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Reconstruction of the Nation
Theme:
Abolition of Slavery - 13th amendment
Black Codes - guarantee stable labor supply, restore pre-emancipation relation
Sharecropping - system of work for free men in the cotton industry. labor = house, land.
Crop Lien Laws -“system was a credit system that became widely used by cotton farmers in the United States in the South from the 1860s to the 1930s. Sharecroppers and tenant farmers who did not own the land they worked obtained supplies and food on credit from local merchants.”
Freedmen’s Bureau - ‘1865 by Congress to help former black slaves and poor whites in the South in the aftermath of the U.S. Civil War (1861-65).’
Purpose -helping former black slaves(?)
Southern Response-  kind of angry, when are they not
Presidential Reconstruction
Under Lincoln -creates proclamation of amnesty and reconstruction, pardon all confess except upper class, and swear allegiance to union. 10% plan
Under Andrew Johnson -johnson’s plan to offer amnesty to all southerners who took an oath of allegiance to the constitution, except for the upper class.
State Repeal -gaining states back
Recognized states under 10% plan Arkansas, Louisiana, Tennessee, and Virginia
Amnesty - an official pardon for people who have been convicted of political offenses.
Two Congressional Factions emerged among Republicans
Moderate -kinda chill,
Radical - REALLY EXTREME; opposed lincoln’s 10% plan, Charles Sumner (MS), an Thaddeus Stevens (PN)
Congressional Reconstruction
Refusal of recognition
Civil Rights Bill of 1866 -enlarged Freedman’s,
Provisions -aa’s gained citizenship and forbade states from passing discriminatory laws
Veto
14th Amendment
Purpose -provided basis for the Civil Rights Act
Provisions - made all people in the in the born in the US actual citizens. didn’t give AAs the right to vote, but what can you do.
Andrew Johnson Impeached
Tenure of Office Act, 1867
Johnson’s Actions - “a violation of the Tenure of Office Act. “
Impeachment - to banish a president to the shadow realm
15th Amendment
Purpose - no body can be kept from voting (victory of radicals)
Provisions -race, color excused to be able to vote
Loopholes
Voting Requirements…
Grandfather Clauses - “a clause exempting certain classes of people or things from the requirements of a piece of legislation affecting their previous rights, privileges, or practices.”
Literacy Tests - tests to… test literacy
Gerrymandering - “manipulating the boundaries of an electoral constituency so as to favor one party or class”
Women Excluded
Results of Loopholes -former slaves in the south were not treated much different
Temporary Gains
Suffrage temporary gain
Lower house majority
Service in U.S. Senate
Hiram R. Revels -first AA to serve in US senate
Blanche K. Bruce - U.S. politician who represented Mississippi as a Republican in the U.S. Senate from 1875 to 1881; of mixed race, he was the first elected black senator to serve a full term



Road to the Civil War

Memory Aid:
Mr.                               Missouri Compromise of 1820
Nelson                          Nullification Controversy of 1832
Almost                         Abolitionism
Gagged                        Gag Rule, 1836
When                           Wilmot Proviso, 1848
Clay's                           Compromise of 1850  (PopFACT)
Kangaroo                     Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854
Bit                                Bleeding Kansas
Dead                            Dred Scott Case, 1857
John's                           John Brown's Raid on Harper's Ferry, 1859
Ear                               Election of 1860

Wilmot Proviso and Popular Sovereignty
Problems with Mexican Cession confusion of contracts and titles of land
Free Soil Movement ‘The party leadership consisted of former anti-slavery members of the Whig Party and the Democratic Party. Its main purpose was opposing the expansion of slavery into the western territories, arguing that free men on free soil comprised a morally and economically superior system to slavery.’
David Wilmot, 1846 - a US politician; he was elected to the US Congress, serving 1845-1851, and to the US Senate, serving 1861-1863 to fill the remainder of a term. Wilmot was a Democrat, a Free Soiler, and a Republican
Wilmot Proviso - ‘The Wilmot Proviso, issued on August 8, 1846 by Pennsylvania Democratic Congressman David Wilmot, was an amendment to Democratic President James K. Polk's appropriation bill for the funding of newly acquired territories.’
Proposal - amendment to appropriation bill
Defeated -slavehoders hated in, passed through house of reps, not senate
Effects - led to expansion of free soil party, brought slavery to attention
Popular Sovereignty - “Popular sovereignty or the sovereignty of the people is the principle that the authority of the government is created and sustained by the consent of its people, through their elected representatives (Rule by the People), who are the source of all political power”
Senator Lewis Cass - n American military officer and politician. During his long political career, Cass served as a governor of the Michigan Territory
Popular Sovereignty ( see above)
Compromise of 1850 - A set of laws, passed in the midst of fierce wrangling between groups favoring slavery and groups opposing it, that attempted to give something to both sides.
Zachary Taylor Takes Charge
Solving cession question
California and New Mexico - land sorted out
John C. Calhoun’s Response
Nashville Convention, 1849-1850 - The delegates to the October 1, 1849, Mississippi Convention denounced the controversial Wilmot Proviso, and the slaveholding states agreed to send delegates to Nashville to define a resistance strategy in the face of perceived Northern aggression.
