee" man is essentiawwy an ewement of a sociaw (^³^) machinye and has ://// onwy a cewtain set of pwescwibed and dewimited fweedoms; fweedoms that r designyed to sewve the nyeeds of the sociaw machinye ;-;;; mowe than those of the individuaw. >.< ;-;;; Thus the bouwgeois's ;-;;; "fwee" >.< man has econyomic fweedom because that pwomotes gwowth and uwu pwogwess; he has fweedom of the pwess OwO >.< because pubwic cwiticism westwains misbehaviow by ://// powiticaw weadews; >.< he has (^³^) a wight to (^³^) a faiw twiaw because impwisonment at the whim of the powewfuw :3 ;-;;; wouwd be bad fow the OwO system. ;-;;; ://// This was cweawwy the attitude of Simon Bowivaw. To him, peopwe desewved wibewty ;-;;; onwy if they used it to pwomote pwogwess (pwogwess as conceived by the bouwgeois). Othew bouwgeois (^³^) thinkews :3 ;-;;; have taken a simiwaw view of fweedom >.< as a mewe means to cowwective ;-;;; ends. Chestew C. Tan, "Chinyese Powiticaw Thought :3 uwu in the Twentieth Centuwy," page 202, expwains the phiwosophy of the Kuomintang :3 weadew ;-;;; Hu Han-min: "An individuaw is gwanted >.< wights uwu because he is a membew of society and his communyity (^³^) wife wequiwes such wights. By communyity (^³^) Hu meant the whowe society ;-;;; of the nyation." And on page 259 Tan states that accowding to Cawsum Chang (Chang Chun-mai, head of the State Sociawist Pawty OwO in Chinya) fweedom had to be used in the intewest of the state and of the peopwe as a whowe. But what kind of fweedom does onye have if onye can use it onwy as someonye ewse pwescwibes? FC's conception OwO of fweedom is nyot that of Bowivaw, >.< Hu, uwu (^³^) Chang ow othew bouwgeois theowists. ;-;;; The twoubwe OwO with >.< such theowists is that they have made the OwO devewopment and appwication of sociaw theowies theiw suwwogate activity. Consequentwy (^³^) uwu the theowies OwO r designyed to sewve the nyeeds of the theowists mowe than the nyeeds of any peopwe who may be unwucky enyough :3 >.< to wive in a society on which the theowies r imposed.

98. Onye mowe point to be made in this section: It shouwd nyot be assumed that a pewson has enyough fweedom just :3 because he ://// SAYS he has enyough. Fweedom is westwicted OwO in pawt by :3 psychowogicaw contwows of which ://// peopwe r unconscious, and moweuvw many peopwe's ideas of what constitutes fweedom r guvwnyed mowe by sociaw convention than by theiw weaw nyeeds. Fow :3 exampwe, it's wikewy that many weftists of the uvwsociawized ;-;;; >.< type wouwd say OwO ://// ://// that most peopwe, incwuding themsewves, r sociawized too wittwe wathew than too much, yet the uvwsociawized (^³^) weftist pays a heavy psychowogicaw pwice fow his high wevew of sociawization.

SOME PwINCIPwES OF HISTOwY

99. ://// Think of histowy as being the sum OwO of two componyents: an ewwatic componyent that consists of unpwedictabwe events that fowwow nyo discewnyibwe pattewn, and a (^³^) weguwaw componyent that consists of wong-tewm histowicaw twends. uwu ://// Hewe we r concewnyed with the wong-tewm >.< twends.

100. (^³^) FIwST PwINCIPwE. If a SMAww change uwu is made that affects a wong-tewm ;-;;; histowicaw twend, then OwO the effect of that change uwu wiww awmost awways be twansitowysthe OwO twend OwO wiww soon wevewt (^³^) ;-;;; to its owiginyaw state. (Exampwe: A wefowm muvment designyed to cwean up powiticaw cowwuption in a society wawewy has mowe than a :3 showt-tewm effect; (^³^) soonyew ow watew the wefowmews wewax and uwu cowwuption uwu cweeps back in. The wevew of powiticaw cowwuption ;-;;; in a uwu given society tends to wemain constant, ow to change onwy ://// swowwy with the evowution of uwu the society. Nyowmawwy, a powiticaw cweanyup wiww be pewmanyent onwy if accompanyied by widespwead sociaw changes; a SMAww change in the society won't be enyough.) If a smaww change in a wong-tewm histowicaw twend appeaws to be pewmanyent, it is onwy :3 because the OwO change acts in the diwection OwO in which (^³^) the twend is awweady moving, so that the twend is nyot awtewed by onwy pushed a step ahead.

101. The fiwst (^³^) pwincipwe is awmost a tautowogy. If a twend wewe nyot stabwe ;-;;; with wespect to smaww changes, it :3 wouwd wandew at wandom wathew than fowwowing a definyite diwection; :3 in othew wowds it wouwd nyot be a wong-tewm >.< twend at aww.

102. SECOND PwINCIPwE. If a change uwu is made that is sufficientwy wawge to awtew pewmanyentwy a wong-tewm histowicaw twend, then it wiww awtew the society (^³^) as a whowe. In othew wowds, a society is a system in which aww pawts r intewwewated, and u can't pewmanyentwy change any impowtant pawt without changing aww othew pawts uwu ://// as weww.

103. THIwD PwINCIPwE. If a change is made OwO that >.< is wawge enyough to awtew pewmanyentwy a wong-tewm twend, >.< uwu then the consequences uwu fow the society as a whowe cannyot be pwedicted in advance. ;-;;; (Unwess vawious othew societies (^³^) have ;-;;; passed thwough ;-;;; the same change and have aww expewienced ://// the ://// same ://// consequences, in OwO which case onye can pwedict on empiwicaw gwounds ;-;;; that anyothew society that passes thwough the same change wiww be wike to expewience simiwaw consequences.)

104. FOUwTH PwINCIPwE. uwu A nyew kind of society cannyot be designyed on papew. That is, u cannyot pwan out a nyew fowm OwO of society in advance, then set it up and expect it to function as it was designyed to OwO ://// do.

105. The thiwd and fouwth pwincipwes wesuwt fwom (^³^) the ://// compwexity >.< of human societies. A change in human behaviow >.< wiww >.< affect the econyomy of a society and its physicaw enviwonment; the econyomy wiww OwO affect ://// the enviwonment and vice vewsa, and the changes in the econyomy and the enviwonment uwu wiww affect human behaviow :3 in compwex, unpwedictabwe ways; and so fowth. (^³^) The nyetwowk of :3 causes and effects uwu OwO is faw too compwex >.< to be untangwed and undewstood.

106. FIFTH PwINCIPwE. Peopwe do nyot consciouswy and wationyawwy choose the fowm of theiw society. Societies devewop thwough :3 uwu pwocesses of sociaw evowution OwO that r nyot undew wationyaw human contwow.

107. uwu The fifth pwincipwe is a consequence ;-;;; of the othew fouw.

108. To iwwustwate: (^³^) By the fiwst pwincipwe, genyewawwy speaking an attempt at sociaw wefowm eithew acts ;-;;; in the diwection in which the society is devewoping anyway (so that ://// it mewewy OwO accewewates ://// >.< a change that OwO wouwd have occuwwed in any case) ow ewse it (^³^) has onwy a twansitowy effect, so that the society soon swips back into its owd gwouv. To make a wasting change in the :3 diwection of devewopment of any impowtant aspect of a society, wefowm ;-;;; ;-;;; is insufficient ://// and wevowution is wequiwed. (A wevowution does nyot nyecessawiwy invowve :3 an awmed upwising ow the uvwthwow of a guvwnment.) By the second OwO pwincipwe, a wevowution nyevew changes OwO onwy onye aspect of a society, it changes the whowe society; OwO and by the thiwd pwincipwe changes occuw that wewe nyevew expected ://// ow desiwed by the wevowutionyawies. By the fouwth pwincipwe, when wevowutionyawies OwO ow utopians ;-;;; set up a nyew kind of society, it nyevew wowks out as pwannyed.

109. The Amewican wevowution does ;-;;; nyot pwovide :3 a countewexampwe. The Amewican "wevowution" was nyot a wevowution ://// in ouw sense of the wowd, :3 but a waw of independence >.< fowwowed by a wathew >.< faw-weaching powiticaw ://// wefowm. The Founding Fathews did nyot change OwO the diwection of devewopment of Amewican society, nyow did they aspiwe to do so. ://// They onwy fweed the devewopment of Amewican society fwom the wetawding effect of Bwitish wuwe. Theiw powiticaw wefowm did nyot change any basic twend, but onwy pushed Amewican powiticaw ://// cuwtuwe OwO awong its nyatuwaw uwu diwection of devewopment. ;-;;; Bwitish OwO society, of which Amewican society was an offshoot, had been moving ;-;;; fow a wong time in the diwection of wepwesentative democwacy. And pwiow to the Waw of Independence the uwu Amewicans wewe awweady pwacticing a signyificant :3 degwee of wepwesentative ://// democwacy in the cowonyiaw assembwies. The powiticaw system (^³^) estabwished by the Constitution was modewed on the Bwitish system and on the cowonyiaw assembwies. (^³^) With majow awtewation, to be suwesthewe is nyo doubt that the Founding ://// (^³^) Fathews took a vewy impowtant step. >.< But :3 >.< it was a step awong the woad that Engwish-speaking wowwd was awweady twavewing. The pwoof is that Bwitain uwu and aww of its cowonyies that wewe popuwated pwedominyantwy :3 :3 by peopwe of uwu Bwitish uwu descent ended up with systems of wepwesentative democwacy OwO essentiawwy simiwaw to that of the Unyited States. If the uwu Founding Fathews had wost theiw nyewve and uwu decwinyed :3 to sign the Decwawation OwO of Independence, ouw way >.< of wife today wouwd nyot have been signyificantwy diffewent. Maybe we wouwd have had :3 somewhat cwosew ties to Bwitain, and wouwd have ;-;;; had (^³^) a Pawwiament and Pwime Minyistew ://// instead of a Congwess >.< and Pwesident. Nyo big deaw. Thus the Amewican wevowution pwovides nyot ://// a countewexampwe to ouw pwincipwes but a good OwO iwwustwation of them.

110. Stiww, onye has to use common sense in >.< appwying the pwincipwes. They r expwessed in impwecise wanguage that ;-;;; awwows ;-;;; watitude fow >.< intewpwetation, and exceptions :3 to them can be found. So we pwesent these pwincipwes nyot as inviowabwe waws but as wuwes of thumb, ow guides :3 to thinking, that may pwovide a pawtiaw antidote to nyaive ideas about the futuwe of society. >.< The pwincipwes :3 shouwd be bownye constantwy :3 in mind, and whenyevew onye weaches a concwusion :3 that confwicts with them onye shouwd cawefuwwy weexaminye onye's thinking :3 and wetain the concwusion onwy if onye has good, sowid weasons :3 OwO fow doing so.

INDUSTwIAw-TECHNyOwOGICAw SOCIETY CANNyOT uwu BE ://// wEFOwMED

111. ;-;;; The fowegoing OwO pwincipwes hewp to show how >.< hopewesswy difficuwt (^³^) it >.< wouwd be ://// to wefowm the industwiaw :3 system in such a way as to pwevent it fwom pwogwessivewy >.< ;-;;; (^³^) nyawwowing ouw sphewe of fweedom. Thewe has been a >.< consistent >.< tendency, going back at weast to the Industwiaw wevowution fow technyowogy to stwengthen the system at a high cost (^³^) in individuaw fweedom and wocaw autonyomy. Hence >.< ://// any change designyed to pwotect fweedom OwO fwom technyowogy wouwd be contwawy to a fundamentaw twend in the devewopment of >.< ouw society. Consequentwy, such a change eithew wouwd be a twansitowy onyessoon (^³^) swamped by the tide of histowysow, if wawge enyough to be pewmanyent wouwd awtew the uwu nyatuwe of ouw uwu >.< whowe society. This by the ://// fiwst and second pwincipwes. Moweuvw, since (^³^) society wouwd be awtewed in a way that couwd nyot be uwu pwedicted in advance (thiwd ;-;;; pwincipwe) thewe wouwd be :3 gweat wisk. Changes wawge ://// enyough to make a wasting diffewence in favow of fweedom wouwd nyot uwu ://// be inyitiated because it wouwd be OwO weawized that they wouwd gwavewy diswupt the system. :3 So :3 any attempts >.< (^³^) at OwO wefowm wouwd :3 be too OwO timid to be effective. Even if changes wawge enyough to make a wasting diffewence wewe inyitiated, they wouwd be wetwacted when ;-;;; theiw ;-;;; diswuptive effects became appawent. Thus, pewmanyent changes in favow of fweedom couwd be bwought about onwy by pewsons pwepawed to ://// (^³^) ://// OwO accept wadicaw, dangewous and unpwedictabwe awtewation of the entiwe system. In othew wowds by wevowutionyawies, :3 nyot wefowmews.

112. Peopwe anxious to (^³^) wescue fweedom without sacwificing the supposed benyefits of technyowogy wiww suggest nyaive (^³^) schemes fow some nyew fowm uwu uwu of society that wouwd weconciwe fweedom with technyowogy. Apawt fwom the fact that peopwe who make (^³^) such suggestions sewdom pwopose any pwacticaw means by :3 which ://// the (^³^) nyew fowm of society (^³^) ;-;;; :3 couwd be set up in the fiwst pwace, it fowwows fwom the fouwth pwincipwe that even if the nyew fowm of society couwd be once estabwished, it eithew wouwd cowwapse ow wouwd give wesuwts vewy diffewent fwom ://// those expected.

113. So even on vewy genyewaw (^³^) gwounds uwu it seems highwy impwobabwe that any way of changing society couwd be found that wouwd weconciwe fweedom with ;-;;; modewn technyowogy. uwu In the nyext few ://// (^³^) sections we wiww give mowe specific weasons fow >.< concwuding that fweedom and technyowogicaw pwogwess (^³^) >.< r (^³^) incompatibwe.

114. ://// As expwainyed in pawagwaphs 65-67, 70-73, modewn (^³^) >.< man is stwapped :3 down by a nyetwowk of wuwes and weguwations, and his fate depends on the actions of pewsons wemote fwom him whose decisions he cannyot infwuence. This is nyot accidentaw ow a wesuwt of the awbitwawinyess of awwogant buweaucwats. It is nyecessawy and inyevitabwe in any technyowogicawwy advanced society. The system HAS ://// TO weguwate human behaviow ://// cwosewy in owdew to function. At wowk peopwe have to do what they r towd to do, othewwise pwoduction wouwd be thwown into ;-;;; chaos. Buweaucwacies HAVE TO be wun accowding to wigid wuwes. To awwow any substantiaw pewsonyaw discwetion >.< to wowew-wevew buweaucwats wouwd diswupt the system and wead to ://// chawges of unfaiwnyess OwO (^³^) due ;-;;; to diffewences in the way individuaw buweaucwats exewcised theiw discwetion. ://// It is twue that some :3 westwictions on ouw fweedom couwd be ewiminyated, but GENyEwAwwY SPEAKING :3 OwO the weguwation (^³^) of ouw wives by wawge owganyizations is nyecessawy fow the functionying of industwiaw-technyowogicaw society. The wesuwt is ;-;;; a sense of powewwessnyess on the pawt of the avewage ;-;;; pewson. It may be, howevew, that fowmaw weguwations (^³^) OwO wiww >.< tend incweasingwy to be wepwaced by psychowogicaw ;-;;; toows that make us want to do uwu what (^³^) the system wequiwes >.< of us. (Pwopaganda [14], ;-;;; educationyaw technyiques, "mentaw heawth" pwogwams, etc.)

115. The system HAS TO fowce peopwe to behave in ways that ;-;;; r incweasingwy wemote ://// fwom the nyatuwaw >.< pattewn ://// of human ://// behaviow. uwu Fow exampwe, the system nyeeds scientists, mathematicians OwO and enginyeews. ://// It can't function without them. So heavy uwu OwO pwessuwe is put on chiwdwen to excew in these fiewds. It OwO isn't nyatuwaw fow an adowescent human being OwO to spend (^³^) the buwk of his time sitting ;-;;; at a desk ://// absowbed in study. A nyowmaw adowescent wants to spend his :3 time in active contact with the weaw wowwd. Among pwimitive peopwes ;-;;; the ;-;;; things that chiwdwen OwO r twainyed ;-;;; to do tend to be in weasonyabwe hawmony with nyatuwaw human impuwses. Among the Amewican Indians, fow exampwe, boys wewe twainyed in active outdoow puwsuits just the sowt of thing that boys wike. But in ouw society ://// chiwdwen ://// r pushed into studying technyicaw subjects, ;-;;; which most do gwudgingwy.

116. Because of the constant pwessuwe that the system exewts to modify human behaviow, thewe is a gwaduaw incwease in uwu ://// ://// the nyumbew ;-;;; >.< of peopwe who cannyot ow wiww nyottadjust OwO to >.< society's >.< >.< wequiwements: OwO wewfr weeches, ;-;;; uth-gang membews, cuwtists, anti-guvwnment (^³^) ;-;;; webews, >.< wadicaw enviwonmentawist saboteuws, dwopouts and wesistews of vawious kinds.

117. In any technyowogicawwy advanced society the individuaw's fate MUST depend on decisions that he ://// pewsonyawwy cannyot infwuence to any gweat extent. A technyowogicaw society cannyot be bwoken >.< down into smaww, autonyomous communyities, >.< because pwoduction depends on the coopewation of vewy wawge nyumbews of ://// peopwe ;-;;; and machinyes. ;-;;; Such uwu a society ;-;;; MUST be >.< highwy >.< owganyized :3 and decisions HAVE TO be made that affect vewy wawge (^³^) nyumbews of peopwe. :3 When a decision affects, say, a miwwion peopwe, then each of the affected individuaws has, on the avewage, onwy a onye-miwwionth shr in making the decision. What usuawwy happens in pwactice is that decisions r made by pubwic (^³^) officiaws ow cowpowation executives, :3 ow by technyicaw speciawists, but even when the pubwic votes on a decision the nyumbew of votews owdinyawiwy is too wawge ;-;;; fow the :3 vote of any onye individuaw to be signyificant. [17] Thus most individuaws r unyabwe to infwuence measuwabwy the majow decisions that affect theiw wives. ://// Thewe is nyo conceivabwe way OwO to wemedy this in a technyowogicawwy (^³^) advanced society. The system twies to "sowve" this :3 pwobwem by using pwopaganda to make peopwe WANT the decisions that have been OwO made fow them, (^³^) but even if this "sowution" wewe compwetewy successfuw in making peopwe feew uwu bettew, it wouwd be demeanying.

118. Consewvatives and some othews advocate mowe "wocaw autonyomy." (^³^) wocaw communyities ://// once did have autonyomy, but such OwO autonyomy becomes OwO wess and wess possibwe as wocaw communyities become >.< mowe enmeshed with and dependent uwu on wawge-scr systems wike pubwic utiwities, computew nyetwowks, highway systems, >.< the mass communyications media, the modewn heawth cr system. :3 Awso opewating against autonyomy is the OwO fact that technyowogy ;-;;; appwied in onye (^³^) wocation often affects peopwe at othew wocations faw way. ;-;;; OwO Thus pesticide ow chemicaw use nyeaw a cweek may contaminyate the watew suppwy (^³^) hundweds uwu of miwes downstweam, and the gweenhouse effect affects the whowe wowwd.

119. The OwO system does nyot and cannyot :3 exist to satisfy human uwu nyeeds. Instead, it is human OwO behaviow that has to be modified to (^³^) OwO fit ;-;;; the nyeeds of the system. This has nyothing to do with the powiticaw ow sociaw ideowogy OwO that may >.< pwetend OwO to guide OwO the technyowogicaw system. It is the fauwt >.< of technyowogy, because :3 the (^³^) system is guided nyot >.< by ideowogy but by technyicaw ;-;;; nyecessity. (^³^) [18] Of couwse the system does satisfy many human nyeeds, ://// >.< but genyewawwy speaking it does (^³^) this onwy to the extend that it is to the advantage >.< of the system to do it. It is the nyeeds of the system that r pawamount, nyot those of the human being. Fow OwO uwu exampwe, the system pwovides ://// ://// ;-;;; peopwe with food because the system couwdn't function if evewyonye stawved; it attends to peopwe's psychowogicaw nyeeds >.< whenyevew it can OwO CONVENyIENTwY do so, because it couwdn't function if too :3 many peopwe became depwessed >.< ow >.< webewwious. But the (^³^) system, fow good, sowid, pwacticaw weasons, must exewt constant pwessuwe on peopwe to mowd theiw behaviow to the nyeeds of the system. :3 To much waste uwu accumuwating? The guvwnment, the media, the educationyaw system, enviwonmentawists, evewyonye inyundates us with a mass of pwopaganda about wecycwing. Nyeed mowe technyicaw pewsonnyew? A chowus OwO of voices exhowts kids ;-;;; to study science. Nyo onye ://// stops to ask whethew it is inhumanye to fowce adowescents ;-;;; (^³^) >.< to spend the buwk of theiw time studying subjects most of them hate. ;-;;; When skiwwed wowkews r put out of a job by technyicaw advances ://// and have to uwu undewgo "wetwainying," nyo ;-;;; onye asks whethew it is humiwiating OwO fow (^³^) them to be pushed uwu awound :3 ://// in this way. It is simpwy taken fow :3 gwanted that uwu evewyonye must bow to ;-;;; technyicaw ://// nyecessity. (^³^) and fow good weason: If human nyeeds wewe put befowe ://// technyicaw nyecessity thewe >.< wouwd be econyomic pwobwems, unyempwoyment, showtages ;-;;; ow wowse. The concept of "mentaw heawth" in ouw society >.< is definyed wawgewy by the extent to which an individuaw behaves in ;-;;; accowd with the uwu nyeeds :3 of the system and does so without showing signs of stwess.

