public static double sum(Collection<? extends Number> nums) {
   double s = 0.0;
   for (Number num : nums)
      s += num.doubleValue();
   return s;
}

List<Integer>ints = Arrays.asList(1,2,3);
assert sum(ints) == 6.0;
List<Double>doubles = Arrays.asList(2.78,3.14);
assert sum(doubles) == 5.92;
List<Number>nums = Arrays.<Number>asList(1,2,2.78,3.14);
assert sum(nums) == 8.92;

List<Integer> ints = new ArrayList<Integer>();
ints.add(1);
ints.add(2);
List<? extends Number> nums = ints;
nums.add(null);  // ok
assert nums.toString().equals("[1, 2, null]");

public static void count(Collection<? super Integer> ints, int n) {
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) ints.add(i);
}

List<Integer>ints = new ArrayList<Integer>();
count(ints, 5);
assert ints.toString().equals("[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]");
List<Number>nums = new ArrayList<Number>();
count(nums, 5); nums.add(5.0);
assert nums.toString().equals("[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.0]");
List<Object>objs = new ArrayList<Object>();
count(objs, 5); objs.add("five");
assert objs.toString().equals("[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, five]");

List<Object> objs = Arrays.<Object>asList(1,"two");
List<? super Integer> ints = objs;
String str = "";
for (Object obj : ints) str += obj.toString();
assert str.equals("1two");

public static double sumCount(Collection<Number> nums, int n) {
   count(nums, n);
   return sum(nums);
}

public class Test {

    public class A {}

    public class B extends A {}

    public class C extends B {}

    public void testCoVariance(List<? extends B> myBlist) {
        B b = new B();
        C c = new C();
        myBlist.add(b); // does not compile
        myBlist.add(c); // does not compile
        A a = myBlist.get(0);
    }

    public void testContraVariance(List<? super B> myBlist) {
        B b = new B();
        C c = new C();
        myBlist.add(b);
        myBlist.add(c);
        A a = myBlist.get(0); // does not compile
    }
}

class Super {

    Object testCoVariance(){ return null;} //Covariance of return types in the subtype.
    void testContraVariance(Object parameter){} // Contravariance of method arguments in the subtype.
}

class Sub extends Super {

    @Override
    String testCoVariance(){ return null;} //compiles successfully i.e. return type is don't care(String is subtype of Object)
    @Override
    void testContraVariance(String parameter){} //doesn't support even though String is subtype of Object

}

Object name= new String("prem"); //works
List<Number> numbers = new ArrayList<Integer>();//gets compile time error

Integer[] myInts = {1,2,3,4};
Number[] myNumber = myInts;
myNumber[0] = 3.14; //attempt of heap pollution i.e. at runtime gets java.lang.ArrayStoreException: java.lang.Double(we can fool compiler but not run-time)

List<String> list=new ArrayList<>();
list.add("prem");
List<Object> listObject=list; //Type mismatch: cannot convert from List<String> to List<Object> at Compiletime

class Shape { void draw() {}}

class Circle extends Shape {void draw() {}}

class Square extends Shape {void draw() {}}

class Rectangle extends Shape {void draw() {}}

public class Test {
 /*
   * Example for an upper bound wildcard (Get values i.e Producer `extends`)
   *
   * */

    public void testCoVariance(List<? extends Shape> list) {
        list.add(new Shape()); // Error:  is not applicable for the arguments (Shape) i.e. inheritance is not supporting
        list.add(new Circle()); // Error:  is not applicable for the arguments (Circle) i.e. inheritance is not supporting
        list.add(new Square()); // Error:  is not applicable for the arguments (Square) i.e. inheritance is not supporting
        list.add(new Rectangle()); // Error:  is not applicable for the arguments (Rectangle) i.e. inheritance is not supporting
        Shape shape= list.get(0);//compiles so list act as produces only

        /*You can't add a Shape,Circle,Square,Rectangle to a List<? extends Shape>
         * You can get an object and know that it will be an Shape
         */
    }
      /*
* Example for  a lower bound wildcard (Put values i.e Consumer`super`)
* */
    public void testContraVariance(List<? super Shape> list) {
        list.add(new Shape());//compiles i.e. inheritance is supporting
        list.add(new Circle());//compiles i.e. inheritance is  supporting
        list.add(new Square());//compiles i.e. inheritance is supporting
        list.add(new Rectangle());//compiles i.e. inheritance is supporting
        Shape shape= list.get(0); // Error: Type mismatch, so list acts only as consumer
        Object object= list.get(0); // gets an object, but we don't know what kind of Object it is.

        /*You can add a Shape,Circle,Square,Rectangle to a List<? super Shape>
        * You can't get an Shape(but can get Object) and don't know what kind of Shape it is.
        */
    }
}

// Source
       List<Integer> intList = Arrays.asList(1,2,3);
       List<Double> doubleList = Arrays.asList(2.78,3.14);
       List<Number> numList = Arrays.asList(1,2,2.78,3.14,5);

       // Destination
       List<Integer> intList2 = new ArrayList<>();
       List<Double> doublesList2 = new ArrayList<>();
       List<Number> numList2 = new ArrayList<>();

        // Works
        copyElements1(intList,intList2);         // from int to int
        copyElements1(doubleList,doublesList2);  // from double to double


     static <T> void copyElements1(Collection<T> src, Collection<T> dest) {
        for(T n : src){
            dest.add(n);
         }
      }


     // Let's try to copy intList to its supertype
     copyElements1(intList,numList2); // error, method signature just says "T"
                                      // and here the compiler is given
                                      // two types: Integer and Number,
                                      // so which one shall it be?

     // PECS to the rescue!
     copyElements2(intList,numList2);  // possible



    // copy Integer (? extends T) to its supertype (Number is super of Integer)
    private static <T> void copyElements2(Collection<? extends T> src,
                                          Collection<? super T> dest) {
        for(T n : src){
            dest.add(n);
        }
    }

class Creature{}// X
class Animal extends Creature{}// Y
class Fish extends Animal{}// Z
class Shark extends Fish{}// A
class HammerSkark extends Shark{}// B
class DeadHammerShark extends HammerSkark{}// C

List<? extends Shark> sharks = new ArrayList<>();

sharks.add(new HammerShark());//will result in compilation error

sharks.add(new HammerShark());

List<? super Shark> sharks = new ArrayList<>();

sharks.add(new Shark());
sharks.add(new DeadHammerShark());
sharks.add(new HammerSkark());

Object o;
o = sharks.get(2);// only assignment that works

Animal s;
s = sharks.get(2);//doen't work