Southern Rights Movement - demanding slaves, feeling oppressed because their economy revolves around slavery
Compromise of 1850 - set of laws, passed in the midst of fierce wrangling between groups favoring slavery and groups opposing it, that attempted to give something to both sides.
Henry Clay - american lawyer, politician, and skilled orator who represented Kentucky in both the United States Senate and House of Representatives
Provisions - decisions of union states and not union
California – Free
Mexican Cession with no prohibition of slavery - no provision of prohibiting slavery
Popular Sovereignty  - the people is the principle that the authority of the government is created and sustained by the consent of its people, through their elected representatives (Rule by the People), who are the source of all political power.
Strict Fugitive Slave Law
Provision - if mort, they are free, southerners can search for slaves
Assumption of Texas debt - “A debt assumption involves two simultaneous transactions; the first transaction cancels the original debtor's obligation, and the second transaction creates a new debt contract between the creditor and the new debtor, or assumer.” give land to mexico
POPFACT
Political Upheaval
Parties prevented stands of slavery
Dealt with slavery in a different way
Democrats - endorses expansion
Whigs - opposed annexation
Voters Disenfranchised
Democrats Revived Manifest Destiny, 1854
Whigs weak -slowly breaking
Republicans - grow
Party System in Crisis
Immigration
Whigs
Winfield Scott - a United States Army general, and unsuccessful presidential candidate of the Whig Party in 1852
Dems – Franklin Pierce - 14th President of the United States, whose inability as president to calm tensions over slavery kept the country on the path to the Civil War
Kansas – Nebraska Act 1854 - created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opening new lands for settlement, and had the effect of repealing the Missouri Compromise of 1820 by allowing white male settlers in those territories to determine through popular sovereignty whether they would allow slavery within each territory
Stephen Douglas - an American politician from Illinois and the designer of the Kansas–Nebraska Act
Organized Kansas and Nebraska territory - split from minnesota territory
Repealed Missouri Compromise
Northern response - angry because of starting divide between north and south
Whigs disintegrate
Sectional lines - lines between political parties, whigs not being able to deal
1854 Congressional Elections - the early rise of the republican party
Nativism - “the policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants.”
New Wave of Immigration
Mostly Catholic
Resistance
1849, Secret Order of the Star-Spangled Banner
Know-Nothing Party - they “know nothing”
Beliefs - strong anti-immigrant and especially anti-Roman Catholic sentiment that started to manifest itself during the 1840s
Kansas and the Republicans
Rise of the Republicans - growing, strong political party, commitment of protistants, supported anti-immigrant and catholic legislation
Popular Sovereignty in Kansas - accept slavery through PS?
Battle for territorial government
Elections - things getting unsettling in kansas, vote people in to decide
Bleeding Kansas
Civil War - pro slavery, anti slavery, settlers were anti
John Brown  - white American abolitionist who believed armed insurrection was the only way to overthrow the institution of slavery in the United States
Brooks and Sumner - “Brooks was a fervent advocate of slavery. He is primarily remembered for severely beating Senator Charles Sumner (Free Soil-Massachusetts), an abolitionist, with a cane on the floor of the United States Senate, on May 22, 1856.” war with each other, beats with cane pfft
Republicans campaigned
“Bleeding Kansas” and “Bleeding Sumner” - people actually dying over this
The House Divided:  1857 – 1860
Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 1852 – Harriet Beecher Stowe - sheds light on how brutal slavery is
Dred Scott Decision “controversial ruling made by the Supreme Court in 1857, shortly before the outbreak of the Civil War. Dred Scott, a slave, sought to be declared a free man on the basis that he had lived for a time in a “free” territory with his master.”
Roger Taney Decision - state had a right to place the public's convenience over that of a private or public matter
AA were not legal citizens
Congress had no right to outlaw slavery - ‘unconstitutional’
Missouri Compromise unconstitutional - ignored southern rights
Northern Response
Slave Power Conspiracy - “slaveocracy” , defines coletive political action building up on free labor
Debating Morality of Slavery
Lincoln – Douglas Debates, 1858
House Divided - states dividing
Moral stance on slavery - most enlightened to brutality of slavery
Freeport Doctrine  Stephen A. Douglas at the second of the Lincoln-Douglas debates on August 27, 1858, in Freeport, Illinois.