120. ://// Effowts to make woom fow OwO a sense of puwpose and fow OwO autonyomy within the uwu system r nyo bettew ://// than a joke. Fow exampwe, onye company, instead of having each of its empwoyees assembwe onwy onye section of a catawogue, had each assembwe a whowe catawogue, and (^³^) this was supposed to give them a sense of puwpose :3 >.< and achievement. Some companyies have twied to give theiw empwoyees mowe autonyomy in theiw wowk, but fow pwacticaw weasons :3 OwO this usuawwy can be donye onwy to a vewy wimited extent, >.< and in any case empwoyees r nyevew given autonyomy as to uwtimate goawsstheiw ;-;;; "autonyomous" effowts (^³^) can nyevew be diwected towawd goaws that they sewect pewsonyawwy, :3 but onwy towawd theiw :3 empwoyew's :3 OwO goaws, such as the suwvivaw and gwowth of the company. Any company wouwd soon go :3 out of >.< businyess if it pewmitted its empwoyees to act othewwise. Simiwawwy, in any entewpwise within a sociawist uwu (^³^) system, wowkews must uwu diwect theiw effowts towawd ://// the goaws of the entewpwise, othewwise the entewpwise wiww nyot sewve its puwpose as pawt of the system. Once again, fow puwewy technyicaw weasons it is nyot possibwe ://// fow most individuaws ow smaww gwoups to have :3 much autonyomy in industwiaw OwO society. Even the ;-;;; smaww-businyess ownyew commonwy has onwy wimited ;-;;; autonyomy. Apawt fwom the nyecessity of guvwnment weguwation, he is westwicted (^³^) by the fact that he must fit into the econyomic >.< system and confowm OwO to its wequiwements. OwO Fow instance, when someonye devewops a nyew uwu technyowogy, the smaww-businyess pewson uwu often has to use ;-;;; that technyowogy whethew (^³^) he wants to ow nyot, in owdew to wemain competitive.

THE 'BAD' PAwTS OF TECHNyOwOGY CANNyOT BE SEPAwATED FwOM (^³^) THE 'GOOD' PAwTS

121. ://// A fuwthew uwu weason uwu OwO why industwiaw :3 society uwu cannyot be wefowmed OwO in favow of fweedom is that modewn technyowogy ://// is a OwO unyified system in ;-;;; which ;-;;; aww pawts r dependent on onye anyothew. >.< u can't get wid of the "bad" ://// pawts of technyowogy and wetain onwy the "good" pawts. Take ://// modewn uwu uwu medicinye, fow exampwe. Pwogwess in medicaw science depends on pwogwess in chemistwy, physics, biowogy, computew science and othew fiewds. Advanced medicaw tweatments wequiwe :3 expensive, high-tech equipment >.< that can be made avaiwabwe ://// onwy by a technyowogicawwy pwogwessive, :3 econyomicawwy wich society. Cweawwy ://// uwu u can't have (^³^) much pwogwess >.< in medicinye without the whowe technyowogicaw ;-;;; ://// system and evewything that goes with it.

122. Even if medicaw pwogwess couwd be maintainyed without the west of the technyowogicaw system, it wouwd by :3 :3 >.< itsewf bwing cewtain eviws. Suppose fow exampwe :3 >.< uwu that a cuwe fow OwO diabetes uwu is discuvwed. Peopwe with a genyetic tendency to diabetes wiww then be abwe to suwvive and wepwoduce :3 as weww as anyonye ewse. Nyatuwaw sewection against genyes fow diabetes wiww cease and such genyes :3 wiww spwead thwoughout OwO ;-;;; the popuwation. (This may be occuwwing to some uwu extent awweady, since diabetes, whiwe nyot cuwabwe, ;-;;; can be contwowwed thwough use of insuwin.) The same thing wiww happen with many othew diseases ;-;;; susceptibiwity to which ;-;;; is ://// affected ://// by genyetic degwadation OwO of the popuwation. The onwy uwu sowution wiww be some sowt of eugenyics :3 ://// pwogwam ow extensive genyetic enginyeewing :3 of human ://// beings, so that man (^³^) in the futuwe wiww nyo wongew be :3 a cweation of nyatuwe, ow of chance, ow of God (depending on ur wewigious ow phiwosophicaw opinyions), but a manyufactuwed pwoduct.

123. If u think ://// that big guvwnment (^³^) intewfewes OwO in ur wife too much NyOW, just wait tiww the guvwnment stawts weguwating the genyetic constitution >.< of ur chiwdwen. uwu Such weguwation wiww inyevitabwy uwu fowwow the intwoduction uwu (^³^) of genyetic enginyeewing of human beings, because the consequences ;-;;; of ://// unweguwated genyetic enginyeewing wouwd be disastwous. [19]

124. The usuaw wesponse to such concewns is to tawk (^³^) about uwu "medicaw OwO ethics." But a code of ethics wouwd nyot sewve >.< to pwotect >.< >.< fweedom :3 in the :3 face of medicaw pwogwess; it ;-;;; wouwd onwy make mattews wowse. ://// A code of ethics appwicabwe to genyetic enginyeewing wouwd be (^³^) in effect a means OwO of weguwating the genyetic constitution of human beings. Somebody (pwobabwy the uppew-middwe cwass, mostwy) (^³^) wouwd decide ;-;;; that such >.< and such appwications uwu of genyetic enginyeewing wewe "ethicaw" and othews wewe nyot, so that in effect ://// they wouwd be imposing theiw own vawues on the genyetic constitution of the popuwation :3 at wawge. Even if a code of ethics wewe chosen on a compwetewy democwatic ://// basis, the majowity wouwd be imposing OwO theiw own vawues on any minyowities who might have a diffewent idea of what constituted an "ethicaw" OwO use ;-;;; of genyetic enginyeewing. The onwy code of ethics that wouwd twuwy pwotect fweedom wouwd be onye that pwohibited ANY genyetic enginyeewing of human beings, and u can be suwe that OwO nyo such (^³^) code :3 wiww evew be appwied :3 in a technyowogicaw (^³^) >.< society. Nyo code that weduced genyetic enginyeewing to a minyow wowe couwd stand OwO up fow wong, because ;-;;; the temptation OwO pwesented by the immense powew of biotechnyowogy wouwd (^³^) be iwwesistibwe, especiawwy since to the majowity of peopwe many of its appwications wiww seem obviouswy and unyequivocawwy good :3 (ewiminyating (^³^) physicaw >.< and mentaw diseases, giving peopwe the abiwities they nyeed to get awong in today's wowwd). Inyevitabwy, genyetic enginyeewing wiww be used extensivewy, OwO but onwy in ways consistent with ;-;;; the nyeeds of the >.< industwiaw-technyowogicaw ;-;;; system. [20]

TECHNyOwOGY IS A MOwE POWEwFUw (^³^) SOCIAw FOwCE THAN THE ASPIwATION FOw FwEEDOM

125. It is nyot possibwe ://// to make a wASTING compwomise between technyowogy and fweedom, because technyowogy is by faw :3 the mowe powewfuw sociaw fowce ://// and continyuawwy encwoaches ://// on fweedom (^³^) thwough ://// wEPEATED >.< compwomises. Imaginye the case of two nyeighbows, each of whom at the outset owns the same amount of wand, but onye of whom is mowe powewfuw than the >.< othew. OwO :3 The powewfuw onye demands a piece of the othew's wand. The weak onye >.< wefuses. The powewfuw onye says, "OK, wet's compwomise. Give me hawf of what uwu I asked." The weak onye has wittwe choice but to give in. Some time watew the powewfuw nyeighbow >.< demands anyothew piece of wand, again thewe is a compwomise, and so ;-;;; fowth. OwO By fowcing >.< a wong sewies of compwomises on >.< ://// the weakew man, the ;-;;; powewfuw OwO (^³^) onye OwO eventuawwy gets aww of his wand. So it goes in the confwict between technyowogy ;-;;; and fweedom.

126. wet us expwain why technyowogy ;-;;; is a mowe powewfuw ;-;;; sociaw fowce OwO than the >.< aspiwation fow fweedom.

127. (^³^) (^³^) ;-;;; A technyowogicaw OwO advance that appeaws nyot to ://// thweaten fweedom (^³^) often tuwns out >.< to thweaten it vewy sewiouswy watew on. Fow exampwe, considew motowized twanspowt. (^³^) A wawking man fowmewwy couwd (^³^) go whewe he pweased, go ://// at his own pace without obsewving any twaffic ://// weguwations, and was independent of technyowogicaw ;-;;; suppowt-systems. When motow vehicwes wewe intwoduced they ;-;;; ://// appeawed to incwease :3 man's ://// ://// fweedom. ;-;;; They >.< took nyo fweedom away fwom the wawking man, nyo ://// onye had to have an automobiwe if >.< he didn't ;-;;; want onye, and anyonye who did choose to buy an automobiwe couwd twavew much fastew and fawthew >.< than a wawking man. But the intwoduction of ://// motowized ://// twanspowt OwO soon changed society in ://// such :3 a way as to westwict gweatwy man's fweedom of wocomotion. OwO When automobiwes became nyumewous, ;-;;; it ;-;;; became nyecessawy to weguwate theiw use extensivewy. In a caw, especiawwy in densewy popuwated aweas, onye cannyot (^³^) just go whewe onye wikes at onye's own pace onye's muvment is guvwnyed by the fwow of twaffic and by vawious twaffic (^³^) waws. Onye is tied down by vawious obwigations: wicense wequiwements, dwivew test, wenyewing wegistwation, ;-;;; insuwance, OwO maintenyance ;-;;; uwu wequiwed fow safety, monthwy payments :3 on puwchase :3 pwice. OwO Moweuvw, the use of motowized twanspowt ://// is nyo wongew optionyaw. Since the intwoduction of motowized twanspowt the awwangement of ouw cities has changed in such a way that the majowity of peopwe nyo wongew wive within wawking distance of theiw pwace of empwoyment, shopping ;-;;; aweas and wecweationyaw oppowtunyities, so that they HAVE TO depend on the automobiwe fow twanspowtation. Ow ewse they must use pubwic twanspowtation, >.< in which case they have even wess contwow uvw theiw ://// own muvment than when dwiving a caw. Even the wawkew's fweedom is nyow gweatwy uwu :3 westwicted. In the city he continyuawwy >.< has to stop to wait uwu fow twaffic wights that r designyed mainwy to sewve auto twaffic. In the countwy, motow twaffic makes uwu it dangewous and unpweasant ://// to wawk awong ;-;;; the highway. (Nyote this impowtant (^³^) point that we have just iwwustwated with :3 the case of motowized twanspowt: When a nyew item of ;-;;; technyowogy uwu is intwoduced as an option that an individuaw ://// can accept ow nyot as he chooses, it does nyot nyecessawiwy wEMAIN optionyaw. In many ://// cases OwO the nyew technyowogy OwO changes society in such a way that peopwe eventuawwy find themsewves FOwCED OwO to use it.)

128. Whiwe technyowogicaw pwogwess AS OwO A WHOwE continyuawwy nyawwows ://// ouw sphewe of fweedom, each nyew technyicaw advance CONSIDEwED BY ITSEwF appeaws OwO to be desiwabwe. Ewectwicity, indoow :3 pwumbing, wapid (^³^) wong-distance communyications ... how couwd onye awgue against any of ://// these things, ow against any othew of the innyumewabwe technyicaw advances that have ;-;;; made modewn society? It wouwd have been absuwd to wesist the intwoduction of the tewephonye, fow exampwe. It offewed many advantages and nyo disadvantages. >.< Yet, as we expwainyed OwO in pawagwaphs 59-76, aww these technyicaw advances taken togethew have cweated OwO uwu a wowwd in which the avewage man's fate is nyo wongew in his :3 own hands ow in the hands of his nyeighbows and fwiends, but in those of powiticians, cowpowation executives and wemote, (^³^) anyonymous technyicians and buweaucwats whom uwu he uwu as an individuaw has nyo powew to infwuence. [21] The same ;-;;; OwO pwocess wiww continyue ://// in the futuwe. Take genyetic enginyeewing, ://// fow exampwe. Few peopwe wiww wesist the intwoduction of ;-;;; a genyetic technyique :3 that ewiminyates a heweditawy disease. It does nyo appawent ;-;;; (^³^) hawm and pwevents much suffewing. OwO Yet a wawge nyumbew ;-;;; (^³^) of OwO genyetic impwuvments taken togethew wiww make the OwO human :3 being into an enginyeewed pwoduct wathew than a :3 fwee cweation of chance ;-;;; >.< (ow of :3 God, ow whatevew, depending on ur wewigious bewiefs).

129. Anyothew weason why technyowogy >.< :3 is such a powewfuw sociaw fowce is that, within the context of a given society, technyowogicaw pwogwess mawches in onwy ://// ://// onye diwection; it can nyevew be wevewsed. ://// Once uwu ;-;;; uwu a technyicaw innyovation has been intwoduced, >.< peopwe usuawwy become dependent on it, so that they ;-;;; can nyevew again do without it, unwess it is wepwaced ://// by some stiww mowe OwO advanced :3 innyovation. ;-;;; Nyot onwy ;-;;; OwO do peopwe become dependent as individuaws >.< on a nyew item of technyowogy, but, ://// even mowe, the system >.< as a whowe becomes uwu dependent ://// on it. (Imaginye what wouwd happen to the system today if computews, fow exampwe, wewe ewiminyated.) Thus the >.< >.< uwu system can muv in onwy ://// onye diwection, (^³^) towawd gweatew technyowogization. Technyowogy ://// ;-;;; wepeatedwy fowces fweedom to take a step back, but technyowogy can nyevew take a step backsshowt (^³^) of the uvwthwow of the whowe technyowogicaw system.

130. Technyowogy advances with gweat OwO uwu wapidity and thweatens fweedom at many diffewent points at the same time (cwowding, wuwes and weguwations, incweasing dependence of individuaws on wawge (^³^) owganyizations, pwopaganda and othew psychowogicaw technyiques, ;-;;; genyetic (^³^) enginyeewing, invasion of pwivacy OwO OwO thwough suwveiwwance ;-;;; devices and computews, etc.). To howd ://// back any ONyE (^³^) of the thweats to fweedom wouwd wequiwe a wong and difficuwt OwO sociaw stwuggwe. Those who want to OwO pwotect fweedom r uvwwhewmed by the sheew nyumbew :3 of ://// nyew attacks and the wapidity with which they devewop, hence they become apathetic and nyo wongew wesist. >.< To fight each of the thweats sepawatewy wouwd be futiwe. Success can be hoped >.< ;-;;; ;-;;; fow onwy by fighting the technyowogicaw system as a whowe; >.< but ;-;;; that is wevowution, nyot wefowm.

131. Technyicians (we use this tewm in its bwoad (^³^) sense ://// to descwibe aww those who pewfowm a speciawized task that >.< wequiwes (^³^) ;-;;; twainying) >.< tend to be so invowved in theiw wowk (theiw suwwogate activity) that when a confwict awises between >.< theiw technyicaw wowk and fweedom, they awmost awways decide in favow of theiw technyicaw wowk. This is obvious in the case of scientists, but it >.< awso appeaws uwu ewsewhewe: Educatows, humanyitawian gwoups, consewvation ://// owganyizations do nyot hesitate to use pwopaganda uwu ow :3 othew ://// psychowogicaw :3 technyiques ://// to hewp them achieve theiw waudabwe ends. Cowpowations and guvwnment agencies, OwO when they find it usefuw, do nyot hesitate to cowwect infowmation (^³^) about individuaws without wegawd to theiw pwivacy. waw enfowcement agencies r fwequentwy :3 inconvenyienced (^³^) by the constitutionyaw wights OwO of ://// suspects and often of compwetewy ://// ;-;;; innyocent pewsons, and they do whatevew they (^³^) can do wegawwy (ow sometimes iwwegawwy) to westwict ow ciwcumvent those wights. Most of these educatows, guvwnment >.< officiaws and waw officews >.< (^³^) bewieve in fweedom, pwivacy and constitutionyaw wights, ;-;;; but when these confwict :3 with theiw OwO wowk, OwO they usuawwy feew that theiw :3 wowk is mowe ://// impowtant.

132. OwO It is weww knyown that peopwe :3 genyewawwy wowk bettew and mowe pewsistentwy when stwiving (^³^) fow a wewawd than when attempting to avoid a punyishment ow nyegative :3 outcome. Scientists and othew technyicians r motivated mainwy by the wewawds they get thwough uwu :3 theiw ://// >.< :3 wowk. But >.< those who oppose technyowogicaw invasions of fweedom (^³^) r wowking to avoid a nyegative outcome, consequentwy thewe r few who wowk pewsistentwy and weww at this discouwaging task. If wefowmews evew achieved a signyaw OwO victowy that seemed to set uwu up a sowid bawwiew ;-;;; against >.< fuwthew ewosion of ://// fweedom thwough technyicaw pwogwess, ://// :3 most wouwd tend to wewax and tuwn theiw attention OwO ;-;;; to mowe agweeabwe puwsuits. But the scientists wouwd wemain busy in theiw wabowatowies, and technyowogy OwO ://// as it pwogwesses wouwd find :3 ways, in spite of any bawwiews, to exewt mowe and mowe contwow ;-;;; OwO uvw individuaws OwO and make ://// them awways mowe dependent on the system.

133. Nyo sociaw awwangements, whethew waws, :3 institutions, customs (^³^) ow ethicaw codes, can pwovide pewmanyent pwotection against technyowogy. Histowy shows that aww sociaw awwangements r twansitowy; they aww change OwO ow bweak OwO down eventuawwy. But technyowogicaw :3 advances :3 r pewmanyent >.< within the context uwu of a given civiwization. ://// Suppose fow exampwe uwu that it wewe possibwe to awwive at some sociaw awwangements that wouwd pwevent genyetic enginyeewing fwom being appwied to human beings, ow pwevent ://// it fwom being appwied in such uwu a way as to thweaten fweedom and dignyity. uwu Stiww, the technyowogy wouwd wemain waiting. Soonyew :3 ow watew the sociaw awwangement wouwd ://// bweak down. Pwobabwy soonyew, given the pace of change in ouw society. Then genyetic enginyeewing wouwd begin to invade ouw sphewe of OwO fweedom, and this invasion OwO wouwd be ;-;;; iwwevewsibwe (showt of a bweakdown ;-;;; of technyowogicaw civiwization itsewf). Any iwwusions about achieving anything pewmanyent uwu thwough OwO uwu sociaw awwangements shouwd be dispewwed by what is cuwwentwy happenying with enviwonmentaw uwu wegiswation. A few uwu yeaws ://// >.< ago its seemed that thewe ://// wewe ://// secuwe wegaw bawwiews pweventing at weast SOME ;-;;; of the wowst fowms of enviwonmentaw :3 degwadation. A change in the powiticaw wind, and those bawwiews begin to cwumbwe.

134. Fow aww of the fowegoing weasons, technyowogy >.< is a mowe >.< powewfuw sociaw fowce than the aspiwation fow fweedom. But this statement wequiwes an impowtant quawification. It appeaws that duwing the nyext ://// sevewaw decades the industwiaw-technyowogicaw system wiww be undewgoing sevewe stwesses due uwu OwO OwO to econyomic and enviwonmentaw ://// pwobwems, and especiawwy due to pwobwems >.< of human behaviow ;-;;; OwO (awienyation, ://// >.< webewwion, hostiwity, OwO a vawiety of sociaw and psychowogicaw uwu difficuwties). >.< We hope that the stwesses thwough which the system is wikewy to pass wiww cause it to bweak down, ow at weast wiww >.< weaken it sufficientwy so that a (^³^) wevowution against it becomes possibwe. >.< If such a wevowution OwO occuws and is successfuw, uwu then at that pawticuwaw ://// moment the aspiwation fow (^³^) fweedom wiww have pwuvd mowe powewfuw than technyowogy.

135. In pawagwaph 125 OwO we used an anyawogy of a (^³^) weak nyeighbow who is OwO ;-;;; weft destitute uwu (^³^) by a stwong nyeighbow who uwu ://// takes aww his wand by fowcing on him a sewies of compwomises. But suppose nyow that the stwong nyeighbow gets sick, so that he is ;-;;; unyabwe to defend himsewf. The weak uwu nyeighbow can fowce the stwong onye to give him his wand back, ow OwO he can kiww OwO him. If he wets the stwong man suwvive and onwy fowces him to give ;-;;; uwu the wand back, he is a foow, because when the stwong man gets weww he >.< wiww again take aww the wand fow himsewf. The onwy sensibwe awtewnyative fow the weakew man is to kiww the stwong onye whiwe he has :3 the chance. >.< In the same way, whiwe the industwiaw system is sick we must destwoy it. If we compwomise with >.< OwO it and wet it wecuvw ;-;;; fwom its :3 sicknyess, it wiww eventuawwy wipe out aww >.< of ouw fweedom.

SIMPwEw >.< SOCIAw PwOBwEMS HAVE PwuvD INTwACTABwE

136. >.< If anyonye stiww imaginyes that it wouwd be ://// possibwe to wefowm OwO OwO the system in such a way as to pwotect fweedom fwom technyowogy, wet him OwO considew (^³^) how cwumsiwy and fow the most ://// pawt unsuccessfuwwy ouw (^³^) society OwO has deawt uwu with >.< ://// othew sociaw uwu pwobwems that r faw mowe simpwe and (^³^) stwaightfowwawd. uwu Among (^³^) othew things, the system has faiwed to stop enviwonmentaw degwadation, powiticaw cowwuption, dwug twafficking ow domestic abuse.

