data = {datetime.date(2018, 1, 26): 1, datetime.date(2018, 1, 18): 1, datetime.date(2018, 1, 11): 4, datetime.date(2017, 12, 31): 2, datetime.date(2018, 1, 14): 1, datetime.date(2018, 1, 9): 2, datetime.date(2018, 1, 7): 1, datetime.date(2018, 1, 16): 2, datetime.date(2018, 1, 15): 2, datetime.date(2018, 1, 10): 1, datetime.date(2018, 1, 5): 1, datetime.date(2018, 1, 13): 3}
dates = pd.date_range('2018-01-01', date.today())
data = pd.Series(data=data)
data = data.reindex(dates, fill_value=0)
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(15, 7))
data.plot(kind='bar', ax=ax)
plt.xticks(rotation=45)
plt.gca().xaxis.set_major_formatter(plt.FixedFormatter(data.index.to_series().dt.strftime("%b %d")))

data = <my dictionary>
dates = pd.date_range('2018-01-01', date.today())
data = pd.Series(data=data)
data = data.fillna(0, inplace=True)
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(15, 7))
data.plot(kind='bar', ax=ax)
plt.xticks(rotation=45)
plt.gca().xaxis.set_major_formatter(plt.FixedFormatter(data.index.to_series().dt.strftime("%b %d")))