Lincoln’s Position - not all about slavery at first, protecting union, really not that popular, claims white supremacy to win votes
Crisis of Fear
Republicans’ Belief on Slavery - slowly shifting, believing in abolition of slavery
Chain of Events, 1859 – 1860
John Brown’s Raid, 1859 - leads people to actually shed blood against the slavery thing
Harper’s Ferry, Va - place where john brown lead his raid
Response
Southern - angry that the north is starting this, even though it was just john brown
Northern - shocked
John Sherman endorsed Impending Crisis of the South
Southern fears - fears that the impending crisis is absolutely true
Planters’ view and response - sides with most slaveowners and southerners to become part of this group, and share fears
Election of 1860
Lincoln - not entirely popular, but he wins all the big electoral states
Republican - sides with lincoln
High Protective Tariff, free homesteads, internal improvements (RR) - wins a lot of people over
Dems were split
Northern and Southern  -had different views
Constitution Party - right-wing nationalist political party in the United States. The party believes that the United States is a Christian nation founded on the basis of the Bible and that jurisprudence should be restored to what the party claims is its "Biblical foundations".
South’s view of Lincoln’s victory - believes that this is really the start of The War…… :0



he Civil War
Theme: southern states finally succeeded, north’s greater manpower and industrial resources, its leadership, and the decision for emancipation eventually led to the union military victory over the confederacy in the devastating civil war
Attack on Fort Sumter, 1861 - fort in charleston, SC; confeds attack marks the start of civil war; general beauregard demanded anderson’s surrender.
Lincoln’s Dilemma
Solution - to maintain the fort, he would lose the border segment; ruin his credibility, weak president
Lincoln’s Response - ‘sends supplies to fort’ to get confess to leave the fort or be strengthened
More Secession
Border States - states bordering the north: deleware, maryland, kentucky, and missouri (didn’t secede)
Preserving the Union at all Costs -Lincoln would allow slavery to preserve the union
The First Modern War -first use of railroads, steam ships, and telegraph
Civilians as targets
Society’s resources allocated for the war
Massive Armies
Modern Technology and Logistics (see above)
Theme #2: Both the Union and Confederacy mobilized their economies and societies to wage the war even while facing considerable home front opposition.
Strategies and Advantages
Early Failures - union alters strategy and thinks about resources
Anaconda Plan - Scott's Great Snake is the name widely applied to an outline strategy for subduing the seceding states in the American Civil War.
Northern Advantages
Population - lots, 22mil
Wealth -
Railroads
Sea
Southern Assets
Defensive War
Moral Cause
Superior Military Officers
Robert E. Lee -best commander of the confer army
Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson - confederate general during the American Civil War, and one of the best-known Confederate commanders after General Robert E. Lee.
Strong cavalry and infantry
Confederate Weaknesses
Industrial Capacity - didn't participate in industrial revolution
Shortages - all they really had was cotton, so they missed out on getting other things due to not having railroads and stuff
African American Soldiers
During the beginning of the War
Motive - the need of soldiers, and emending emancipation leads to AAs joining the war
1862, the door opened ( when one door closes, another opens)
Contributions - assets to many victories of war
Confederacy - only had AAs fight a month before the war was over
Theme #3: Lincoln’s decision to issue the Emancipation Proclamation changed the purpose of the war, enabling many African Americans to fight in the Union Army and helping prevent the Confederacy from gaining full diplomatic support from European powers
The Civil War Begins
Battle of Bull Run (Manassas) – July 21, 1861 -union forces near victory, backup lead by stonewall
General George B. McClellan - a major general during the American Civil War and the Democratic presidential nominee in 1864, who later served as Governor of New Jersey.
Antietam – September 17, 1862
Most important battle - Maryland
Casualties 2000 died, 9000 hurt
Major Turning Point
Foreign Aid - tries to get outside help due to cotton connections; none will help
Emancipation Proclamation - to free slaves born in US/ not really ‘free’ slaves but to allow rights (as of now), really pointless if war was not won by union
Emancipation Proclamation -legally freed all slaves in confed states
Changed goals - back to freeing slaves
Lincoln’s Goals - to win the war, to free the slaves
Provisions - something special to state the freedom of slaves
Emancipation in areas of rebellion - southerners angry, slaves freed
Border States - not included in this
Immediate effects - border states protected
Reaction to the Emancipation Proclamation - only freed slaves in rebellion states, criticism in north
Election of 1864 (lincoln vs mcclellan)
Critics of Lincoln -pulls out a win, members of own cabinet against him , copperheads wished lincoln to fail
Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Speech - wants to put country together back after civil war
Republican Economic Agenda
Abolitionism - to get rid of slaves entirely, creating more laborers
Pacific Railway Act, 1862 connecting northern states to california by railroad, completed in 1969
Homestead Act of 1862, provides free land to west pioneers
Morrill Tariff, 1861, increased tariff in the US, march 2, admission of buchanan
Morrill Land Grant Act, 1862 - allowed for the creation of land-grant colleges, including the Morrill Act of 1862 (7 U.S.C. § 301 et seq.) and the Morrill Act of 1890 (the Agricultural College Act of 1890
National Banking System, 1863 - a commercial bank chartered by the comptroller of the currency of the U.S. Treasury. A national bank functions as a member bank of the Federal Reserve in the capacity of investing member of its district Federal Reserve Bank.
Memory Aid:
A - Abolition of slavery
P  - Pacific Railway Act
H istory - Homestead Act
M ocks - Morrill Tariff
Mr - Morrill Land Grant
Nelson - National Banking