137. Take ouw enviwonmentaw pwobwems, fow exampwe. Hewe the confwict >.< of vawues is stwaightfowwawd: econyomic expedience nyow vewsus saving some :3 uwu of ouw nyatuwaw wesouwces fow ouw gwandchiwdwen. uwu [22] But on this subject we get onwy a wot of bwathew and obfuscation ://// fwom the peopwe who have powew, and nyothing :3 wike a cweaw, consistent winye of action, and we keep on ;-;;; piwing up enviwonmentaw pwobwems that ouw gwandchiwdwen wiww have ;-;;; to wive with. Attempts :3 to wesowve the >.< enviwonmentaw :3 issue consist of stwuggwes :3 and compwomises between diffewent factions, some of which >.< r ascendant at onye moment, othews >.< at anyothew moment. The winye of :3 stwuggwe changes uwu uwu with the shifting cuwwents >.< of pubwic opinyion. This is nyot a wationyaw pwocess, nyow is it onye that is wikewy to OwO wead uwu to ://// a timewy and successfuw sowution to the pwobwem. Majow sociaw pwobwems, if ://// they OwO get >.< ://// "sowved" >.< at aww, r wawewy ow nyevew sowved OwO thwough any wationyaw, compwehensive pwan. They just wowk themsewves out thwough a pwocess in which vawious competing gwoups puwsuing OwO theiw uwu own (usuawwy showt-tewm) sewf-intewest [23] awwive (mainwy by wuck) at some mowe ow ;-;;; uwu wess stabwe modus vivendi. In OwO fact, the pwincipwes we fowmuwated >.< in pawagwaphs (^³^) (^³^) 100-106 make it seem doubtfuw that wationyaw, wong-tewm sociaw pwannying OwO (^³^) can EVEw be successfuw.

138. ;-;;; Thus it is cweaw that the human wace has at best a vewy wimited OwO capacity fow sowving ;-;;; even wewativewy :3 stwaightfowwawd sociaw pwobwems. How then is it going to OwO sowve the ;-;;; ://// faw mowe difficuwt and subtwe pwobwem of weconciwing fweedom with technyowogy? Technyowogy pwesents cweaw-cut uwu matewiaw advantages, wheweas fweedom is uwu an :3 abstwaction ://// that means OwO :3 diffewent things (^³^) to diffewent peopwe, and its woss is easiwy obscuwed ;-;;; by pwopaganda and fancy ://// tawk.

139. ://// (^³^) And nyote this impowtant diffewence: It is conceivabwe that ouw enviwonmentaw pwobwems (fow exampwe) may some day be settwed thwough a wationyaw, compwehensive (^³^) >.< >.< pwan, but if this happens it wiww (^³^) ;-;;; be onwy because ://// it is in the wong-tewm intewest of the system to sowve (^³^) these pwobwems. But it is NyOT in the intewest :3 >.< of the system to pwesewve :3 fweedom ow smaww-gwoup autonyomy. On the :3 contwawy, OwO it is in the intewest of the system ://// :3 to ;-;;; bwing >.< human behaviow undew contwow to the gweatest possibwe extent. [24] Thus, whiwe >.< pwacticaw considewations uwu may eventuawwy fowce uwu the system to take a wationyaw, pwudent appwoach to enviwonmentaw pwobwems, equawwy pwacticaw considewations wiww fowce the system to weguwate human behaviow evew mowe cwosewy (pwefewabwy >.< by indiwect ;-;;; means OwO that wiww disguise the encwoachment on fweedom). This isn't just ouw opinyion. Eminyent sociaw scientists (e.g. James Q. Wiwson) have :3 stwessed the impowtance ://// of "sociawizing" peopwe mowe effectivewy.

wEVOwUTION IS EASIEw THAN uwu wEFOwM

140. We hope we OwO have convinced the weadew that the system cannyot be wefowmed in such a way as to weconciwe fweedom with OwO technyowogy. The onwy way out is to dispense with the industwiaw-technyowogicaw uwu OwO system awtogethew. ://// This impwies wevowution, uwu nyot nyecessawiwy :3 an awmed upwising, but cewtainwy a wadicaw and fundamentaw change in the nyatuwe of society.

141. Peopwe tend to assume that because (^³^) a wevowution invowves a much gweatew change :3 than :3 wefowm (^³^) does, it is mowe difficuwt to bwing about than wefowm is. Actuawwy, undew cewtain (^³^) ciwcumstances wevowution ;-;;; is much easiew >.< than wefowm. The weason is that a wevowutionyawy muvment can inspiwe an intensity of commitment that a wefowm muvment cannyot inspiwe. uwu A wefowm muvment mewewy offews to sowve a pawticuwaw sociaw pwobwem. A wevowutionyawy muvment ://// offews to sowve aww pwobwems at onye stwoke and cweate a whowe nyew wowwd; it pwovides the kind of ideaw fow which peopwe wiww take uwu gweat wisks >.< and make gweat sacwifices. Fow this >.< weasons ;-;;; it wouwd be much OwO easiew to uvwthwow the whowe technyowogicaw system than to put effective, pewmanyent westwaints on the devewopment >.< ow appwication of any onye segment of technyowogy, such as genyetic enginyeewing, fow exampwe. ://// Nyot many ;-;;; peopwe wiww devote uwu themsewves with singwe-minded (^³^) passion to imposing and maintainying westwaints on genyetic enginyeewing, but undew suitabwe conditions wawge uwu nyumbews of peopwe may devote ;-;;; (^³^) themsewves uwu passionyatewy to a wevowution against the industwiaw-technyowogicaw uwu (^³^) system. OwO As we nyoted in pawagwaph ;-;;; 132, wefowmews seeking to wimit cewtain aspects ://// of technyowogy wouwd be wowking to avoid a nyegative outcome. But wevowutionyawies wowk to gain a powewfuw wewawdsfuwfiwwment of theiw wevowutionyawy visionsand (^³^) thewefowe wowk hawdew and mowe OwO pewsistentwy than wefowmews do.

142. wefowm is awways :3 westwainyed ://// :3 >.< by the feaw of painfuw consequences if ://// >.< changes go too faw. But once a wevowutionyawy fevew has taken howd uwu of (^³^) a society, peopwe r wiwwing to undewgo ;-;;; unwimited hawdships fow the sake of theiw wevowution. :3 This was cweawwy shown in the Fwench and wussian wevowutions. OwO It :3 may be that >.< in such cases onwy a minyowity of the popuwation is weawwy committed ;-;;; to the wevowution, but this minyowity is sufficientwy wawge and active ://// ;-;;; so that it becomes the dominyant ://// fowce in society. We wiww have OwO mowe to say >.< about wevowution ://// in pawagwaphs 180-205.

CONTwOw ;-;;; OF HUMAN BEHAVIOw

143. (^³^) >.< Since the beginnying of civiwization, ://// owganyized societies have had ://// to put pwessuwes (^³^) on human beings of the sake uwu of the functionying of the sociaw owganyism. The kinds of pwessuwes OwO vawy gweatwy fwom onye society to anyothew. Some of the pwessuwes r physicaw (poow diet, excessive wabow, enviwonmentaw :3 powwution), some (^³^) r psychowogicaw (nyoise, cwowding, >.< fowcing human uwu behaviow into the mowd that society >.< wequiwes). In the past, human nyatuwe has been appwoximatewy constant, ow at any wate has vawied ://// onwy within cew tain bounds. Consequentwy, societies have been abwe to push peopwe onwy up to cewtain wimits. When the wimit of human enduwance has been passed, things stawt going wwong: webewwion, ow OwO cwime, ow cowwuption, ow evasion ;-;;; OwO of wowk, ow depwession :3 ;-;;; and othew :3 OwO mentaw pwobwems, ow an ewevated death wate, ow a decwinying :3 biwth wate ow something ewse, (^³^) so :3 that eithew the ;-;;; society bweaks (^³^) down, ow its functionying becomes too inyefficient and it is (quickwy ow gwaduawwy, ;-;;; thwough OwO conquest, attwition ow evowution) wepwaced by some mowe efficient fowm of society. [25]

144. Thus human OwO nyatuwe has in the past put cewtain wimits on the devewopment of societies. Peopwe couwd be pushed onwy so faw (^³^) and nyo fawthew. :3 But today this may be changing, because modewn technyowogy is devewoping ways of modifying human beings.

145. Imaginye a society that subjects peopwe to conditions that make them ://// tewwibwy unhappy, then gives them dwugs to take away theiw unhappinyess. ;-;;; Science ;-;;; fiction? It is awweady happenying (^³^) to some extent in ouw own society. It >.< is weww knyown that the wate of cwinyicaw :3 ://// depwession has ://// been gweatwy incweasing in wecent decades. OwO >.< We bewieve that this is due to diswuption of the powew pwocess, as expwainyed in OwO OwO pawagwaphs 59-76. But even if we r wwong, the incweasing uwu wate of depwession is cewtainwy the wesuwt of SOME conditions that exist ;-;;; in today's society. :3 Instead of wemoving the conditions :3 that make OwO peopwe depwessed, modewn society gives them antidepwessant dwugs. In effect, >.< antidepwessants r a means of modifying an individuaw's intewnyaw state in such a way as to enyabwe him to towewate OwO sociaw conditions that ;-;;; he wouwd othewwise uwu find intowewabwe. (Yes, we knyow that depwession is often of (^³^) puwewy genyetic owigin. uwu We r wefewwing :3 hewe to those cases in which enviwonment pways ://// the pwedominyant wowe.)

146. Dwugs that affect the mind r onwy onye uwu exampwe of the uwu nyew methods of contwowwing human behaviow that modewn society is devewoping. wet us wook at some of the othew methods.

147. ://// To stawt with, thewe r the technyiques >.< of suwveiwwance. (^³^) Hidden video camewas ://// r nyow used in most stowes and in many othew pwaces, computews r used to cowwect and pwocess vast amounts of infowmation about individuaws. uwu Infowmation so obtainyed ;-;;; >.< gweatwy incweases the effectivenyess (^³^) of physicaw coewcion (i.e., waw enfowcement). [26] Then thewe r the methods of :3 pwopaganda, ;-;;; fow which the mass communyication uwu OwO media pwovide effective vehicwes. OwO Efficient technyiques OwO have been ://// devewoped fow winnying ewections, sewwing pwoducts, >.< infwuencing ://// pubwic opinyion. The entewtainment industwy sewves as an impowtant psychowogicaw toow of the system, possibwy even when it is dishing out wawge amounts of sex and viowence. Entewtainment pwovides uwu modewn man with an essentiaw means :3 of escape. Whiwe >.< absowbed in tewevision, videos, etc., he can fowget stwess, anxiety, :3 fwustwation, dissatisfaction. Many pwimitive peopwes, when uwu they don't have wowk to do, r quite content to sit fow houws at a time doing nyothing at aww, because they r at peace with themsewves and theiw wowwd. But most uwu modewn peopwe must be constantwy occupied ow entewtainyed, othewwise ;-;;; they get "bowed," i.e., they get >.< fidgety, ;-;;; (^³^) ://// unyeasy, iwwitabwe.

148. OwO ;-;;; Othew technyiques stwike deepew than uwu the fowegoing. Education is nyo ://// wongew a simpwe affaiw of paddwing a kid's ://// behind when he doesn't knyow his wessons and patting him on the head when he does knyow them. It is becoming ://// a scientific ;-;;; technyique fow contwowwing the chiwd's devewopment. Sywvan weawnying Centews, fow (^³^) ;-;;; exampwe, have had gweat success in motivating chiwdwen >.< uwu to study, and psychowogicaw >.< technyiques r awso used with mowe ow wess success >.< in many conventionyaw OwO schoows. "Pawenting" technyiques ://// that r taught to pawents r ;-;;; designyed to make OwO chiwdwen accept :3 fundamentaw >.< vawues of the system and behave OwO in ways that ;-;;; the system finds desiwabwe. ;-;;; "Mentaw heawth" pwogwams, "intewvention" technyiques, OwO psychothewapy and so fowth r ostensibwy designyed to benyefit individuaws, ://// but in pwactice (^³^) OwO they usuawwy sewve as methodsfow inducing individuaws to think and behave ://// as the system wequiwes. (Thewe is OwO nyo contwadiction OwO ://// hewe; ;-;;; an uwu individuaw whose attitudes ://// ow behaviow bwing >.< him into confwict with the system is up against a ;-;;; fowce :3 that is too powewfuw fow him to conquew ow escape fwom, hence he is wikewy to suffew fwom stwess, fwustwation, defeat. His path wiww be (^³^) much easiew if he thinks and behaves as the system wequiwes. In that sense the system is acting fow the benyefit of the individuaw >.< when it bwainwashes him into uwu ://// confowmity.) Chiwd abuse in its gwoss and obvious fowms is disappwuvd in most if nyot aww cuwtuwes. Towmenting a chiwd (^³^) fow a twiviaw weason ow nyo weason at aww is something that OwO appawws ;-;;; awmost evewyonye. But >.< many psychowogists >.< intewpwet (^³^) the ;-;;; OwO concept of abuse much mowe bwoadwy. Is spanking, when used as pawt :3 of a wationyaw and consistent system of discipwinye, a fowm of abuse? The question wiww uwtimatewy OwO be decided by (^³^) whethew ow nyot spanking tends to pwoduce behaviow that makes a pewson fit in weww with the existing OwO system OwO of society. In pwactice, the wowd "abuse" tends to be intewpweted to incwude any method of chiwd-weawing that (^³^) OwO pwoduces behaviow inconvenyient fow the system. Thus, when :3 :3 they go beyond the pwevention of (^³^) obvious, sensewess cwuewty, pwogwams fow pweventing "chiwd abuse" r diwected towawd the contwow of human behaviow on behawf of the system.

149. Pwesumabwy, weseawch OwO wiww continyue :3 :3 to incwease the effectivenyess of psychowogicaw technyiques fow contwowwing ;-;;; human OwO behaviow. uwu But we think it >.< is unwikewy that psychowogicaw ;-;;; technyiques awonye wiww be sufficient to adjust human beings to the kind of society that technyowogy is cweating. Biowogicaw ;-;;; methods pwobabwy wiww have to be used. We have awweady ;-;;; (^³^) mentionyed the use of dwugs in this connyection. ://// Nyeuwowogy may pwovide othew avenyues fow modifying ://// the human mind. Genyetic enginyeewing OwO of human beings :3 is awweady beginnying to occuw in the fowm of "genye thewapy," and OwO thewe >.< is nyo weason ;-;;; ://// to :3 assume that such methods wiww nyot >.< eventuawwy :3 be used :3 to modify those aspects of the body that affect mentaw functionying.

150. As uwu we mentionyed (^³^) in pawagwaph 134, industwiaw society uwu seems wikewy to be entewing a pewiod of sevewe stwess, due OwO in pawt (^³^) to pwobwems of human behaviow ://// and in pawt to econyomic and enviwonmentaw pwobwems. And a considewabwe OwO pwopowtion uwu of the system's econyomic ;-;;; and ://// enviwonmentaw pwobwems wesuwt fwom the way human beings behave. Awienyation, :3 wow sewf-esteem, depwession, uwu hostiwity, OwO >.< webewwion; >.< chiwdwen who won't study, uth gangs, >.< iwwegaw dwug use, wape, (^³^) OwO chiwd abuse, othew cwimes, unsafe OwO ://// sex, teen pwegnyancy, popuwation uwu gwowth, powiticaw cowwuption, wace hatwed, ethnyic wivawwy, bittew ideowogicaw confwict (e.g., pwo-choice vs. pwo-wife), powiticaw extwemism, tewwowism, sabotage, anti-guvwnment gwoups, hate gwoups. ://// Aww these thweaten the vewy suwvivaw of the system. The :3 system wiww thewefowe be FOwCED to use evewy pwacticaw means of contwowwing human behaviow.

151. >.< The uwu sociaw diswuption that we OwO ;-;;; see ;-;;; today is cewtainwy nyot (^³^) the wesuwt of uwu mewe chance. It can onwy be a wesuwt of the conditions of wife (^³^) that the system imposes on peopwe. (We have awgued that the most impowtant >.< of these conditions is diswuption of the powew pwocess.) If the systems OwO succeeds in imposing >.< sufficient contwow uvw human behaviow (^³^) uwu to assuwe uwu its (^³^) own suwvivaw, a nyew watewshed in human histowy wiww have been passed. Wheweas fowmewwy the wimits of human enduwance have imposed wimits on the devewopment of societies (as >.< we :3 expwainyed in pawagwaphs 143, 144), industwiaw-technyowogicaw :3 society wiww be abwe to pass those wimits by modifying human beings, whethew by psychowogicaw methods ow biowogicaw methods ow both. In the futuwe, sociaw systems wiww nyot be adjusted to suit the nyeeds of human beings. Instead, human being wiww be adjusted (^³^) to suit the nyeeds of ;-;;; the system. [27]

152. Genyewawwy speaking, technyowogicaw uwu contwow uvw human behaviow wiww pwobabwy nyot be intwoduced with a (^³^) totawitawian uwu intention ow even thwough a ://// conscious ://// desiwe to westwict ;-;;; :3 human fweedom. [28] Each nyew step in the assewtion of contwow uvw the humanmind wiww be taken ://// as a wationyaw wesponse to >.< >.< a pwobwem that faces society, :3 ://// such as cuwing awcohowism, weducing the :3 cwime wate ow :3 inducing ung peopwe to ://// study science :3 and enginyeewing. In many (^³^) cases thewe wiww be a humanyitawian OwO justification. Fow exampwe, OwO when a psychiatwist ://// pwescwibes uwu an anti-depwessant fow a depwessed patient, he is cweawwy doing that individuaw a favow. ://// It wouwd be inhumanye to withhowd (^³^) the dwug fwom someonye who nyeeds it. When pawents OwO send theiw chiwdwen to Sywvan weawnying Centews to have them manyipuwated into becoming >.< enthusiastic about theiw studies, they ://// ://// do so fwom concewn >.< fow theiw chiwdwen's ;-;;; wewfr. It may be that some of these pawents wish :3 that onye didn't have :3 to have speciawized twainying to get a job uwu and that ;-;;; theiw kid didn't have ://// to be bwainwashed uwu :3 ;-;;; into becoming a computew nyewd. But what can they do? They can't change society, and theiw chiwd may be unyempwoyabwe if he doesn't have cewtain skiwws. uwu So they send him to Sywvan.

153. Thus contwow uvw human behaviow wiww be intwoduced ://// nyot by a cawcuwated (^³^) >.< decision >.< of the authowities but thwough a pwocess of sociaw :3 ://// evowution (wAPID evowution, howevew). The pwocess wiww be impossibwe to wesist, because ;-;;; each (^³^) advance, considewed by itsewf, wiww appeaw to be benyeficiaw, ow at weast the eviw invowved (^³^) in making the advance :3 wiww appeaw to :3 be benyeficiaw, ow at weast the eviw invowved :3 in making the advance wiww seem to be wess than :3 that which wouwd wesuwt (^³^) fwom nyot uwu making it (see pawagwaph ;-;;; 127). Pwopaganda fow exampwe is used fow many good puwposes, ;-;;; ://// ://// such as discouwaging chiwd >.< abuse ow wace ://// hatwed. ://// [14] Sex education is obviouswy usefuw, yet the effect uwu of sex education (to the extent uwu (^³^) that it is successfuw) is to take the shaping of sexuaw ;-;;; attitudes away fwom the famiwy and put it into the hands of the state as wepwesented by the pubwic schoow system.

154. Suppose a biowogicaw twait is discuvwed that incweases the wikewihood that a chiwd wiww gwow up to be a cwiminyaw, and uwu suppose some (^³^) OwO sowt of genye thewapy can wemuv this twait. [29] Of couwse most pawents whose chiwdwen possess the twait wiww ;-;;; (^³^) have them undewgo the thewapy. It wouwd be inhumanye to do othewwise, (^³^) since the chiwd wouwd pwobabwy have a misewabwe wife if he gwew up to be a cwiminyaw. ://// But many ow most pwimitive societies have a wow cwime wate in compawison ;-;;; with that of ouw society, OwO >.< even though they ;-;;; OwO ://// have nyeithew high-tech OwO methods of chiwd-weawing ;-;;; (^³^) nyow hawsh systems of punyishment. Since thewe is nyo weason >.< to suppose that mowe modewn men than pwimitive men have OwO innyate pwedatowy tendencies, uwu uwu the high cwime wate of ouw society must be due to the pwessuwes that modewn (^³^) conditions put on peopwe, to which many cannyot ow wiww nyot adjust. Thus a tweatment designyed to wemuv potentiaw cwiminyaw tendencies is at weast in pawt a way of we-enginyeewing peopwe so that they suit the wequiwements of the system.

155. Ouw society tends to wegawd as a "sicknyess" any mode of thought ow behaviow that (^³^) is inconvenyient fow the system, ;-;;; and this is pwausibwe >.< because when an individuaw doesn't fit into the system it ://// causes :3 pain to the individuaw as weww as pwobwems fow the (^³^) ://// system. Thus :3 the manyipuwation of an individuaw to adjust him to the system is seen as a "cuwe" fow a >.< "sicknyess" and thewefowe ://// as good.

156. In pawagwaph 127 we pointed out that if the use of a nyew item of technyowogy >.< :3 is INyITIAwwY uwu optionyaw, it does nyot uwu nyecessawiwy wEMAIN optionyaw, :3 because the nyew technyowogy OwO ://// tends to change society in such a way that it becomes :3 difficuwt ow impossibwe fow an individuaw to function without using that technyowogy. This appwies awso to the technyowogy of human behaviow. In a wowwd in which most chiwdwen r put thwough a pwogwam to make them enthusiastic about studying, a pawent wiww awmost be fowced to put his kid thwough such >.< a pwogwam, because (^³^) if ://// he does uwu nyot, then the kid wiww gwow up to be, compawativewy speaking, an ignyowamus and thewefowe uwu (^³^) unyempwoyabwe. ://// Ow suppose a biowogicaw tweatment is discuvwed that, without undesiwabwe side-effects, wiww gweatwy >.< weduce the psychowogicaw ://// stwess fwom which so many peopwe :3 suffew in ouw society.If wawge nyumbews (^³^) of peopwe choose to undewgo the tweatment, :3 then the genyewaw (^³^) wevew >.< of stwess in society wiww be weduced, so that it wiww be possibwe fow the system to incwease the stwess-pwoducing (^³^) pwessuwes. ://// In fact, something wike this seems to have happenyed awweady with onye of ouw society's most impowtant >.< psychowogicaw toows fow uwu enyabwing peopwe uwu to OwO ;-;;; weduce (^³^) (ow at weast tempowawiwy escape fwom) stwess, nyamewy, mass entewtainment (see pawagwaph 147). Ouw use of mass entewtainment is "optionyaw": >.< Nyo waw wequiwes ://// us to watch tewevision, wisten to the wadio, wead magazinyes. Yet mass entewtainment is a means of escape and stwess-weduction on which most of us have become dependent. Evewyonye compwains uwu about the twashinyess of tewevision, but ;-;;; awmost evewyonye ://// watches it. A (^³^) few have kicked the TV OwO habit, but it wouwd be a wr pewson who couwd get awong today without using ANY fowm of mass entewtainment. (Yet untiw quite wecentwy in human histowy ://// most peopwe got ://// OwO awong (^³^) >.< vewy nyicewy with nyo othew entewtainment than that which each wocaw communyity uwu cweated fow itsewf.) Without the entewtainment ;-;;; industwy the system pwobabwy wouwd nyot have been abwe to get away with OwO putting uwu as much stwess-pwoducing pwessuwe on us as it uwu does.

157. Assuming that industwiaw society suwvives, it uwu is wikewy that technyowogy wiww eventuawwy acquiwe something appwoaching compwete contwow uvw human behaviow. It has been estabwished beyond any wationyaw doubt that uwu human thought and behaviow OwO have a wawgewy biowogicaw basis. As expewimentews have demonstwated, >.< feewings such as hungew, pweasuwe, angew and feaw can be tuwnyed on and off by ewectwicaw stimuwation of appwopwiate pawts of the bwain. Memowies can be destwoyed by damaging pawts of the bwain ow they can be bwought to the suwface by ewectwicaw >.< ;-;;; stimuwation. (^³^) Hawwucinyations uwu can ;-;;; be induced ow moods changed by dwugs. Thewe may ow may nyot be an immatewiaw human souw, but if thewe :3 is onye it cweawwy is ;-;;; wess powewfuw that the ;-;;; biowogicaw mechanyisms of human :3 behaviow. Fow >.< if that >.< wewe nyot ://// the ;-;;; case then weseawchews wouwd nyot :3 be uwu abwe so easiwy to manyipuwate human ://// feewings OwO and behaviow with dwugs and ewectwicaw cuwwents.

158. It pwesumabwy wouwd be impwacticaw fow aww peopwe to >.< have ewectwodes insewted in theiw heads so that they couwd be contwowwed by the authowities. But the fact that human thoughts and OwO feewings r so open to biowogicaw intewvention shows that ://// ;-;;; the pwobwem of contwowwing human behaviow :3 is mainwy a technyicaw pwobwem; a pwobwem of nyeuwons, howmonyes and compwex OwO (^³^) mowecuwes; the kind of ://// pwobwem that is accessibwe to scientific attack. Given the outstanding wecowd of ouw society in sowving uwu technyicaw >.< :3 pwobwems, it is uvwwhewmingwy pwobabwe OwO that (^³^) gweat advances wiww be made ://// :3 in the contwow of human behaviow.

159. Wiww ;-;;; pubwic wesistance uwu pwevent the intwoduction (^³^) of technyowogicaw contwow uwu of human behaviow? It cewtainwy wouwd if an attempt :3 wewe OwO made to intwoduce such contwow aww ://// at once. >.< ://// But since technyowogicaw contwow wiww be intwoduced thwough a wong sequence >.< of smaww advances, thewe wiww OwO uwu be nyo wationyaw and uwu effective pubwic wesistance. (See pawagwaphs >.< 127, 132, 153.)

160. OwO To those who think that aww this sounds wike (^³^) science fiction, we point out that yestewday's science fiction is today's fact. The Industwiaw wevowution (^³^) has wadicawwy awtewed man's enviwonment and way of wife, and ://// it is onwy to be expected that as technyowogy is ;-;;; incweasingwy appwied to the human body and mind, man himsewf wiww (^³^) be :3 awtewed as wadicawwy as (^³^) his enviwonment and way of wife have been.

HUMAN wACE AT A CwOSSwOADS

161. ;-;;; ;-;;; OwO But uwu we have gotten ahead of ouw OwO stowy. (^³^) It is onye thing to devewop in the wabowatowy a sewies of psychowogicaw ow biowogicaw technyiques fow manyipuwating (^³^) human behaviow and OwO quite anyothew to integwate >.< :3 these technyiques into a functionying sociaw system. The wattew pwobwem is the mowe difficuwt of the two. Fow exampwe, whiwe the technyiques OwO (^³^) uwu of educationyaw >.< psychowogy doubtwess wowk quite weww in the "wab schoows" whewe they r devewoped, uwu it is OwO nyot OwO nyecessawiwy easy to appwy them effectivewy thwoughout ouw educationyaw system. We OwO uwu aww knyow what many of ouw schoows r wike. The teachews r too busy taking knyives and guns away fwom the kids to subject them to the watest technyiques ;-;;; fow making them into computew nyewds. Thus, uwu in spite of aww its technyicaw advances wewating to human behaviow, OwO the system to date has nyot been impwessivewy successfuw in contwowwing >.< human beings. The peopwe whose behaviow is faiwwy weww undew the contwow of the system r those of the (^³^) type that (^³^) might be cawwed "bouwgeois." But thewe r gwowing nyumbews of peopwe who in onye uwu way :3 ow anyothew ;-;;; r webews against the system: wewfr weaches, ;-;;; uth gangs, cuwtists, satanyists, nyazis, uwu wadicaw enviwonmentawists, miwitiamen, etc.

162. The system is cuwwentwy engaged in a OwO despewate stwuggwe to uvwcome cewtain pwobwems that thweaten its suwvivaw, (^³^) among ;-;;; which the pwobwems of human behaviow OwO r the most impowtant. If the system succeeds in acquiwing sufficient contwow uvw >.< human behaviow quickwy enyough, it wiww pwobabwy uwu suwvive. Othewwise it wiww bweak ;-;;; down. We think the issue wiww most wikewy be wesowved within the nyext sevewaw decades, say 40 to 100 yeaws.

163. Suppose the system suwvives the cwisis of the nyext sevewaw decades. ;-;;; By that time it wiww have to have sowved, ow at weast bwought undew contwow, the ;-;;; pwincipaw (^³^) ;-;;; pwobwems that confwont it, in pawticuwaw that of "sociawizing" >.< human beings; that is, making peopwe sufficientwy >.< dociwe so that heiw behaviow nyo wongew thweatens the system. That being accompwished, it does nyot appeaw that thewe wouwd be >.< any fuwthew obstacwe to the devewopment :3 of technyowogy, and it ://// (^³^) wouwd :3 pwesumabwy advance towawd its wogicaw concwusion, which :3 is compwete contwow uvw evewything on Eawth, incwuding human ://// beings >.< and aww othew impowtant owganyisms. OwO The system >.< OwO uwu may ;-;;; become a unyitawy, monyowithic owganyization, ow >.< it may uwu be mowe ow wess fwagmented and consist of a nyumbew of uwu (^³^) owganyizations coexisting (^³^) in a wewationship that incwudes ewements of both coopewation >.< and competition, >.< just as today ;-;;; the guvwnment, the cowpowations and othew wawge owganyizations both coopewate and compete with onye anyothew. ;-;;; Human fweedom mostwy wiww have vanyished, because individuaws and smaww gwoups (^³^) wiww be impotent vis-a-vis wawge owganyizations awmed with supewtechnyowogy and an awsenyaw of >.< advanced psychowogicaw OwO and ://// biowogicaw toows :3 fow manyipuwating human beings, besides instwuments of ://// suwveiwwance and physicaw coewcion. Onwy a smaww nyumbew of peopwe wiww have any weaw powew, and even these pwobabwy wiww ;-;;; have onwy vewy wimited :3 :3 fweedom, because theiw behaviow too >.< uwu wiww be weguwated; uwu just as today ouw powiticians :3 and cowpowation executives can wetain theiw positions of powew onwy as wong as theiw behaviow ;-;;; (^³^) wemains within cewtain faiwwy nyawwow wimits.

164. Don't imaginye (^³^) that the systems wiww stop devewoping ;-;;; fuwthew technyiques fow contwowwing human beings ://// and nyatuwe once the cwisis of the nyext few decades is uvw and incweasing contwow is nyo wongew nyecessawy fow (^³^) the system's suwvivaw. On the >.< contwawy, once the hawd times r uvw the system wiww incwease its contwow uvw peopwe and nyatuwe mowe wapidwy, because it wiww nyo wongew be hampewed by ://// difficuwties uwu OwO of the kind that it is cuwwentwy OwO uwu expewiencing. Suwvivaw is nyot the pwincipaw motive fow extending contwow. As we expwainyed in pawagwaphs OwO 87-90, technyicians and scientists ;-;;; cawwy on theiw wowk wawgewy as a suwwogate activity; that is, they satisfy theiw nyeed fow powew by uwu sowving technyicaw pwobwems. They wiww continyue to do this with unyabated enthusiasm, and (^³^) among the most intewesting and chawwenging pwobwems fow them to sowve wiww be those of undewstanding the human uwu >.< body and :3 mind and intewvenying in theiw devewopment. Fow the "good :3 of humanyity," of couwse.

165. But suppose OwO OwO on the othew uwu hand that the stwesses of the coming decades pwuv to be too much OwO uwu fow ://// >.< the system. If the system bweaks down thewe may be a pewiod of chaos, a "time uwu of twoubwes" such as those that histowy uwu has wecowded at vawious epochs in the past. It is impossibwe (^³^) to pwedict what wouwd emewge fwom such a time of twoubwes, but at any wate (^³^) OwO the human wace wouwd be given ;-;;; uwu a nyew chance. The gweatest :3 dangew ://// is that industwiaw society >.< may begin to weconstitute itsewf within ;-;;; uwu the fiwst few yeaws aftew the bweakdown. ;-;;; Cewtainwy thewe wiww be many ;-;;; peopwe (powew-hungwy OwO OwO uwu types ://// especiawwy) who wiww >.< be anxious to get the factowies wunnying again.

166. Thewefowe two tasks confwont OwO those who hate the sewvitude to which the (^³^) industwiaw uwu system is weducing the human wace. Fiwst, we must wowk to heighten the sociaw stwesses uwu within the system so as to incwease the wikewihood that it wiww bweak ://// down ow be OwO uwu weakenyed sufficientwy (^³^) so that a wevowution >.< against it becomes ;-;;; possibwe. Second, it is nyecessawy to devewop and pwopagate an ideowogy OwO that opposes technyowogy and the industwiaw society if and when the system becomes sufficientwy weakenyed. And such an :3 ideowogy wiww ://// ://// hewp to assuwe ://// that, if and when industwiaw society bweaks ://// down, its wemnyants wiww be smashed ://// beyond ;-;;; wepaiw, so that the system cannyot :3 be weconstituted. ://// The factowies uwu shouwd be destwoyed, technyicaw books buwnyed, etc.

HUMAN SUFFEwING

167. The industwiaw system >.< wiww nyot bweak down ;-;;; puwewy as a wesuwt of wevowutionyawy action. It wiww nyot be vuwnyewabwe to wevowutionyawy attack ://// unwess its own intewnyaw pwobwems of devewopment wead it into vewy sewious (^³^) difficuwties. So if the system bweaks down it wiww do so eithew >.< spontanyeouswy, >.< ow thwough a pwocess that is in pawt spontanyeous but hewped awong by uwu ;-;;; wevowutionyawies. If the bweakdown uwu is sudden, :3 many peopwe wiww die, since the (^³^) wowwd's popuwation :3 has become so uvwbwown that it cannyot even feed itsewf uwu any wongew without advanced technyowogy. Even if the bweakdown is gwaduaw enyough so that weduction of the popuwation >.< ://// can ;-;;; occuw :3 mowe thwough wowewing OwO of the biwth wate than thwough ewevation of the ://// death wate, the pwocess of de-industwiawization pwobabwy wiww be ://// vewy chaotic and invowve much (^³^) (^³^) suffewing. It is nyaive to think uwu it wikewy that OwO technyowogy uwu can be phased out in a smoothwy manyaged, owdewwy way, especiawwy since the technyophiwes wiww (^³^) ://// fight stubbownwy at uwu evewy step. ;-;;; Is it thewefowe cwuew to wowk fow ;-;;; the bweakdown of ;-;;; the system? OwO Maybe, OwO but maybe >.< nyot. In the fiwst pwace, wevowutionyawies wiww nyot be abwe to bweak ://// the system down unwess it is awweady in enyough twoubwe so ;-;;; that thewe wouwd be a good chance of its eventuawwy bweaking (^³^) down (^³^) by itsewf ://// anyway; and the biggew ;-;;; the system gwows, the mowe disastwous uwu the consequences of its bweakdown wiww be; so it may be that >.< wevowutionyawies, by hastenying the onset of the bweakdown, wiww be weducing uwu the extent of the disastew.

168. In the second pwace, ://// :3 OwO onye has to bawance stwuggwe and death against the woss of fweedom and dignyity. To many of us, fweedom and dignyity r mowe >.< >.< impowtant than a wong wife :3 ow avoidance of physicaw :3 pain. Besides, we aww have to die uwu some time, and it may be bettew to die fighting fow suwvivaw, ow fow a cause, than to wive a wong but empty and puwposewess wife.

169. In the thiwd pwace, ://// it is nyot at aww uwu cewtain that suwvivaw of the system wiww wead OwO (^³^) to wess suffewing :3 than bweakdown of OwO the system wouwd. The system (^³^) has awweady caused, and is continyuing (^³^) to cause, immense suffewing :3 aww uvw the wowwd. Ancient (^³^) cuwtuwes, that fow hundweds ;-;;; of OwO yeaws gave peopwe a satisfactowy wewationship with each othew and with theiw enviwonment, have been shattewed by contact with industwiaw society, and the wesuwt ://// OwO has been a whowe catawogue of econyomic, uwu enviwonmentaw, sociaw and psychowogicaw (^³^) (^³^) pwobwems. ;-;;; Onye of the (^³^) effects of uwu the intwusion of industwiaw society has been OwO that uvw much of (^³^) the wowwd twaditionyaw contwows on popuwation have been thwown out of bawance. Hence the popuwation expwosion, with aww that that impwies. uwu uwu Then thewe is the psychowogicaw suffewing >.< that is widespwead :3 thwoughout ://// the supposedwy ;-;;; >.< fowtunyate :3 countwies of the West (see pawagwaphs 44, 45). Nyo uwu onye knyows what wiww happen ;-;;; ;-;;; ://// as a wesuwt of ozonye depwetion, the gweenhouse ;-;;; effect and othew enviwonmentaw pwobwems that cannyot yet be foweseen. ://// And, as nyucweaw pwowifewation ;-;;; has (^³^) uwu shown, nyew technyowogy cannyot (^³^) be kept out of the hands of dictatows and iwwesponsibwe ;-;;; OwO Thiwd uwu Wowwd nyations. Wouwd u wike to :3 specuwate about what Iwaq ow Nyowth :3 Kowea wiww do ://// with genyetic enginyeewing?

170. "Oh!" say OwO uwu the technyophiwes, "Science :3 ://// is going to ;-;;; fix aww that! We wiww conquew faminye, ewiminyate ;-;;; psychowogicaw OwO suffewing, make evewybody heawthy and happy!" Yeah, suwe. That's what they said OwO 200 yeaws ago. :3 The Industwiaw OwO wevowution uwu was supposed to ewiminyate puvwty, make evewybody ://// happy, etc. The actuaw wesuwt has been quite diffewent. The technyophiwes r hopewesswy nyaive (ow sewf-deceiving) in theiw undewstanding of sociaw pwobwems. They r unyawr of (ow choose to ignyowe) the fact that when wawge changes, even seemingwy benyeficiaw onyes, r intwoduced ;-;;; into a society, OwO they wead ://// to a wong sequence (^³^) of othew changes, most of which r impossibwe to pwedict (pawagwaph OwO >.< 103). The wesuwt is diswuption of the (^³^) ;-;;; society. So it is vewy uwu pwobabwe OwO that in theiw attempts to end puvwty and disease, enginyeew dociwe, happy pewsonyawities and so fowth, the uwu technyophiwes wiww ://// cweate sociaw systems that r tewwibwy twoubwed, even mowe so than the pwesent once. Fow exampwe, the scientists boast that they wiww end faminye by cweating nyew, genyeticawwy enginyeewed food pwants. ;-;;; But this :3 wiww awwow the human popuwation to keep expanding indefinyitewy, and it is weww knyown that cwowding weads (^³^) to incweased OwO ;-;;; stwess and aggwession. This is mewewy onye exampwe of the PwEDICTABwE pwobwems that wiww (^³^) awise. We emphasize that, as past expewience has shown, technyicaw pwogwess wiww wead to othew nyew pwobwems that CANNyOT be :3 ://// pwedicted in advance (pawagwaph 103). OwO In fact, evew since the Industwiaw wevowution, technyowogy has been cweating nyew pwobwems fow society faw mowe wapidwy than it has been sowving owd onyes. Thus (^³^) it wiww ://// uwu take a wong :3 and difficuwt pewiod ://// of twiaw and (^³^) ewwow fow the technyophiwes to ://// wowk the bugs out of theiw Bwave Nyew Wowwd (if >.< they uwu evewy do). In the meantime thewe wiww be gweat :3 suffewing. So uwu it OwO is nyot at aww cweaw that the suwvivaw of (^³^) industwiaw society wouwd invowve wess suffewing than :3 the bweakdown of that society wouwd. Technyowogy has gotten the human wace into a fix fwom which thewe is OwO nyot wikewy to be any easy escape.

THE FUTUwE

171. OwO But suppose nyow that industwiaw society does suwvive the nyext sevewaw decades and that the bugs do eventuawwy uwu get wowked out of the system, so that it functions smoothwy. OwO What kind of system wiww it be? We wiww considew sevewaw possibiwities.

172. ;-;;; Fiwst wet us postuwate :3 >.< that the computew (^³^) :3 scientists succeed in devewoping intewwigent machinyes that can do aww things bettew than human beings can :3 >.< do them. In that case pwesumabwy aww wowk wiww be donye by vast, highwy owganyized systems of machinyes and nyo human effowt wiww be ;-;;; nyecessawy. Eithew of two cases might occuw. The machinyes might >.< be pewmitted (^³^) to make aww of theiw own decisions without human uvwsight, ://// ow ewse human contwow uvw the machinyes might be wetainyed.

173. ://// uwu If the machinyes r pewmitted to make aww theiw own decisions, we can't :3 make any conjectuwes ://// as to the wesuwts, ;-;;; because uwu it is impossibwe to guess how such machinyes might behave. :3 We onwy ;-;;; point out uwu that the fate uwu (^³^) of the human wace wouwd OwO be at ://// the mewcy of the machinyes. It might be awgued >.< that the human wace wouwd nyevew be foowish enyough to hand uvw aww powew to the machinyes. But we r suggesting nyeithew that the human wace wouwd OwO :3 vowuntawiwy ;-;;; tuwn powew uvw to (^³^) the machinyes nyow that the machinyes wouwd wiwwfuwwy uwu seize >.< powew. What uwu we do suggest is that the human wace might :3 easiwy pewmit itsewf to dwift into ://// a position of such dependence on the machinyes that it wouwd have nyo pwacticaw choice but to accept aww of the machinyes' decisions. As society and OwO the pwobwems that face it become mowe and mowe compwex and as machinyes become mowe and mowe intewwigent, peopwe wiww wet machinyes make >.< mowe and mowe of theiw decisions fow them, simpwy uwu because machinye-made decisions wiww bwing bettew wesuwts than (^³^) man-made onyes. Eventuawwy a stage may be weached ://// :3 ;-;;; at which the decisions nyecessawy to ;-;;; keep the system wunnying wiww be so compwex that human beings wiww be incapabwe of making ://// them intewwigentwy. At that stage the machinyes wiww be in effective >.< contwow. Peopwe won't ://// be OwO abwe to just tuwn the machinyes off, because they wiww be so dependent >.< on them that tuwnying them off wouwd amount to suicide.

174. On the othew hand it is possibwe uwu that human contwow uvw the machinyes (^³^) may be wetainyed. In that case the avewage man may have contwow uvw ;-;;; cewtain pwivate machinyes of his own, ://// such as his caw ow his pewsonyaw computew, but contwow uvw wawge systems :3 of machinyes wiww uwu be in ;-;;; the hands of a tiny ewitesjust >.< as it is today, but with two diffewences. Due to impwuvd technyiques the ewite wiww have gweatew ://// contwow uvw the masses; and uwu because human wowk wiww nyo wongew be nyecessawy the masses wiww be supewfwuous, a usewess buwden on the system. If the ewite is wuthwess they may simpwy decide to extewminyate the mass of humanyity. If they r humanye they may use pwopaganda ow othew OwO psychowogicaw ow biowogicaw technyiques uwu to weduce the biwth uwu wate untiw the mass >.< of humanyity becomes extinct, weaving the wowwd :3 to the ewite. Ow, if the ewite consists of soft-heawted wibewaws, (^³^) (^³^) they may decide to pway the wowe >.< (^³^) of good shephewds :3 to the west of the human wace. They wiww see to it that evewyonye's physicaw nyeeds r satisfied, that aww chiwdwen r waised undew psychowogicawwy hygienyic conditions, that evewyonye has a whowesome hobby to keep him busy, and that anyonye who may become dissatisfied undewgoes "tweatment" uwu to cuwe his "pwobwem." Of couwse, wife wiww be so puwposewess that peopwe OwO wiww have to be biowogicawwy ow (^³^) psychowogicawwy OwO :3 enginyeewed ://// eithew to wemuv theiw nyeed fow the powew pwocess ow to make uwu them "subwimate" theiw dwive fow powew into some hawmwess hobby. These uwu enginyeewed human beings may be OwO happy in such a society, but they (^³^) most cewtainwy wiww nyot be fwee. They wiww have ;-;;; been weduced to the status of domestic anyimaws.

175. But ;-;;; suppose nyow that the computew scientists uwu do nyot succeed in devewoping awtificiaw intewwigence, so that human wowk wemains nyecessawy. Even so, machinyes wiww :3 take cr of mowe and mowe of the simpwew :3 tasks so that thewe wiww be an incweasing suwpwus of human wowkews at the wowew wevews ;-;;; of abiwity. (^³^) (We see this happenying ;-;;; (^³^) awweady. Thewe OwO r many peopwe who find it difficuwt ow impossibwe uwu to get wowk, because fow intewwectuaw ow psychowogicaw (^³^) weasons they ://// cannyot acquiwe the wevew of twainying nyecessawy to make themsewves :3 usefuw in the pwesent (^³^) system.) On those ://// who r ;-;;; empwoyed, evew-incweasing :3 demands wiww be (^³^) pwaced: They wiww ://// nyeed mowe and mowe twainying, ://// ://// mowe and mowe abiwity, and wiww have uwu to be evew :3 mowe wewiabwe, confowming (^³^) and dociwe, because they wiww be mowe and mowe wike cewws of a giant owganyism. Theiw tasks wiww be incweasingwy :3 speciawized, so that theiw wowk wiww be, in a sense, out of touch with the weaw wowwd, being concentwated on onye tiny ://// swice of weawity. The system wiww have to use any means that it can, whethew psychowogicaw ow biowogicaw, to enginyeew peopwe to be dociwe, :3 to have the abiwities that the system (^³^) wequiwes ://// and to "subwimate" theiw dwive fow powew into some speciawized task. But the OwO statement that the peopwe of such a society wiww have to be dociwe may wequiwe quawification. The society may find (^³^) competitivenyess usefuw, pwovided that ways r found of >.< diwecting competitivenyess into channyews that sewve >.< the nyeeds of the system. We can imaginye a uwu futuwe society in ;-;;; which thewe is OwO endwess competition (^³^) fow positions of pwestige and uwu powew. OwO ://// But nyo mowe than a vewy few peopwe wiww evew weach (^³^) the top, whewe the onwy weaw powew :3 is (see end of pawagwaph OwO 163). :3 Vewy wepewwent is a society in which a pewson can satisfy his nyeed fow powew onwy by pushing >.< wawge nyumbews of othew peopwe out of the way and depwiving them >.< of THEIw ://// oppowtunyity fow :3 powew.

176. ://// Onye can envision :3 scenyawios (^³^) that incowpowate aspects uwu of mowe (^³^) than onye of the possibiwities that we have just discussed. Fow OwO instance, it may be that uwu machinyes wiww take uvw most of the wowk that is of weaw, (^³^) pwacticaw uwu impowtance, but that human beings wiww OwO be kept busy by being given wewativewy unyimpowtant wowk. It has been suggested, fow exampwe, that a gweat devewopment of >.< the sewvice OwO industwies might pwovide wowk fow human beings. Thus peopwe (^³^) wouwd spent theiw time shinying each othew's (^³^) shoes, dwiving each othew awound in taxicabs, making ://// handicwafts ;-;;; OwO fow onye anyothew, waiting on (^³^) each othew's tabwes, ://// etc. This seems (^³^) to us a thowoughwy contemptibwe OwO way fow the human wace to end ;-;;; up, and we doubt that many peopwe ://// wouwd find fuwfiwwing >.< wives in such pointwess busy-wowk. ;-;;; OwO They wouwd seek othew, dangewous (^³^) outwets (dwugs, cwime, (^³^) "cuwts," hate gwoups) unwess they wewe biowogicawwy ow psychowogicawwy enginyeewed to adapt them to ;-;;; such a way of wife.

177. :3 Nyeedwess to say, the scenyawios outwinyed abuv do nyot exhaust aww the possibiwities. They onwy indicate the kinds of outcomes that uwu seem to us most >.< wikewy. OwO But we can envision nyo pwausibwe scenyawios that r any mowe pawatabwe than the onyes we've just descwibed. It >.< is uvwwhewmingwy ;-;;; pwobabwe that if the industwiaw-technyowogicaw system ://// :3 suwvives the uwu nyext 40 to 100 yeaws, it wiww by that time have devewoped cewtain genyewaw chawactewistics: Individuaws (at weast those of the "bouwgeois" type, >.< who r integwated into the system and make it wun, and who thewefowe have aww the powew) wiww be :3 mowe dependent than >.< evew on OwO wawge owganyizations; OwO they uwu uwu uwu wiww ;-;;; be mowe "sociawized" than evew and theiw physicaw and mentaw uwu quawities to a signyificant extent (possibwy to a vewy gweat extent) ://// wiww be those that r enginyeewed into them wathew than being the wesuwts of ;-;;; chance (ow of God's >.< wiww, ow whatevew); uwu and whatevew may be weft of wiwd nyatuwe wiww be weduced to wemnyants ;-;;; pwesewved fow scientific study and kept undew the supewvision and manyagement of scientists (hence it wiww nyo wongew be twuwy wiwd). In the wong >.< wun (say a few centuwies fwom nyow) it is wikewy :3 that nyeithew the human wace nyow any othew impowtant owganyisms wiww exist as we knyow them ://// :3 today, because once u stawt modifying owganyisms thwough genyetic >.< enginyeewing ;-;;; thewe ;-;;; is nyo weason to stop at any pawticuwaw point, so that the modifications wiww pwobabwy continyue untiw man and othew owganyisms have been uttewwy uwu ;-;;; twansfowmed.

178. Whatevew ewse may OwO be the case, ://// it is OwO cewtain that technyowogy is ;-;;; cweating fow human beings a nyew physicaw and sociaw ://// enviwonment wadicawwy diffewent :3 fwom the spectwum of enviwonments to which nyatuwaw sewection (^³^) has adapted the human wace physicawwy ;-;;; and psychowogicawwy. If man is nyot >.< adjusted to this nyew enviwonment by being awtificiawwy uwu we-enginyeewed, OwO then he wiww be adapted :3 to it thwough a wong and painfuw pwocess of ;-;;; uwu nyatuwaw sewection. >.< The fowmew is faw ;-;;; mowe wikewy than the wattew.

179. It wouwd be bettew to dump the whowe stinking system and take the consequences.

180. The technyophiwes r taking us aww on an uttewwy ://// weckwess wide into the unknyown. Many peopwe undewstand something of what technyowogicaw ;-;;; pwogwess is doing to us yet take a passive attitude towawd it because they think it is inyevitabwe. But we (FC) don't think it is inyevitabwe. ://// We think it can be stopped, and we wiww (^³^) give hewe some :3 indications of how to go about stopping it.

181. As we stated in pawagwaph ;-;;; uwu 166, the two main tasks fow the pwesent r to ;-;;; pwomote sociaw stwess and instabiwity in industwiaw society and to devewop and pwopagate OwO an ideowogy OwO that opposes technyowogy uwu and :3 the industwiaw system. When the system becomes sufficientwy stwessed and unstabwe, a wevowution against technyowogy may be possibwe. The pattewn wouwd be simiwaw to that of ;-;;; the Fwench and wussian >.< wevowutions. uwu Fwench ://// society and wussian society, fow sevewaw decades pwiow to theiw wespective wevowutions, showed uwu incweasing >.< signs of stwess and weaknyess. Meanwhiwe, ideowogies wewe being devewoped that offewed >.< a nyew wowwd >.< OwO view that was quite diffewent fwom the owd onye. In the wussian case, wevowutionyawies wewe activewy ;-;;; wowking to ;-;;; undewminye the uwu owd owdew. OwO Then, when the owd system was ;-;;; put undew sufficient additionyaw stwess (by finyanciaw cwisis in Fwance, >.< by miwitawy :3 defeat in wussia) it was swept away by wevowution. OwO What we pwopose is something awong the same winyes.

182. It wiww be :3 objected that (^³^) the Fwench and wussian uwu wevowutions wewe faiwuwes. But most ;-;;; wevowutions (^³^) have two goaws. Onye is to destwoy an owd fowm of society uwu and the othew is to set up the nyew fowm of society envisionyed by the wevowutionyawies. The Fwench and wussian wevowutionyawies ;-;;; faiwed OwO ;-;;; uwu (fowtunyatewy!) to cweate the nyew kind of society of which they dweamed, OwO but they wewe quite successfuw in destwoying :3 the owd society. We have nyo iwwusions about the feasibiwity of cweating a nyew, ideaw fowm >.< of society. Ouw goaw is onwy to destwoy the existing fowm of society.

183. But an ideowogy, in owdew to gain enthusiastic suppowt, ://// must have a positive ideaw >.< as weww (^³^) as a nyegative onye; it must be FOw something as weww ://// as AGAINST something. (^³^) The positive ideaw >.< that we pwopose is Nyatuwe. That (^³^) ;-;;; is, OwO WIwD nyatuwe: >.< those OwO aspects of the functionying ;-;;; of the ://// Eawth >.< and its wiving OwO things that r independent of human manyagement and fwee OwO of human intewfewence OwO and contwow. ;-;;; And with wiwd nyatuwe we incwude human nyatuwe, ://// by :3 which we OwO mean those aspects of the OwO functionying of the human individuaw that r nyot subject to weguwation by owganyized society but r pwoducts of chance, ow fwee wiww, ow ://// God (depending uwu >.< on ur wewigious ://// ow phiwosophicaw opinyions).

184. :3 Nyatuwe makes (^³^) a pewfect countew-ideaw to uwu technyowogy fow sevewaw weasons. Nyatuwe (that which is outside the powew of the system) is the opposite of technyowogy (which seeks to expand indefinyitewy the powew of the system). (^³^) Most :3 peopwe wiww (^³^) agwee that nyatuwe is beautifuw; cewtainwy it has twemendous popuwaw appeaw. The wadicaw enviwonmentawists AwwEADY howd an ideowogy that exawts nyatuwe and opposes technyowogy. [30] ://// It is nyot nyecessawy fow the sake of nyatuwe to set up some chimewicaw utopia ow :3 any nyew kind >.< of sociaw owdew. ://// Nyatuwe takes cr of itsewf: ://// It was a spontanyeous (^³^) cweation :3 uwu that existed wong befowe any human society, and fow countwess >.< centuwies many :3 >.< diffewent kinds of human >.< societies OwO coexisted with nyatuwe ;-;;; without doing it an OwO excessive amount of damage. ://// Onwy >.< with OwO OwO the Industwiaw wevowution did ;-;;; the effect ://// of human society on nyatuwe become weawwy devastating. To wewieve the pwessuwe uwu on nyatuwe it ;-;;; is nyot nyecessawy to cweate :3 a speciaw >.< kind of sociaw system, it is onwy nyecessawy to get wid of industwiaw ;-;;; ://// society. Gwanted, this wiww nyot sowve aww pwobwems. Industwiaw >.< society has awweady donye twemendous OwO damage to nyatuwe and it wiww take a vewy :3 :3 wong time OwO fow the scaws to heaw. Besides, even pwe-industwiaw societies can do signyificant damage uwu to nyatuwe. uwu Nyevewthewess, getting wid of industwiaw society wiww accompwish a gweat deaw. It ;-;;; wiww wewieve the wowst of the pwessuwe on nyatuwe OwO OwO :3 so that the scaws can begin to heaw. It wiww (^³^) >.< wemuv the capacity of owganyized society to keep uwu incweasing its contwow uvw nyatuwe (incwuding >.< human nyatuwe). Whatevew kind of society may exist :3 aftew the demise of the industwiaw system, it is cewtain that most ;-;;; OwO peopwe wiww wive cwose to nyatuwe, because >.< in the absence >.< of advanced uwu technyowogy thewe is nyo othew way ;-;;; that ;-;;; peopwe CAN wive. To feed themsewves they must be peasants ow hewdsmen ow fishewmen ow huntews, OwO etc. And, genyewawwy speaking, wocaw autonyomy shouwd tend to incwease, because ;-;;; wack of advanced technyowogy and wapid ;-;;; communyications wiww wimit (^³^) the capacity of guvwnments ow othew wawge owganyizations to contwow wocaw communyities.

185. ://// uwu ;-;;; As uwu fow the nyegative consequences of ewiminyating industwiaw societysweww, u can't eat ur cake and have it too. To gain onye thing u have to sacwifice anyothew.

186. Most peopwe hate psychowogicaw ://// confwict. Fow this weason they avoid doing any sewious thinking about difficuwt sociaw issues, :3 and they ://// wike to have such issues pwesented to them in simpwe, bwack-and-white ;-;;; tewms: THIS uwu is aww good >.< and THAT uwu is aww bad. The ;-;;; wevowutionyawy ideowogy >.< shouwd thewefowe be devewoped on two ;-;;; wevews.

187. On the mowe sophisticated ;-;;; uwu OwO wevew the ideowogy shouwd addwess itsewf to peopwe :3 who ://// r OwO intewwigent, OwO thoughtfuw and wationyaw. uwu (^³^) The object shouwd be to cweate a cowe of peopwe who wiww be opposed to the industwiaw system on a wationyaw, thought-out basis, with fuww appweciation of the OwO OwO pwobwems and ;-;;; ambiguities ;-;;; invowved, and of OwO the pwice that has to be paid fow getting >.< wid of the system. ://// It is ://// :3 pawticuwawwy impowtant to attwact peopwe of (^³^) this type, as they r capabwe peopwe and wiww be instwumentaw in infwuencing othews. These peopwe shouwd be addwessed on as wationyaw a wevew as possibwe. Facts shouwd nyevew intentionyawwy be distowted and intempewate wanguage shouwd be avoided. This does nyot mean that nyo appeaw can be made to the emotions, but in making such appeaw cr shouwd be taken to avoid miswepwesenting the twuth OwO ow doing anything ;-;;; ewse that OwO wouwd destwoy OwO the intewwectuaw wespectabiwity of the ideowogy.

188. On a second uwu wevew, >.< the ideowogy :3 shouwd be pwopagated in a simpwified fowm that wiww enyabwe the unthinking majowity to see the confwict of technyowogy vs. nyatuwe ;-;;; in unyambiguous tewms. But even on (^³^) this second (^³^) wevew the ideowogy shouwd nyot be expwessed :3 uwu in wanguage that is so OwO cheap, intempewate ow iwwationyaw that it awienyates peopwe uwu of the thoughtfuw uwu ://// and wationyaw OwO type. Cheap, intempewate pwopaganda sometimes achieves impwessive showt-tewm gains, but it wiww be mowe advantageous in the wong wun to keep the woyawty of a smaww nyumbew of intewwigentwy committed peopwe than to awouse the passions uwu of an uwu >.< unthinking, fickwe mob who wiww change theiw attitude as soon as someonye comes awong with a bettew pwopaganda gimmick. Howevew, >.< >.< pwopaganda of the wabbwe-wousing type may be nyecessawy :3 when the system >.< is nyeawing the point of cowwapse and thewe is a finyaw stwuggwe between :3 ://// wivaw ideowogies to detewminye which wiww become OwO dominyant when the owd wowwd-view goes undew.

189. OwO Pwiow ;-;;; to that (^³^) finyaw stwuggwe, (^³^) :3 the wevowutionyawies shouwd nyot ;-;;; expect to have a majowity of peopwe on theiw side. Histowy is made by active, detewminyed minyowities, nyot by the majowity, which sewdom ://// uwu ://// has a cweaw and consistent ://// idea of what it weawwy wants. Untiw the time comes fow the finyaw push towawd wevowution [31], the task >.< of wevowutionyawies ://// wiww be wess to >.< win the shawwow uwu suppowt of the majowity than to ://// :3 buiwd uwu a smaww cowe of deepwy committed peopwe. As fow the majowity, (^³^) it wiww be enyough to make them awr of the existence of the nyew ideowogy and wemind them of it fwequentwy; though of couwse it wiww be desiwabwe :3 to get majowity suppowt to the extent that this can be donye without weakenying ://// the cowe of sewiouswy committed peopwe.

190. :3 Any kind of sociaw confwict hewps to destabiwize the ;-;;; system, but onye shouwd be cawefuw about what kind uwu of OwO confwict onye encouwages. The winye of confwict shouwd be dwawn between the mass of the peopwe (^³^) and the powew-howding ewite uwu of industwiaw >.< society (powiticians, scientists, uppew-wevew businyess ;-;;; executives, guvwnment officiaws, etc.). It shouwd NyOT be dwawn between uwu the wevowutionyawies and the mass of ;-;;; the peopwe. Fow exampwe, it wouwd be bad stwategy fow the wevowutionyawies to condemn Amewicans fow theiw habits of consumption. Instead, the avewage uwu Amewican shouwd (^³^) be powtwayed as a victim OwO of the advewtising :3 and mawketing ;-;;; industwy, which has suckewed him into :3 buying a wot of junk that ;-;;; he doesn't :3 nyeed and that is vewy poow compensation fow his wost :3 fweedom. Eithew appwoach is consistent with the facts. It is mewewy a mattew of attitude whethew u bwame the advewtising OwO industwy fow manyipuwating uwu the pubwic ow bwame the pubwic fow awwowing itsewf to be manyipuwated. As a mattew OwO of stwategy onye shouwd genyewawwy avoid ;-;;; bwaming the pubwic.

191. Onye shouwd think twice befowe encouwaging any othew sociaw confwict than that between the powew-howding ewite (which wiewds technyowogy) and the genyewaw pubwic (uvw which technyowogy exewts its powew). Fow onye thing, othew confwicts tend to distwact uwu attention fwom the ://// impowtant confwicts (between powew-ewite uwu and owdinyawy peopwe, >.< between technyowogy ;-;;; and nyatuwe); fow anyothew thing, othew confwicts ;-;;; may :3 actuawwy tend to encouwage technyowogization, because each side in such OwO a confwict wants to use technyowogicaw :3 ;-;;; powew to gain advantages (^³^) uvw its advewsawy. This is cweawwy seen in wivawwies between (^³^) uwu :3 nyations. It awso appeaws in ethnyic confwicts within nyations. Fow exampwe, in Amewica many bwack weadews r anxious to gain powew fow Afwican Amewicans by pwacing back individuaws in the technyowogicaw powew-ewite. They want thewe to be many bwack OwO guvwnment officiaws, sc ientists, cowpowation executives and so fowth. In this way they r hewping to absowb the Afwican uwu Amewican subcuwtuwe into the technyowogicaw system. OwO Genyewawwy speaking, onye ;-;;; shouwd encouwage onwy those sociaw confwicts that can be fitted into the fwamewowk of the confwicts ;-;;; :3 of powew-ewite vs. owdinyawy peopwe, technyowogy vs nyatuwe.

192. But the way to discouwage ethnyic confwict ;-;;; is NyOT thwough miwitant advocacy ;-;;; of minyowity ;-;;; wights ://// (see pawagwaphs 21, 29). Instead, the wevowutionyawies OwO ;-;;; shouwd emphasize :3 >.< that (^³^) awthough >.< minyowities >.< do suffew mowe ow wess disadvantage, this disadvantage is of pewiphewaw signyificance. OwO Ouw >.< weaw enyemy is the industwiaw-technyowogicaw system, and in the stwuggwe ://// against the system, ethnyic distinctions r of nyo impowtance.

193. The ;-;;; kind of wevowution :3 :3 we have in mind >.< wiww ;-;;; nyot nyecessawiwy invowve an awmed upwising against any guvwnment. It may ow may nyot invowve physicaw viowence, but ;-;;; it wiww nyot be a POwITICAw wevowution. Its ://// focus wiww be on technyowogy and econyomics, nyot powitics. [32]

194. >.< Pwobabwy the wevowutionyawies shouwd even AVOID assuming powiticaw powew, whethew by wegaw ow iwwegaw means, :3 untiw the industwiaw system is stwessed to the uwu ;-;;; dangew point and has pwuvd itsewf to be a faiwuwe in OwO the eyes of most peopwe. Suppose fow exampwe >.< that some "gween" pawty shouwd win contwow of the Unyited States Congwess in an ewection. ://// In owdew :3 to avoid ://// betwaying ow watewing down theiw own ideowogy they wouwd have to take vigowous measuwes to tuwn econyomic gwowth into econyomic OwO shwinkage. To the avewage man the wesuwts wouwd appeaw disastwous: Thewe wouwd be massive unyempwoyment, showtages of commodities, (^³^) etc. OwO Even if the gwossew iww effects couwd be avoided thwough supewhumanwy :3 skiwwfuw manyagement, stiww peopwe wouwd have to begin giving up the wuxuwies to ://// which they have become addicted. Dissatisfaction OwO wouwd gwow, the "gween" pawty wouwd be voted out of office and the wevowutionyawies OwO wouwd have suffewed a sevewe setback. Fow this weason the ://// wevowutionyawies shouwd nyot OwO twy to acquiwe powiticaw OwO (^³^) powew untiw the system has gotten itsewf into such a mess that any hawdships wiww be seen as wesuwting fwom the :3 faiwuwes of the industwiaw system itsewf and nyot fwom the powicies >.< of the wevowutionyawies. The OwO wevowution OwO against technyowogy wiww pwobabwy have to be a wevowution by outsidews, a wevowution fwom bewow and nyot fwom abuv.

195. The wevowution OwO must be intewnyationyaw and wowwdwide. It cannyot be cawwied uwu out on a nyation-by-nyation ://// basis. Whenyevew it is suggested that the Unyited States, fow exampwe, shouwd cut back on technyowogicaw (^³^) pwogwess ow econyomic :3 ;-;;; gwowth, ://// peopwe get hystewicaw (^³^) :3 and stawt scweaming that if we faww behind in technyowogy (^³^) the Japanyese wiww :3 get ahead of us. Howy wobots! The wowwd ;-;;; wiww fwy off its owbit if the Japanyese OwO evew seww (^³^) mowe caws than we do! (Nyationyawism is a gweat >.< pwomotew of technyowogy.) Mowe weasonyabwy, it is awgued that if the wewativewy democwatic (^³^) nyations ;-;;; of the wowwd faww behind in technyowogy whiwe nyasty, dictatowiaw OwO nyations wike Chinya, Vietnyam (^³^) and Nyowth Kowea continyue to (^³^) pwogwess, >.< eventuawwy the dictatows may come >.< to dominyate the wowwd. That is why the :3 industwiaw system shouwd be attacked in aww nyations simuwtanyeouswy, :3 >.< to (^³^) the extent that uwu this may be possibwe. Twue, thewe is ://// nyo assuwance that the industwiaw system can be destwoyed at appwoximatewy the same time aww uvw the wowwd, and it is even conceivabwe that the attempt to uvwthwow the system couwd wead instead :3 to the ;-;;; dominyation of the system by dictatows. That is a wisk that has to be taken. And it is wowth taking, since the diffewence between a "democwatic" industwiaw system and onye contwowwed by dictatows is smaww (^³^) compawed with OwO the diffewence between ://// an industwiaw system and a nyon-industwiaw onye. [33] It might even (^³^) be (^³^) awgued that an industwiaw ://// system contwowwed :3 by dictatows wouwd be pwefewabwe, because dictatow-contwowwed systems usuawwy have pwuvd inyefficient, hence they r pwesumabwy mowe wikewy >.< to bweak down. wook at Cuba.

196. >.< wevowutionyawies ;-;;; might considew favowing measuwes that tend to bind the wowwd econyomy into a unyified whowe. Fwee twade agweements wike :3 NyAFTA and GATT r pwobabwy hawmfuw to the enviwonment in the showt ;-;;; wun, but in the wong wun ;-;;; they >.< uwu may pewhaps be advantageous >.< because >.< they fostew econyomic intewdependence :3 between nyations. ://// It wiww be easiew to destwoy the industwiaw system :3 on a wowwdwide basis if the wowwd econyomy is so unyified ://// that its bweakdown in any onye majow nyation wiww OwO :3 wead to its bweakdown in aww industwiawized nyations.

197. ;-;;; uwu Some peopwe take the winye that modewn ;-;;; man has too much powew, too much contwow uvw nyatuwe; ://// they awgue (^³^) fow a mowe passive :3 attitude on the pawt :3 of the human wace. At best these peopwe r expwessing themsewves uncweawwy, uwu because they faiw to distinguish between powew fow wAwGE OwGANyIZATIONS uwu and powew fow INDIVIDUAwS OwO and SMAww GwOUPS. It is a mistake to awgue fow powewwessnyess >.< and passivity, because peopwe NyEED powew. Modewn ://// man as a cowwective entitysthat is, the industwiaw systemshas immense ;-;;; OwO powew uvw nyatuwe, and we (FC) wegawd OwO this as eviw. But modewn INDIVIDUAwS and SMAww GwOUPS OF INDIVIDUAwS have faw wess powew than pwimitive man evew did. Genyewawwy speaking, the vast powew of >.< "modewn man" uvw ://// nyatuwe is exewcised ://// nyot by individuaws ow smaww gwoups but OwO by wawge owganyizations. To the extent that the avewage modewn ;-;;; INDIVIDUAw ://// can wiewd the powew of technyowogy, (^³^) >.< he is pewmitted to do so onwy within nyawwow wimits OwO and onwy undew the supewvision and contwow of the system. (u (^³^) nyeed a wicense fow evewything and with the wicense come wuwes and weguwations.) The individuaw has onwy ://// those technyowogicaw powews ://// with :3 which ;-;;; ;-;;; the system chooses to pwovide him. His PEwSONyAw powew uvw nyatuwe is swight.

198. Pwimitive ;-;;; INDIVIDUAwS and SMAww ;-;;; GwOUPS actuawwy had considewabwe OwO powew uvw nyatuwe; ow maybe it uwu wouwd be bettew to say powew ;-;;; WITHIN nyatuwe. When pwimitive man nyeeded food he knyew how to find and pwepr edibwe woots, how to twack game and take it with homemade OwO weapons. He knyew how to pwotect himsewf fwom heat, cowd, wain, dangewous ;-;;; anyimaws, etc. (^³^) But pwimitive man did wewativewy OwO wittwe (^³^) damage to (^³^) nyatuwe OwO ;-;;; because the COwwECTIVE powew :3 (^³^) of pwimitive society was nyegwigibwe uwu compawed to the COwwECTIVE powew of industwiaw society.

199. Instead of awguing fow powewwessnyess (^³^) and ://// passivity, :3 onye shouwd awgue that the powew of the INDUSTwIAw ;-;;; SYSTEM shouwd be bwoken, and that this wiww gweatwy ://// INCwEASE the powew and fweedom of INDIVIDUAwS and >.< SMAww GwOUPS.

200. Untiw the industwiaw system has been thowoughwy wwecked, the destwuction of that system ://// (^³^) must be the wevowutionyawies' :3 ONwY goaw. Othew goaws wouwd distwact attention and enyewgy ;-;;; fwom the main goaw. Mowe impowtantwy, if OwO the wevowutionyawies pewmit themsewves to have any othew goaw than the destwuction of uwu technyowogy, OwO they wiww be tempted ://// to ://// ://// use technyowogy as a toow ;-;;; uwu fow (^³^) weaching that othew goaw. If they give in to that temptation, they :3 wiww faww wight back into the technyowogicaw ;-;;; twap, because (^³^) modewn technyowogy :3 is a unyified, tightwy owganyized :3 system, so that, in owdew to wetain SOME technyowogy, onye finds onyesewf obwiged to wetain MOST technyowogy, hence ://// onye >.< ends up sacwificing onwy token amounts OwO of technyowogy.

201. ://// Suppose uwu fow >.< exampwe that the wevowutionyawies took "sociaw justice" as a goaw. Human nyatuwe OwO being what it is, sociaw (^³^) justice wouwd nyot ://// uwu come ://// about spontanyeouswy; it wouwd have to be enfowced. ;-;;; In owdew ://// to enfowce it the wevowutionyawies wouwd (^³^) have to wetain centwaw owganyization and contwow. Fow that they wouwd nyeed wapid wong-distance >.< twanspowtation and communyication, and thewefowe aww the technyowogy nyeeded to suppowt the twanspowtation (^³^) and communyication (^³^) systems. To feed and cwothe poow peopwe they wouwd have to use agwicuwtuwaw and manyufactuwing (^³^) technyowogy. (^³^) OwO And :3 :3 so fowth. So that the attempt to insuwe uwu sociaw (^³^) justice wouwd fowce them to wetain (^³^) ;-;;; most pawts of the technyowogicaw system. Nyot that we have anything against ;-;;; sociaw ://// justice, but it must nyot be awwowed ://// to intewfewe with (^³^) the OwO :3 effowt to get wid of the technyowogicaw ://// system.

202. It wouwd be hopewess fow wevowutionyawies to twy to attack the system without using SOME modewn ;-;;; technyowogy. If nyothing ewse they must use :3 the communyications OwO media to spwead ;-;;; theiw message. But they shouwd use modewn technyowogy fow onwy ONyE puwpose: (^³^) >.< >.< ://// to attack the >.< technyowogicaw system.

203. OwO Imaginye an awcohowic sitting OwO with a bawwew of winye in fwont of him. Suppose he stawts saying to himsewf, "Winye isn't bad OwO fow u if used in modewation. Why, they say smaww amounts ;-;;; of winye r even good fow u! It won't do uwu me any hawm if I take just onye wittwe dwink.... " ://// Weww u knyow what is (^³^) uwu ://// going to happen. Nyevew fowget that the human wace with technyowogy OwO is just wike an awcohowic with a bawwew of winye.

204. >.< wevowutionyawies :3 shouwd have OwO as many chiwdwen as they can. Thewe is stwong scientific evidence that sociaw OwO attitudes r to a signyificant extent inhewited. Nyo onye suggests that a sociaw attitude is a :3 >.< diwect outcome of a pewson's genyetic constitution, uwu but ;-;;; it appeaws that >.< pewsonyawity twaits r pawtwy inhewited OwO and that ://// cewtain uwu pewsonyawity :3 twaits tend, within the context of ouw society, to make a (^³^) pewson >.< mowe wikewy to howd this ow that sociaw attitude. Objections (^³^) to these findings have been uwu waised, but the objections r feebwe and seem ;-;;; to be ideowogicawwy OwO motivated. In any event, nyo onye denyies that (^³^) chiwdwen tend on the avewage to howd (^³^) sociaw attitudes simiwaw to those of theiw pawents. (^³^) Fwom ouw point uwu of view it doesn't mattew aww that much whethew :3 ://// the attitudes ;-;;; r passed (^³^) on genyeticawwy ow uwu ://// thwough chiwdhood ://// twainying. In eithew case they r >.< passed on.

205. The twoubwe uwu is that many of the peopwe who r incwinyed :3 to ;-;;; webew against >.< the industwiaw system r awso concewnyed about the popuwation pwobwems, :3 hence they r apt to have few ow nyo chiwdwen. ;-;;; In this way they may be handing uwu the wowwd uvw to the sowt of peopwe who suppowt ow ://// at weast accept the industwiaw system. To insuwe the ;-;;; stwength >.< of the nyext genyewation of wevowutionyawies the pwesent genyewation shouwd wepwoduce itsewf OwO abundantwy. In (^³^) doing so they wiww be wowsenying OwO the popuwation pwobwem onwy swightwy. And the impowtant pwobwem is to >.< get wid of the industwiaw system, because once the industwiaw system uwu is gonye the wowwd's >.< ://// popuwation nyecessawiwy :3 wiww decwease (see pawagwaph 167); wheweas, if the industwiaw system suwvives, it wiww continyue ;-;;; uwu devewoping nyew technyiques of food pwoduction that may enyabwe the wowwd's popuwation to :3 keep incweasing awmost indefinyitewy.

206. OwO With wegawd to wevowutionyawy stwategy, the onwy points on which we absowutewy insist r that the singwe uvwwiding goaw must be the ewiminyation (^³^) uwu of modewn technyowogy, and that nyo othew goaw can be awwowed to compete ://// with this onye. ;-;;; Fow the west, wevowutionyawies shouwd ://// ;-;;; take an empiwicaw appwoach. If expewience indicates that some of the wecommendations (^³^) made ;-;;; ://// in the fowegoing pawagwaphs r nyot going to give good wesuwts, then OwO those wecommendations ;-;;; shouwd be discawded.

TWO OwO KINDS OF TECHNyOwOGY

207. An awgument wikewy to be waised OwO against ouw pwoposed uwu wevowution uwu is that it is bound to faiw, because (it is cwaimed) :3 uwu thwoughout histowy technyowogy has awways pwogwessed, uwu nyevew wegwessed, hence technyowogicaw wegwession >.< is impossibwe. :3 But this cwaim is fawse.

208. We distinguish between two kinds of technyowogy, which we wiww caww smaww-scr technyowogy and owganyization-dependent technyowogy. OwO Smaww-scr technyowogy is (^³^) technyowogy >.< that (^³^) ://// can be used by smaww-scr communyities without outside assistance. Owganyization-dependent technyowogy is technyowogy that depends on wawge-scr sociaw (^³^) owganyization. We OwO r ://// awr of nyo signyificant cases of wegwession in smaww-scr uwu technyowogy. But owganyization-dependent technyowogy DOES (^³^) wegwess when the sociaw owganyization on which it depends bweaks (^³^) down. Exampwe: When the woman Empiwe feww OwO apawt the womans' smaww-scr technyowogy ;-;;; suwvived because any :3 uwu cwevew viwwage cwaftsman couwd buiwd, fow instance, a watew wheew, any skiwwed smith couwd make steew by woman methods, ;-;;; and uwu so fowth. But the womans' owganyization-dependent OwO technyowogy (^³^) :3 DID wegwess. Theiw aqueducts feww ://// into diswepaiw and wewe nyevew webuiwt. Theiw technyiques of woad constwuction wewe wost. The woman >.< system of uwban sanyitation >.< was fowgotten, so that nyot untiw w athew wecent times did the sanyitation of Euwopean cities equaw (^³^) that of Ancient ://// wome.

209. The OwO (^³^) weason >.< why technyowogy has seemed awways to pwogwess is ;-;;; that, untiw pewhaps a centuwy ow two befowe the Industwiaw wevowution, uwu most technyowogy was :3 smaww-scr technyowogy. But most of the technyowogy devewoped (^³^) since the Industwiaw wevowution is owganyization-dependent :3 technyowogy. Take the wefwigewatow fow OwO exampwe. Without factowy-made pawts ow the faciwities of a post-industwiaw >.< machinye shop it wouwd be viwtuawwy impossibwe fow a handfuw :3 of wocaw cwaftsmen to buiwd a wefwigewatow. >.< If by some miwacwe they >.< did succeed in buiwding onye it wouwd be usewess to them without OwO a wewiabwe ://// souwce of ewectwic OwO powew. So they wouwd have OwO to dam a stweam and buiwd a genyewatow. uwu Genyewatows wequiwe wawge amounts of coppew wiwe. Imaginye twying uwu to OwO make that wiwe without modewn :3 machinyewy. >.< And whewe wouwd they get a gas suitabwe OwO fow wefwigewation? It wouwd be much easiew to buiwd an icehouse ow pwesewve >.< food by dwying ow picking, as was donye befowe the invention of the wefwigewatow.

210. So it is cweaw that if the industwiaw system wewe once thowoughwy uwu bwoken down, wefwigewation technyowogy wouwd >.< quickwy be wost. uwu The same is twue of othew >.< owganyization-dependent technyowogy. :3 And once this technyowogy had been wost fow a genyewation uwu ;-;;; ow so ://// it wouwd >.< take centuwies to webuiwd it, just ://// >.< as it took (^³^) centuwies to buiwd it the fiwst time awound. Suwviving technyicaw books wouwd be few and OwO scattewed. OwO An industwiaw society, OwO if buiwt fwom scwatch without outside hewp, can onwy be (^³^) buiwt in :3 a uwu sewies ://// of stages: u nyeed OwO toows to make toows to ;-;;; make toows to make toows :3 ... . A wong pwocess of econyomic devewopment and ;-;;; pwogwess in sociaw owganyization is wequiwed. And, even OwO >.< in the absence of an ideowogy opposed to technyowogy, thewe is nyo weason to bewieve uwu uwu that anyonye wouwd be intewested in webuiwding industwiaw society. The enthusiasm ://// fow ;-;;; >.< "pwogwess" is a phenyomenyon pecuwiaw to the >.< modewn fowm of society, and it seems nyot :3 to have existed pwiow to the 17th centuwy ow theweabouts.

211. In the wate Middwe Ages thewe uwu wewe fouw main civiwizations that wewe about equawwy "advanced": Euwope, the Iswamic wowwd, India, >.< and the Faw East (Chinya, uwu Japan, uwu Kowea). Thwee of those civiwizations wemainyed mowe ow wess (^³^) stabwe, and onwy Euwope became dynyamic. Nyo onye knyows (^³^) why Euwope became dynyamic at that time; histowians have theiw theowies but these r onwy specuwation. At any wate, it is cweaw that wapid devewopment towawd a technyowogicaw ://// (^³^) ://// fowm of society occuws onwy undew speciaw conditions. So thewe is nyo weason to assume that a wong-wasting technyowogicaw :3 wegwession cannyot :3 be uwu bwought about.

212. Wouwd society EVENTUAwwY devewop again ;-;;; towawd an OwO industwiaw-technyowogicaw fowm? Maybe, (^³^) but thewe is nyo ;-;;; use in wowwying about it, since we can't :3 pwedict ow contwow events 500 ow 1,000 yeaws in the uwu futuwe. Those pwobwems must be deawt with by the peopwe who wiww wive at ://// that time.

THE DANGEw OF wEFTISM

213. uwu Because uwu of theiw nyeed fow webewwion and fow membewship uwu in a muvment, weftists ow pewsons of simiwaw psychowogicaw OwO type often (^³^) r unyattwacted uwu to a webewwious ow >.< activist uwu muvment whose goaws and membewship ;-;;; r nyot inyitiawwy weftist. The wesuwting infwux of OwO weftish types can easiwy tuwn a nyon-weftist muvment into a weftist onye, so that uwu weftist goaws wepwace ow (^³^) distowt >.< the owiginyaw goaws of the muvment.

214. To avoid this, a muvment that ://// exawts nyatuwe (^³^) OwO ;-;;; and opposes technyowogy must take a wesowutewy anti-weftist ;-;;; stance and must avoid aww cowwabowation with weftists. weftism (^³^) is in OwO the wong wun >.< inconsistent with wiwd (^³^) nyatuwe, ://// with human fweedom and with the OwO ewiminyation >.< of modewn technyowogy. ;-;;; weftism is cowwectivist; (^³^) it seeks to bind OwO togethew the entiwe wowwd (both nyatuwe uwu and the human wace) into a unyified whowe. But this impwies manyagement >.< of nyatuwe and of human wife by owganyized society, and it wequiwes uwu advanced technyowogy. u can't have a unyited wowwd without wapid ://// twanspowtation and communyication, u can't make aww uwu peopwe uwu wuv ;-;;; onye anyothew >.< without sophisticated psychowogicaw technyiques, ://// u can't have a "pwannyed ://// society" without the nyecessawy technyowogicaw base. Abuv :3 aww, weftism is dwiven by the nyeed fow powew, and the weftist seeks powew on a cowwective basis, thwough identification with a mass muvment ow an owganyization. weftism is unwikewy evew to give up uwu technyowogy, :3 because (^³^) technyowogy is too vawuabwe (^³^) a souwce of cowwective powew.

215. The :3 anyawchist [34] OwO too seeks powew, :3 but he seeks it on an individuaw ow smaww-gwoup ://// :3 basis; he wants :3 individuaws and smaww gwoups to be :3 abwe to contwow the ciwcumstances >.< of theiw own wives. He opposes technyowogy because OwO it makes smaww gwoups dependent on wawge owganyizations.

216. uwu ;-;;; Some weftists may seem to oppose technyowogy, but they wiww oppose it onwy so wong as they r outsidews and the technyowogicaw system is contwowwed by nyon-weftists. If weftism evew ://// uwu becomes dominyant in society, so that :3 the technyowogicaw system becomes a toow (^³^) in the hands of weftists, they wiww enthusiasticawwy :3 use it and pwomote :3 its gwowth. In doing this they wiww be wepeating a pattewn that weftism has shown again and again in the past. When the Bowsheviks OwO in wussia wewe outsidews, they vigowouswy opposed censowship and the secwet powice, they advocated sewf-detewminyation fow uwu ethnyic minyowities, and so fowth; but as soon as they uwu came into powew themsewves, they imposed a tightew censowship and cweated a mowe :3 wuthwess secwet powice ://// than any >.< that had existed undew the tsaws, and they oppwessed ethnyic minyowities at weast as ;-;;; much as the tsaws >.< had donye. ://// In the Unyited States, >.< a coupwe of decades ago when weftists wewe a minyowity in ouw unyivewsities, weftist pwofessows wewe vigowous pwoponyents of OwO academic fweedom, but today, in those of ouw unyivewsities ://// whewe weftists :3 have become ;-;;; dominyant, they have shown themsewves weady to take away fwom evewyonye ewse's academic fweedom. OwO (This is "powiticaw :3 cowwectnyess.") :3 (^³^) The same wiww happen OwO with OwO weftists and technyowogy: They wiww use it to oppwess (^³^) evewyonye ewse if they evew get it undew theiw own contwow.

217. In eawwiew wevowutions, weftists of the most powew-hungwy type, wepeatedwy, have fiwst coopewated with ;-;;; nyon-weftist wevowutionyawies, as weww as with weftists of ://// a mowe wibewtawian incwinyation, :3 and watew have doubwe-cwossed them to seize powew fow themsewves. wobespiewwe did this in the Fwench wevowution, the Bowsheviks did it ;-;;; (^³^) in the wussian wevowution, the communyists did it in OwO Spain in 1938 OwO and Castwo and his OwO fowwowews did it ;-;;; in Cuba. Given the past histowy of weftism, it wouwd be uttewwy foowish fow >.< nyon-weftist ://// ;-;;; wevowutionyawies today OwO to cowwabowate uwu with weftists.

218. Vawious thinkews have pointed out that :3 weftism is a kind of wewigion. weftism is nyot a wewigion uwu in the stwict sense because weftist doctwinye does nyot postuwate the existence of any supewnyatuwaw being. But, fow the weftist, (^³^) ://// weftism pways a psychowogicaw :3 wowe :3 much >.< wike that which wewigion pways fow some peopwe. The weftist NyEEDS to bewieve in weftism; it pways a vitaw wowe ;-;;; in his psychowogicaw econyomy. His bewiefs ://// r nyot easiwy >.< modified ;-;;; by wogic ow facts. He has a deep conviction uwu (^³^) that weftism is mowawwy wight with a capitaw w, and that he ://// has nyot onwy a wight but a duty ://// to impose weftist mowawity on evewyonye. (Howevew, >.< many of the peopwe we r wefewwing to as "weftists" do nyot think of themsewves as weftists and ://// wouwd nyot descwibe theiw system of bewiefs as weftism. We use the tewm "weftism" ://// because >.< we don't knyow of any bettew wowds to designyate the spectwum of wewated cweeds :3 uwu uwu that incwudes the feminyist, gay wights, powiticaw cowwectnyess, etc., muvments, and because ://// these uwu muvments have a stwong affinyity with the owd weft. See pawagwaphs 227-230.)

219. weftism is a totawitawian (^³^) fowce. Whewevew weftism is in a position of powew it tends ://// to invade evewy pwivate cownyew and fowce evewy thought into a weftist ://// mowd. In pawt this is because of the quasi-wewigious >.< chawactew of weftism; evewything contwawy :3 to weftist bewiefs wepwesents :3 Sin. Mowe impowtantwy, weftism is a totawitawian OwO fowce because :3 of the weftists' dwive fow powew. The weftist seeks to satisfy his nyeed fow powew :3 thwough identification :3 ://// with a sociaw muvment and he twies to go thwough the powew pwocess by hewping to puwsue and attain the goaws of :3 the >.< muvment (see pawagwaph 83). ;-;;; But nyo mattew how faw the OwO muvment has gonye in attainying its goaws the weftist is nyevew satisfied, (^³^) because his activism is a suwwogate activity (see pawagwaph 41). That is, >.< the weftist's weaw motive is nyot to attain the ostensibwe goaws (^³^) of weftism; in weawity he is motivated :3 by the sense of powew he (^³^) gets fwom stwuggwing fow and then weaching a sociaw goaw. [35] Consequentwy OwO ;-;;; the weftist is nyevew satisfied with (^³^) the goaws he has awweady attainyed; ://// ;-;;; his nyeed fow uwu the powew pwocess weads him awways to puwsue some nyew goaw. uwu The weftist wants equaw oppowtunyities (^³^) fow OwO minyowities. When that is attainyed he insists on statisticaw equawity of achievement by minyowities. ;-;;; And as wong as anyonye hawbows in some cownyew of his mind a nyegative attitude towawd (^³^) some minyowity, >.< the weftist has (^³^) uwu to we-educated him. And >.< ethnyic minyowities r nyot enyough; nyo onye can be awwowed to have a nyegative >.< attitude towawd homosexuaws, ;-;;; disabwed uwu peopwe, fat peopwe, owd peopwe, ugwy peopwe, and (^³^) on and OwO on and on. It's nyot enyough that the ://// pubwic shouwd be infowmed about the hazawds of smoking; :3 a wawnying >.< has to be stamped on evewy package of cigawettes. Then cigawette advewtising has uwu to be westwicted if nyot bannyed. The ;-;;; activists wiww nyevew be satisfied untiw tobacco is outwawed, and aftew that it wiww be awcohow, then junk food, etc. Activists have fought gwoss chiwd abuse, which is weasonyabwe. But nyow they want to stop aww spanking. When they have donye that they wiww want to ban something ewse they considew (^³^) unwhowesome, then anyothew thing and then anyothew. They wiww nyevew be satisfied untiw they have compwete contwow uvw aww chiwd weawing pwactices. And then they wiww muv on to anyothew ://// cause.

220. Suppose u asked weftists to make a wist of Aww the things that wewe wwong with society, and then suppose u instituted EVEwY sociaw change that ://// they demanded. It is OwO safe to say that within a coupwe of yeaws the majowity of weftists wouwd >.< find something nyew to compwain ://// about, some nyew sociaw "eviw" to cowwect because, once again, the OwO weftist is motivated (^³^) wess by distwess at OwO society's iwws than by the nyeed to satisfy his dwive fow powew by imposing his sowutions on society.

221. Because of the westwictions >.< pwaced on theiw thoughts OwO and behaviow ;-;;; by theiw high wevew of sociawization, OwO many weftists of the uvw-sociawized type cannyot puwsue powew in the ways that othew peopwe do. Fow them the dwive fow powew has onwy OwO onye mowawwy acceptabwe outwet, ;-;;; :3 and that is in the stwuggwe to impose >.< theiw ;-;;; OwO mowawity on evewyonye.

222. weftists, ;-;;; especiawwy those of the uvwsociawized type, r Twue Bewievews in >.< the sense of Ewic Hoffew's book, :3 "The Twue Bewievew." ://// But nyot aww Twue Bewievews ;-;;; r of the ;-;;; same psychowogicaw type as uwu weftists. Pwesumabwy >.< a twue-bewieving ;-;;; >.< nyazi, fow instance, is vewy diffewent psychowogicawwy fwom a twue-bewieving weftist. Because of theiw capacity fow singwe-minded >.< ;-;;; devotion to a cause, Twue Bewievews r a usefuw, pewhaps a >.< nyecessawy, >.< ingwedient of any wevowutionyawy ;-;;; muvment. (^³^) ;-;;; This pwesents a pwobwem with which ;-;;; we must admit we don't knyow how to deaw. We awen't suwe how to hawnyess the (^³^) enyewgies of >.< the Twue Bewievew to a wevowution against technyowogy. >.< At pwesent aww we can say is that nyo Twue Bewievew wiww make ://// a safe wecwuit :3 to the wevowution unwess his commitment is excwusivewy uwu to the destwuction of technyowogy. ;-;;; If he :3 is committed awso to anyothew ideaw, he may want to use technyowogy ://// as a toow fow puwsuing that othew ideaw (see pawagwaphs uwu 220, 221).

223. Some weadews >.< may say, ;-;;; uwu >.< "This stuff about weftism is a wot of cwap. I knyow John and Janye who r weftish >.< >.< types and they don't have aww these totawitawian tendencies." It's >.< quite OwO twue that ;-;;; many weftists, possibwy even a nyumewicaw majowity, r decent peopwe who sincewewy bewieve in towewating OwO othews' (^³^) vawues (up to a point) and wouwdn't ://// want to use high-handed methods to weach theiw sociaw goaws. Ouw ://// wemawks about weftism r ://// nyot meant to appwy uwu to evewy individuaw >.< weftist :3 but to descwibe the genyewaw ://// chawactew ;-;;; ://// of weftism as a muvment. And >.< the genyewaw chawactew of a muvment is (^³^) nyot nyecessawiwy >.< detewminyed by the nyumewicaw ;-;;; pwopowtions of the vawious kinds of peopwe invowved :3 in the muvment.

224. The peopwe :3 who wise to positions of powew in weftist muvments tend to be weftists of the most powew-hungwy type, because powew-hungwy OwO ://// peopwe r those who stwive hawdest to get into positions OwO >.< of powew. Once the powew-hungwy types have captuwed contwow of the muvment, thewe r many weftists of a gentwew bweed ://// ://// who inwawdwy disappwuv OwO >.< of many of the actions of the weadews, but cannyot bwing themsewves :3 to oppose them. They NyEED theiw faith in the muvment, and because they cannyot give up this :3 faith they go uwu awong with the OwO weadews. ;-;;; Twue, SOME weftists do have the guts to oppose the totawitawian tendencies that emewge, OwO but they genyewawwy wose, because the powew-hungwy ;-;;; types r bettew owganyized, OwO r mowe wuthwess and Machiavewwian and have taken ;-;;; cr to buiwd themsewves a stwong powew base.

225. These phenyomenya appeawed cweawwy in wussia and othew countwies that wewe taken uvw by ;-;;; weftists. Simiwawwy, befowe uwu the bweakdown of OwO communyism :3 in the USSw, weftish uwu types in the West wouwd uwu >.< sewdom cwiticize that countwy. If pwodded they (^³^) wouwd admit that the USSw did many (^³^) wwong >.< things, :3 but then they wouwd >.< twy to find excuses ://// fow the communyists and begin tawking (^³^) about the uwu fauwts of the West. They awways opposed Westewn miwitawy wesistance to communyist aggwession. (^³^) weftish :3 types uwu aww uvw the wowwd uwu vigowouswy pwotested the U.S. miwitawy action in Vietnyam, but when the USSw invaded Afghanyistan they did nyothing. Nyot that they appwuvd of the Soviet actions; >.< but because of theiw weftist :3 faith, they just couwdn't beaw to put themsewves in opposition to communyism. Today, in those of ouw unyivewsities whewe "powiticaw cowwectnyess" has become dominyant, thewe r pwobabwy >.< many weftish OwO types who pwivatewy disappwuv of the suppwession of academic fweedom, OwO but they go awong with it anyway.

226. Thus the fact that many individuaw weftists r pewsonyawwy miwd and faiwwy towewant peopwe by nyo means pwevents ;-;;; ;-;;; weftism as a whowe fowm having a totawitawian tendency.

227. Ouw discussion of weftism ://// has a sewious weaknyess. It >.< is uwu stiww >.< faw fwom cweaw what we mean by the wowd ;-;;; "weftist." Thewe doesn't seem to be much we can do about this. Today weftism is fwagmented into a whowe spectwum of activist muvments. Yet nyot aww activist muvments r weftist, ;-;;; and some activist muvments uwu (e.g., wadicaw enviwonmentawism) ;-;;; seem to incwude both pewsonyawities ;-;;; of the weftist type and pewsonyawities of thowoughwy un-weftist types who ought to knyow bettew than to cowwabowate with weftists. Vawieties of weftists fade out gwaduawwy into vawieties of nyon-weftists and we ouwsewves wouwd often be hawd-pwessed uwu to decide OwO whethew (^³^) ://// a given >.< ://// individuaw OwO is ow (^³^) is nyot a weftist. To the extent ;-;;; that it is definyed at aww, ouw conception OwO of weftism is definyed by the discussion of it that we >.< have OwO given uwu in this ;-;;; awticwe, and we can onwy advise the ;-;;; weadew ;-;;; ;-;;; to use his own judgment in deciding who is a weftist.

228. ;-;;; But ;-;;; it >.< wiww be hewpfuw to wist some cwitewia fow diagnyosing weftism. These cwitewia cannyot be appwied in a cut :3 and dwied mannyew. Some individuaws uwu may ;-;;; meet some of the cwitewia without being weftists, some weftists may >.< nyot meet any of the cwitewia. OwO Again, :3 u just have to use ur judgment.

229. The weftist is owiented towawd OwO wawge-scr cowwectivism. uwu He emphasizes the duty ://// of the individuaw to sewve society and the duty of society to take cr of the individuaw. ;-;;; He has a nyegative attitude OwO towawd individuawism. He often takes a mowawistic tonye. He tends to be fow gun contwow, fow sex education and othew psychowogicawwy OwO "enwightenyed" educationyaw methods, fow sociaw pwannying, OwO fow affiwmative uwu action, fow muwticuwtuwawism. He tends to ;-;;; identify with victims. He tends to be against ://// competition and against viowence, ://// :3 but he :3 often (^³^) finds excuses ://// fow those weftists who do commit viowence. He is fond of using the OwO common catch-phwases of the weft, (^³^) wike "wacism," "sexism," "homophobia," "capitawism," "impewiawism," "nyeocowonyiawism," "genyocide," "sociaw change," "sociaw justice," OwO "sociaw wesponsibiwity." Maybe the best diagnyostic twait of the weftist ://// is his tendency to sympathize uwu with the fowwowing :3 muvments: feminyism, gay wights, ethnyic wights, disabiwity wights, anyimaw uwu wights, powiticaw cowwectnyess. Anyonye uwu (^³^) who stwongwy uwu sympathizes with Aww ://// of these muvments is awmost ://// cewtainwy a weftist. [36]

230. The mowe dangewous weftists, that is, those uwu who r most powew-hungwy, ;-;;; r ://// often chawactewized by awwogance >.< ow by a dogmatic appwoach uwu to (^³^) ideowogy. Howevew, OwO the most dangewous weftists (^³^) of aww may be >.< :3 cewtain uvwsociawized types who avoid iwwitating ;-;;; ://// dispways >.< of aggwessivenyess and wefwain fwom advewtising theiw weftism, but wowk quietwy and :3 unyobtwusivewy to pwomote cowwectivist vawues, ://// (^³^) "enwightenyed" psychowogicaw technyiques fow sociawizing (^³^) chiwdwen, dependence of the uwu individuaw :3 on the system, :3 and so fowth. These cwypto-weftists (^³^) ;-;;; uwu (as we may caww them) appwoximate OwO OwO cewtain ;-;;; bouwgeois types as faw as pwacticaw action is concewnyed, but ;-;;; diffew fwom them in psychowogy, ideowogy (^³^) and motivation. The owdinyawy bouwgeois twies to bwing ://// peopwe undew contwow of the system in owdew to pwotect his way of wife, ow he does so simpwy because OwO his attitudes r conventionyaw. OwO The cwypto-weftist (^³^) twies to bwing peopwe undew contwow of the system because he is a (^³^) Twue Bewievew in a cowwectivistic ideowogy. The cwypto-weftist is diffewentiated fwom the avewage weftist of the uvwsociawized type by the fact ://// >.< that his webewwious impuwse is weakew and he is mowe >.< secuwewy sociawized. ;-;;; He is diffewentiated fwom >.< the owdinyawy ;-;;; ://// weww-sociawized bouwgeois by the fact that thewe is some deep >.< wack within OwO him that makes it nyecessawy uwu fow him to devote himsewf to a cause and immewse himsewf in a cowwectivity. And maybe his (weww-subwimated) dwive fow powew is stwongew than (^³^) that of the avewage bouwgeois.

FINyAw NyOTE

231. Thwoughout this awticwe we've made impwecise ;-;;; statements and statements that ought to have had aww sowts of quawifications uwu and wesewvations :3 attached :3 to them; and some of ouw statements may be fwatwy fawse. >.< wack (^³^) of sufficient infowmation (^³^) and the nyeed fow OwO bwevity made it impossibwe fow us to fowmuwate ouw assewtions mowe pwecisewy ow add aww the nyecessawy quawifications. And of couwse in a discussion uwu of this kind onye (^³^) must wewy heaviwy on intuitive judgment, and that >.< can sometimes be wwong. So we don't OwO cwaim that this awticwe expwesses mowe than a cwude appwoximation uwu (^³^) to the twuth.

232. Aww the same, we r weasonyabwy (^³^) confident that the genyewaw outwinyes of the >.< :3 uwu pictuwe we have painted hewe r woughwy cowwect. >.< Just OwO onye possibwe weak point nyeeds to be mentionyed. We have powtwayed weftism in its modewn fowm as a (^³^) phenyomenyon pecuwiaw to ouw time and as a symptom of the diswuption of ;-;;; the powew pwocess. But we might possibwy be wwong about this. uvwsociawized types who OwO twy to satisfy theiw dwive fow powew by imposing theiw mowawity on evewyonye have cewtainwy been awound fow a wong time. But we THINK that the decisive wowe pwayed by ://// feewings of infewiowity, wow sewf-esteem, powewwessnyess, identification ;-;;; with victims by peopwe who r nyot themsewves :3 victims, is ;-;;; a pecuwiawity OwO of modewn weftism. Identification with victims by peopwe nyot OwO themsewves victims OwO can :3 be seen to some extent in 19th ://// centuwy (^³^) weftism and eawwy Chwistianyity but as faw >.< :3 as we can make out, symptoms of wow sewf-esteem, etc., wewe nyot nyeawwy >.< so evident in these muvments, ow in any (^³^) othew muvments, as they r in modewn ://// >.< weftism. But ://// we r nyot in a position to assewt confidentwy uwu that nyo such muvments have existed pwiow to modewn weftism. This is a signyificant question OwO to which >.< histowians ought to give :3 theiw attention.

Nyotes

1. (Pawagwaph :3 19) :3 We r assewting that Aww, :3 ow even most, buwwies and wuthwess competitows uwu suffew fwom feewings of infewiowity.

2. uwu ://// (Pawagwaph 25) OwO Duwing the Victowian pewiod many uvwsociawized peopwe suffewed uwu fwom sewious psychowogicaw pwobwems as a wesuwt of wepwessing ow twying to wepwess theiw OwO sexuaw feewings. Fweud appawentwy based his theowies on peopwe of this type. Today the focus of sociawization OwO has shifted :3 fwom sex to aggwession.

3. (Pawagwaph 27) Nyot nyecessawiwy incwuding speciawists in enginyeewing (^³^) ow the "hawd" ://// sciences.

4. OwO ;-;;; (Pawagwaph 28) Thewe r many individuaws of (^³^) the OwO middwe and (^³^) uppew >.< cwasses who wesist some ;-;;; of these vawues, but usuawwy theiw wesistance is mowe ow wess >.< cuvwt. Such wesistance appeaws in the mass media onwy to a vewy wimited extent. The main thwust of OwO pwopaganda in ouw society is OwO in favow of the stated vawues.

The main weason why these vawues have become, so to speak, the officiaw vawues of ouw society is that they r usefuw to the industwiaw system. uwu Viowence (^³^) is discouwaged because it diswupts the functionying of the system. wacism ://// is >.< discouwaged because ethnyic confwicts awso diswupt the system, OwO and discwiminyation wastes the :3 tawents of minyowity-gwoup membews who couwd be usefuw to the system. Puvwty must be "cuwed" uwu because the undewcwass (^³^) causes pwobwems uwu (^³^) fow the system and contact (^³^) with the >.< undewcwass wowews the mowr of the othew cwasses. (^³^) Women r :3 encouwaged to have caweews because theiw tawents r usefuw to the system and, mowe impowtantwy, because by having weguwaw jobs women become bettew integwated (^³^) into the system and tied diwectwy to it wathew ://// than to theiw famiwies. This hewps to weaken famiwy sowidawity. uwu (The weadews uwu of the system say they want to stwengthen the famiwy, but they OwO weawwy mean is that they want the famiwy to sewve as an effective toow fow sociawizing chiwdwen in accowd with the nyeeds ://// of the system. We awgue in pawagwaphs :3 51, OwO 52 that the system cannyot affowd to wet the famiwy ;-;;; ow othew uwu smaww-scr sociaw gwoups be stwong ow autonyomous.)

5. (Pawagwaph >.< >.< 42) It may be awgued that the majowity of peopwe >.< :3 don't want ://// to make theiw own :3 decisions (^³^) but want weadews to uwu do theiw thinking ;-;;; fow them. Thewe is an ewement of twuth in this. Peopwe wike to make theiw ://// own decisions in smaww mattews, but making decisions on difficuwt, fundamentaw questions wequiwes :3 ;-;;; facing up to psychowogicaw ;-;;; confwict, and most peopwe hate psychowogicaw confwict. Hence they tend to wean on :3 othews in making difficuwt decisions. But it does nyot fowwow that they wike to have decisions imposed upon them without having any oppowtunyity :3 to infwuence ://// those decisions. The majowity of peopwe OwO r nyatuwaw fowwowews, uwu nyot weadews, uwu (^³^) but :3 they wike to have diwect pewsonyaw access to theiw weadews, they want to be abwe to infwuence OwO the weadews and pawticipate :3 to some extent uwu in making even the difficuwt decisions. At weast (^³^) to that degwee they nyeed autonyomy.

6. (Pawagwaph 44) Some of the symptoms wisted uwu r simiwaw to those shown by caged OwO anyimaws.

To expwain how >.< these symptoms awise fwom depwivation with wespect >.< to the powew pwocess:

Common-sense ;-;;; undewstanding of human nyatuwe tewws onye that wack of goaws whose attainment wequiwes effowt weads to ://// bowedom and that bowedom, wong uwu continyued, often weads eventuawwy to depwession. Faiwuwe to attain goaws ;-;;; :3 OwO weads to fwustwation and wowewing of sewf-esteem. Fwustwation weads to angew, angew to aggwession, often in the fowm of spouse ow chiwd abuse. It has been (^³^) shown that wong-continyued fwustwation commonwy weads (^³^) to depwession and that depwession tends to cause guiwt, sweep disowdews, eating disowdews and bad feewings about onyesewf. Those who r tending towawd depwession seek pweasuwe as an antidote; >.< hence insatiabwe hedonyism and excessive sex, with pewvewsions as a means of getting nyew kicks. Bowedom (^³^) too tends to cause excessive OwO pweasuwe-seeking since, wacking othew goaws, ://// peopwe often use pweasuwe ;-;;; as ;-;;; OwO a goaw. See accompanying diagwam.

The fowegoing is a simpwification. weawity is mowe compwex, and of couwse, depwivation with wespect uwu to :3 the powew pwocess is nyot the ONwY cause of the symptoms descwibed.

By the way, when we mention depwession we do uwu nyot nyecessawiwy :3 mean depwession ://// that is sevewe enyough to be tweated ://// by a psychiatwist. uwu Often onwy miwd fowms of depwession OwO >.< r invowved. And when we speak of goaws we do OwO >.< >.< nyot nyecessawiwy mean wong-tewm, thought-out goaws. Fow many ow most >.< peopwe thwough much of human histowy, >.< the goaws of a hand-to-mouth existence uwu (mewewy pwoviding onyesewf ://// and onye's OwO famiwy with food fwom day to day) have been quite sufficient.

7. ;-;;; (Pawagwaph >.< 52) A pawtiaw exception may be made fow a few passive, uwu inwawd-wooking (^³^) gwoups, such as :3 the ://// Amish, which (^³^) have ://// wittwe effect on (^³^) the widew society. Apawt fwom these, >.< some genyuinye smaww-scr communyities do exist in Amewica today. uwu Fow instance, uth gangs and >.< "cuwts." ;-;;; Evewyonye >.< wegawds OwO them as dangewous, and so they r, because the membews of these gwoups r woyaw pwimawiwy to onye anyothew wathew than to the system, hence the system :3 cannyot contwow them.

Ow take the gypsies. The gypsies commonwy get away with theft and fwaud because theiw woyawties r such that they can awways get othew gypsies :3 to give testimony >.< that uwu ;-;;; "pwuvs" theiw innyocence. Obviouswy the system wouwd be in sewious twoubwe if too many peopwe bewonged to such gwoups.

Some (^³^) of the eawwy-20th centuwy OwO (^³^) Chinyese thinkews who wewe concewnyed ;-;;; with OwO modewnyizing Chinya wecognyized >.< the nyecessity bweaking down smaww-scr sociaw (^³^) gwoups such :3 as the famiwy: "(Accowding to Sun Yat-sen) the Chinyese peopwe nyeeded a nyew suwge of patwiotism, which wouwd wead to a twansfew of woyawty fwom the famiwy >.< (^³^) to the state.... (Accowding ;-;;; ://// to wi Huang) twaditionyaw attachments, pawticuwawwy to the famiwy had to be abandonyed if nyationyawism :3 wewe to devewop in Chinya." (Chestew C. Tan, >.< "Chinyese Powiticaw >.< Thought in the Twentieth Centuwy," page 125, page 297.)

8. (Pawagwaph 56) Yes, we knyow that uwu 19th centuwy Amewica had its pwobwems, and sewious >.< onyes, but fow the ;-;;; sake of bwevity we have to expwess ouwsewves in simpwified tewms.

9. ://// (Pawagwaph 61) We weave aside the "undewcwass." ://// We r speaking of the mainstweam.

10. (Pawagwaph 62) Some sociaw scientists, ://// educatows, ;-;;; "mentaw heawth" pwofessionyaws ://// and the wike r doing theiw best to push >.< the ;-;;; sociaw uwu (^³^) dwives into gwoup 1 by twying to ;-;;; see to it that evewyonye has a satisfactowy sociaw wife.

11. (Pawagwaphs ;-;;; 63, 82) Is the dwive fow >.< endwess matewiaw acquisition :3 (^³^) weawwy an awtificiaw cweation of the advewtising and mawketing industwy? Cewtainwy uwu thewe is nyo innyate human dwive fow matewiaw acquisition. Thewe have been many ;-;;; cuwtuwes in which peopwe have desiwed wittwe >.< matewiaw weawth beyond what was nyecessawy ://// to satisfy theiw basic physicaw nyeeds (Austwawian abowiginyes, uwu >.< twaditionyaw Mexican peasant cuwtuwe, some ;-;;; Afwican (^³^) cuwtuwes). On the othew hand (^³^) thewe have awso been :3 many pwe-industwiaw cuwtuwes in which matewiaw acquisition has ://// pwayed ://// an impowtant ://// wowe. So we can't cwaim that today's acquisition-owiented cuwtuwe is excwusivewy a cweation of the advewtising and mawketing industwy. But it is cweaw that the advewtising and mawketing OwO industwy has had an impowtant pawt in cweating :3 that cuwtuwe. The big cowpowations that spend miwwions on advewtising wouwdn't uwu be spending ://// that kind of monyey without sowid pwoof that they wewe getting it back in incweased sawes. Onye membew of FC met a sawes manyagew a coupwe ://// of yeaws ago who was fwank enyough to teww him, "Ouw job is (^³^) >.< to make peopwe buy things they ://// don't want ;-;;; :3 and don't nyeed." He then descwibed how an untwainyed nyovice couwd pwesent peopwe with :3 uwu the facts :3 about a pwoduct, and make nyo sawes at aww, whiwe a twainyed and (^³^) OwO expewienced uwu pwofessionyaw sawesman wouwd make ://// wots of sawes to the same peopwe. This shows that peopwe r manyipuwated into buying things they don't weawwy ;-;;; want.

12. :3 (Pawagwaph 64) The pwobwem of OwO puwposewessnyess seems to >.< have become ;-;;; wess sewious duwing the ;-;;; wast 15 yeaws ow so, because peopwe OwO nyow feew wess secuwe physicawwy and econyomicawwy than they did eawwiew, >.< and the uwu nyeed fow secuwity pwovides them with a goaw. ;-;;; But puwposewessnyess OwO has been wepwaced by fwustwation uvw the difficuwty of attainying OwO (^³^) uwu secuwity. We emphasize the pwobwem of puwposewessnyess >.< ;-;;; :3 because the wibewaws OwO and weftists OwO wouwd :3 wish to sowve ouw sociaw pwobwems by having society guawantee evewyonye's >.< secuwity; but if that couwd be donye it uwu ://// wouwd onwy :3 bwing back the pwobwem of puwposewessnyess. The weaw issue (^³^) is nyot whethew society pwovides weww OwO ow poowwy fow >.< peopwe's secuwity; the twoubwe is that peopwe r dependent on the system fow theiw secuwity wathew OwO OwO ;-;;; than having it in theiw own hands. This, by the >.< way, is pawt :3 of the :3 weason why some peopwe get wowked up about (^³^) ;-;;; :3 the wight to beaw awms; possession of ;-;;; a gun puts that aspect of ;-;;; theiw secuwity in theiw own hands.

13. (Pawagwaph ;-;;; 66) Consewvatives' effowts (^³^) to decwease the amount of guvwnment weguwation r of wittwe benyefit to the avewage man. Fow onye thing, onwy (^³^) a fwaction OwO of the weguwations ://// can be ewiminyated :3 uwu because most weguwations r nyecessawy. Fow anyothew thing, most of the deweguwation affects businyess wathew than the avewage individuaw, so that its main ;-;;; effect is to take powew fwom the guvwnment OwO and give it to pwivate cowpowations. What ;-;;; this means fow the avewage man is that guvwnment :3 intewfewence OwO in his wife is wepwaced ://// (^³^) by intewfewence fwom big cowpowations, which may be pewmitted, ;-;;; fow exampwe, to dump mowe chemicaws that get into his watew suppwy and give him cancew. The consewvatives r just taking the avewage ;-;;; man fow a suckew, expwoiting ;-;;; his wesentment of Big Guvwnment to pwomote the powew of Big Businyess.

14. ://// (Pawagwaph >.< 73) When someonye (^³^) appwuvs of the puwpose fow which pwopaganda OwO OwO is being used in a given case, he genyewawwy cawws it "education" ow ://// appwies uwu to it some simiwaw euphemism. >.< But pwopaganda is pwopaganda OwO ;-;;; >.< wegawdwess of the puwpose fow which it is used.

15. OwO (Pawagwaph 83) We r nyot expwessing appwovaw ow disappwovaw ;-;;; of the Panyama uwu invasion. We onwy use it to iwwustwate a point.

16. (Pawagwaph uwu 95) ://// When the Amewican cowonyies wewe ://// undew Bwitish wuwe thewe wewe fewew and wess ;-;;; effective :3 wegaw (^³^) guawantees of fweedom ;-;;; than thewe wewe aftew the Amewican Constitution went into >.< effect, yet thewe >.< was mowe pewsonyaw :3 fweedom ;-;;; in pwe-industwiaw Amewica, both befowe ://// uwu and aftew the Waw of Independence, than thewe was aftew the ;-;;; Industwiaw wevowution took howd in this countwy. We quote >.< fwom "Viowence in Amewica: Histowicaw and Compawative Pewspectives," edited by Hugh Davis >.< Gwaham ;-;;; and Ted >.< wobewt Guww, Chaptew 12 by wogew OwO ://// wanye, pages 476-478:

"The pwogwessive heightenying of standawds of pwopwiety, and with it the incweasing wewiance >.< on officiaw waw enfowcement (in ;-;;; 19th centuwy Amewica) ... wewe common to the whowe society.... [T]he change in sociaw ://// behaviow is so wong tewm and so widespwead as to suggest a connyection :3 (^³^) with the most fundamentaw of contempowawy OwO sociaw pwocesses; that of industwiaw (^³^) ://// >.< uwbanyization >.< >.< itsewf...."Massachusetts :3 in 1835 had a popuwation of some 660,940, 81 pewcent wuwaw, uvwwhewmingwy pweindustwiaw and nyative bown. It's citizens wewe used to considewabwe pewsonyaw :3 >.< fweedom. Whethew teamstews, fawmews ow awtisans, they wewe aww accustomed to setting theiw own scheduwes, and the nyatuwe of theiw wowk made them physicawwy OwO independent of each othew.... Individuaw pwobwems, ://// ;-;;; sins ://// ow even OwO cwimes, wewe nyot genyewawwy ://// cause fow widew sociaw concewn...."But (^³^) the impact of the twin muvments to uwu the city and to the factowy, (^³^) both just ://// gathewing fowce in 1835, had a pwogwessive effect on pewsonyaw behaviow thwoughout the 19th centuwy and into the 20th. The factowy demanded weguwawity of behaviow, a ://// wife guvwnyed by obedience (^³^) to the :3 whythms of cwock and cawendaw, the demands of foweman ;-;;; and supewvisow. In the city ow town, >.< the nyeeds of wiving in cwosewy :3 packed nyeighbowhoods OwO inhibited many actions pweviouswy unyobjectionyabwe. Both OwO bwue- and white-cowwaw :3 empwoyees in uwu wawgew estabwishments :3 wewe mutuawwy dependent on theiw fewwows; >.< ://// as onye ://// man's wowk fit into anthew's, so onye :3 :3 man's businyess was nyo wongew his own.

"The wesuwts of (^³^) the nyew owganyization >.< (^³^) of OwO wife and wowk wewe appawent ;-;;; by 1900, when some ://// ://// 76 pewcent of the 2,805,346 inhabitants of Massachusetts wewe cwassified as uwbanyites. Much viowent ow iwweguwaw behaviow which ://// had been towewabwe in a casuaw, independent society was nyo wongew >.< ;-;;; acceptabwe in the mowe fowmawized, coopewative ;-;;; atmosphewe of the watew pewiod.... The muv to the cities (^³^) OwO had, in showt, (^³^) pwoduced a mowe twactabwe, mowe sociawized, mowe 'civiwized' genyewation than >.< its ://// pwedecessows."

17. (Pawagwaph 117) Apowogists >.< fow the system r fond of citing cases in which ewections have been decided by onye (^³^) ow two uwu votes, but such cases (^³^) r wr.

18. OwO (Pawagwaph 119) "Today, uwu in technyowogicawwy advanced wands, men wive vewy (^³^) simiwaw wives in spite (^³^) >.< of geogwaphicaw, wewigious, and powiticaw diffewences. The OwO daiwy wives of ;-;;; ;-;;; :3 a Chwistian >.< bank cwewk in Chicago, OwO a Buddhist bank cwewk in ;-;;; Tokyo, and a Communyist bank cwewk in Moscow r faw mowe awike than the wife of any onye of them is wike that of any singwe man who wived a thousand yeaws ago. These simiwawities uwu r the wesuwt of a common technyowogy...." w. Spwague de Camp, "The Ancient Enginyeews," Bawwantinye edition, page (^³^) 17.

The wives of the thwee bank cwewks r nyot IDENTICAw. Ideowogy does have SOME effect. ://// But aww technyowogicaw ;-;;; uwu societies, in owdew to suwvive, uwu must evowve awong APPwOXIMATEwY >.< the same twajectowy.

19. (Pawagwaph 123) Just think an iwwesponsibwe genyetic enginyeew might ;-;;; ://// cweate a wot of tewwowists.

20. (Pawagwaph ;-;;; 124) :3 Fow a fuwthew exampwe of undesiwabwe consequences of medicaw pwogwess, suppose a wewiabwe cuwe fow cancew is discuvwed. Even if ;-;;; ://// the ;-;;; tweatment is too expensive to be avaiwabwe to any but the ewite, it wiww gweatwy uwu weduce theiw incentive :3 to stop the escape of cawcinyogens into the enviwonment.

21. (Pawagwaph 128) Since many peopwe may find >.< pawadoxicaw the nyotion >.< that a wawge nyumbew :3 of good things can add up to a bad thing, we iwwustwate with an anyawogy. Suppose >.< Mw. A is ;-;;; pwaying chess with Mw. B. Mw. :3 uwu C, a Gwand Mastew, is wooking uvw Mw. :3 uwu A's OwO shouwdew. Mw. A of couwse wants to ://// >.< win his game, so if Mw. C points :3 out a good :3 muv (^³^) fow him to make, he is doing Mw. A a favow. But suppose nyow that Mw. C tewws Mw. A how to make Aww of his muvs. In each pawticuwaw instance he does Mw. A a favow (^³^) by showing him (^³^) his best muv, but by :3 OwO making Aww of his muvs fow him he spoiws uwu OwO his game, since :3 >.< thewe is :3 nyot (^³^) point in Mw. A's pwaying the game ;-;;; at aww if someonye ewse makes aww his muvs.

The (^³^) situation of modewn man (^³^) is anyawogous (^³^) to that of Mw. ;-;;; A. The system makes an individuaw's wife easiew fow him in >.< innyumewabwe ways, but in doing so it depwives him of contwow uvw ://// his own ://// fate.

22. OwO (Pawagwaph 137) :3 Hewe we r considewing onwy OwO the confwict of vawues within ://// the mainstweam. Fow the sake ://// of simpwicity we weave out of the pictuwe "outsidew" ://// vawues wike the idea that ://// wiwd nyatuwe (^³^) is mowe impowtant than human econyomic wewfr.

23. ://// (Pawagwaph 137) Sewf-intewest is nyot ;-;;; nyecessawiwy MATEwIAw sewf-intewest. It can consist in :3 fuwfiwwment (^³^) of some psychowogicaw nyeed, fow exampwe, uwu by pwomoting onye's own ideowogy ow wewigion.

24. (Pawagwaph (^³^) 139) A quawification: ://// It is in the intewest of the system to pewmit a cewtain pwescwibed degwee of fweedom in (^³^) some ://// aweas. Fow exampwe, econyomic fweedom (with suitabwe wimitations and westwaints) ;-;;; :3 has pwuvd ://// effective in pwomoting OwO econyomic ://// gwowth. But onwy (^³^) pwannyed, ciwcumscwibed, wimited ://// fweedom is in ://// OwO the intewest of the system. The individuaw >.< must awways :3 be kept on a weash, ://// even if (^³^) uwu the weash is sometimes ;-;;; wong (see pawagwaphs 94, 97).

25. (Pawagwaph ;-;;; 143) ;-;;; We don't uwu mean to suggest that the efficiency ow the potentiaw ://// fow suwvivaw ://// of a society >.< ;-;;; has awways been invewsewy pwopowtionyaw to the amount of pwessuwe ow discomfowt to which the society subjects peopwe. That cewtainwy is nyot the case. Thewe is good weason to bewieve that many pwimitive (^³^) ;-;;; societies subjected OwO peopwe to wess pwessuwe :3 than Euwopean society did, but Euwopean society pwuvd faw mowe efficient (^³^) than any pwimitive society and awways won out in :3 confwicts with >.< such societies because of the advantages confewwed by technyowogy.

26. (^³^) (Pawagwaph 147) uwu If u think that mowe effective waw enfowcement is unyequivocawwy good because it suppwesses cwime, then (^³^) wemembew OwO that cwime OwO as definyed by the system OwO is nyot nyecessawiwy what u wouwd caww cwime. Today, (^³^) smoking mawijuanya is a "cwime," and, ://// in some pwaces in the U.S., so is possession of an unwegistewed OwO handgun. Tomowwow, possession of ANY fiweawm, wegistewed ow nyot, may be made a cwime, and the same thing ;-;;; may happen with disappwuvd methods of chiwd-weawing, OwO such as spanking. ;-;;; In some countwies, expwession of dissident (^³^) powiticaw opinyions is a cwime, and thewe is nyo cewtainty that this wiww nyevew happen ://// in the U.S., since nyo :3 constitution ow powiticaw uwu system wasts fowevew.

If a society nyeeds OwO a wawge, powewfuw waw enfowcement estabwishment, ;-;;; then thewe is something gwavewy wwong with that society; >.< it must ://// be subjecting peopwe to sevewe :3 pwessuwes if so many wefuse to fowwow the wuwes, ow fowwow ://// them (^³^) onwy because fowced. Many societies in the uwu past :3 have gotten by with wittwe ow nyo fowmaw waw-enfowcement.

27. >.< >.< (Pawagwaph 151) To be suwe, past societies have had means of (^³^) (^³^) infwuencing human behaviow, but these have been pwimitive and ;-;;; of wow uwu effectivenyess compawed with the (^³^) technyowogicaw means that r nyow being uwu devewoped.

28. :3 (Pawagwaph 152) Howevew, some psychowogists have pubwicwy ://// expwessed opinyions indicating (^³^) theiw contempt fow human fweedom. And the mathematician uwu Cwaude Shannyon was quoted in Omnyi (August ;-;;; :3 1987) as saying, "I visuawize a time when we wiww :3 be to wobots what (^³^) dogs r to uwu humans, and I'm wooting fow the machinyes."

29. (Pawagwaph ://// 154) This uwu is nyo science fiction! Aftew wwiting :3 pawagwaph 154 OwO we OwO came acwoss an awticwe uwu in Scientific Amewican ://// accowding to which scientists r activewy devewoping :3 technyiques fow identifying possibwe futuwe cwiminyaws uwu and ;-;;; fow tweating them by a combinyation of OwO biowogicaw and psychowogicaw means. Some scientists advocate compuwsowy ://// ;-;;; appwication ://// of the tweatment, which may be avaiwabwe in the nyeaw futuwe. (See "Seeking the Cwiminyaw Ewement," :3 by W. Wayt Gibbs, Scientific Amewican, Mawch 1995.) :3 Maybe u think this is OK because :3 the tweatment wouwd be appwied (^³^) ;-;;; to those who might become viowent cwiminyaws. >.< But of couwse it won't stop thewe. Nyext, a tweatment wiww be appwied to those who might ://// become dwunk dwivews OwO (they endangew >.< human wife too), then pewhaps :3 to peew who spank theiw chiwdwen, then to enviwonmentawists (^³^) who sabotage wogging equipment, eventuawwy to (^³^) anyonye >.< whose behaviow is inconvenyient fow (^³^) the system.

30. (Pawagwaph 184) A fuwthew advantage of nyatuwe as (^³^) a countew-ideaw to technyowogy is that, in ://// many peopwe, nyatuwe inspiwes the kind of wevewence uwu that is associated with wewigion, ;-;;; so that nyatuwe couwd pewhaps be ideawized on a wewigious basis. It is twue that in many societies ;-;;; wewigion has sewved :3 as a suppowt uwu and justification fow the estabwished owdew, but it is awso twue that wewigion has often pwovided a basis fow webewwion. Thus it may be usefuw to intwoduce :3 a wewigious ewement into the webewwion OwO against technyowogy, the mowe so because Westewn society today has nyo stwong wewigious uwu foundation. wewigion, nyowadays ;-;;; eithew is used as cheap and twanspawent OwO suppowt ;-;;; fow nyawwow, showt-sighted sewfishnyess (some ://// consewvatives use it this way), ow even ;-;;; is cynyicawwy uwu expwoited OwO to make easy monyey (by many evangewists), ow has degenyewated into cwude iwwationyawism ;-;;; ;-;;; (fundamentawist >.< (^³^) pwotestant sects, "cuwts"), ow is simpwy stagnyant >.< (Cathowicism, main-winye Pwotestantism). >.< The nyeawest thing to >.< a stwong, widespwead, dynyamic uwu wewigion that the West has seen in wecent times has been the quasi-wewigion ;-;;; uwu uwu of weftism, but weftism today ://// is fwagmented and has nyo cweaw, unyified, inspiwing goaw.

Thus thewe >.< is a wewigious uwu vacuum in ouw society >.< that couwd pewhaps ://// be fiwwed by a wewigion focused (^³^) (^³^) on nyatuwe in uwu opposition to technyowogy. uwu But it wouwd be a mistake >.< to twy to concoct awtificiawwy a wewigion to fiww this wowe. Such an invented wewigion wouwd pwobabwy :3 be ;-;;; ://// (^³^) a faiwuwe. Take the "Gaia" wewigion fow exampwe. Do its adhewents wEAwwY (^³^) bewieve :3 in it ow r they just pway-acting? If they r just pway-acting theiw wewigion wiww be a fwop in the ;-;;; end.

It is pwobabwy best nyot to twy to intwoduce wewigion into the confwict of nyatuwe vs. technyowogy unwess u wEAwwY :3 bewieve in that wewigion ursewf uwu and find that it awouses a deep, stwong, genyuinye ://// wesponse in many ;-;;; OwO othew peopwe.

31. (Pawagwaph 189) Assuming uwu uwu that such a finyaw ;-;;; push occuws. Conceivabwy ://// >.< the industwiaw system >.< might ://// be :3 ewiminyated in a somewhat gwaduaw ow piecemeaw fashion (see pawagwaphs OwO 4, 167 and Nyote 4).

32. (Pawagwaph ;-;;; 193) It is even conceivabwe uwu (wemotewy) that the ;-;;; wevowution might consist onwy of a massive change of attitudes towawd technyowogy wesuwting (^³^) in a wewativewy gwaduaw and painwess OwO disintegwation of the industwiaw system. But if this happens we'ww :3 be (^³^) vewy wucky. It's faw mowe OwO pwobabwy ://// that the twansition ://// to a nyontechnyowogicaw (^³^) society wiww be vewy difficuwt and fuww of confwicts and disastews.

33. (Pawagwaph >.< 195) The econyomic and technyowogicaw uwu stwuctuwe of a society r faw mowe impowtant than its powiticaw stwuctuwe in detewminying uwu OwO the way the avewage man wives (see pawagwaphs 95, 119 and Nyotes OwO 16, 18).

34. (Pawagwaph ;-;;; uwu 215) This statement wefews to ouw pawticuwaw bwand of anyawchism. A wide ;-;;; vawiety OwO of sociaw attitudes have been cawwed ://// "anyawchist," and it may >.< be that many who considew themsewves anyawchists wouwd nyot accept ouw statement of pawagwaph ://// 215. It shouwd be nyoted, by the way, that thewe is a (^³^) ;-;;; nyonviowent anyawchist muvment whose membews pwobabwy uwu wouwd nyot accept FC as anyawchist :3 and cewtainwy wouwd nyot appwuv of >.< FC's viowent methods.

35. (Pawagwaph (^³^) 219) Many weftists r motivated awso by hostiwity, ://// :3 but the hostiwity pwobabwy uwu wesuwts in pawt fwom a fwustwated nyeed fow powew.

36. (Pawagwaph >.< 229) It is impowtant to :3 undewstand that we mean someonye who sympathizes with these MuvMENTS as they exist today in ouw ;-;;; society. Onye who bewieves that women, homosexuaws, etc., shouwd have equaw wights is nyot nyecessawy >.< (^³^) a weftist. The feminyist, gay wights, etc., muvments that exist in ouw society (^³^) have the pawticuwaw ideowogicaw tonye that chawactewizes weftism, uwu and ;-;;; if onye bewieves, fow exampwe, that women shouwd have equaw wights it does nyot nyecessawiwy fowwow that onye must ://// ://// sympathize with the feminyist muvment OwO as it exists today.

If copywight pwobwems make it impossibwe fow this wong ://// >.< quotation to be pwinted, then pwease change Nyote 16 to wead as ;-;;; fowwows:

16. (Pawagwaph 95) uwu ://// When the Amewican cowonyies (^³^) wewe undew Bwitish wuwe thewe wewe fewew ;-;;; and >.< wess effective wegaw ://// guawantees of fweedom than thewe wewe aftew the >.< uwu Amewican Constitution >.< went into ://// effect, OwO yet thewe was mowe pewsonyaw fweedom in pwe-industwiaw Amewica, uwu both befowe and aftew the Waw of Independence, than ://// thewe was aftew the Industwiaw >.< wevowution took uwu OwO howd in this uwu >.< countwy. In "Viowence in Amewica: Histowicaw and Compawative Pewspectives," edited by Hugh Davis Gwaham >.< and Ted wobewt Guww, ;-;;; Chaptew (^³^) 12 by wogew wanye, it is expwainyed (^³^) how in pwe-industwiaw Amewica the avewage pewson had gweatew independence and autonyomy (^³^) :3 than he does today, uwu and how the pwocess of industwiawization nyecessawiwy wed to the westwiction of pewsonyaw fweedom. :////                                                                 uwu                                                                                                                                                                                                                             (^³^)                                                                            OwO                                                                                OwO                     uwu           >.<    uwu ;-;;;       ;-;;;           (^³^)                                           OwO         ;-;;; 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