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- Transcripts from the Speech of 13th, March, 2002
- Richard M. Stallman
- at the
- Madras Institute of Technology,
- Chromepet, Chennai
- After the Welcome Address (which was unfortunately not recorded on the
- tape) the Chief Guest, Mr.Richard M. Stallman took his hands off his
- laptop and came forward to deliver his speech. Here is the transcript:
- So I guess I have to stand exactly here inorder for it to work right.
- please raise your hands if you cannot hear me. oh oh, nobody is laughing
- I guess that means the sound system is not working. [Laughter] now
- what is *this* microphone for? oic. so I can use *this* instead. there's
- only one. this is not *stereo*. well, ok. we'll see what happens.
- If i hunt around enough I should be able to play music with this.
- [Laughter] well, The subject of this talk is the free software movement.
- but really this subject is an ethical, political question. the question
- is "what rules should society have for using software?".
- But now well it sounds like its still working. alright. I'm hoping to
- find a place where we won't have the feedback going on. I'm going to get
- feedback from you at the end of the speech but I don't want feedback
- from the speakers. I don't think their opinion is very thoughtful and I
- don't think they have much useful to add to what I'm saying. [Laughter]
- So the question is "what rules should the society have for using
- software?". Now most of the time when people consider this question they
- work for software companies and they address it from a self serving
- point of view. they ask "what rules can we impose on every one else to
- make them pay or sell their money?". Now I'm sure you are familiar with
- the answers that they come up with.
- Now, I had the good fortune in the 1970s to be part of a community of
- programmers who shared software. and because of that I was led to
- address that question from a different direction to ask "What rules make
- for a good society for the people who use software?" and so I reached
- completely different answers. let me tell you a little bit about what
- life in that community was like. The community included programmers at
- some of the best universities. even programmers of computer companies
- sometimes participated. and in this community if you wrote a program,
- you shared it. that was our way of life. nobody forced this. nobody
- demanded this. but it was our way of life and so everybody did it.
- The lab where I worked, the AI lab at the other MIT, was perhaps the...
- in a way the deepest part of this community because there, all the
- software we used was the community software. it was all free software.
- we had an entire Operating System. the Incompatible Time Sharing system
- or ITS for short was developed by the community and mostly by us and
- therefore all the software that we used, we could and would share with
- anybody we wanted. so if you walked past another hackers console and you
- saw something interesting you'd say "hey what is that?" and he'd say "oh
- this is the new foobar program that we just got from stanford and its in
- the foobar directory." so you'd look in that directory and you'd find
- the executable you could run with also the source code. which you could
- study to learn how they solved those problems. and if you ran the
- program you might...[interrupts]
- To the MIC-TESTER: can you do anything about this feedback. there's so
- much. there's got to be a way to solve this problem. maybe if you turn
- of those microphones?. he should be able to turn them off... ok we'll
- see if this helps.
- ..so in running the program you might encounter bugs or you might have
- ideas for new features. so you could go to the source code and fix the
- bugs and add more features. you could even cut out a piece of that
- program and put it into someother program that you were writing. we
- used to call this "cannibalising" the old program which was a joke
- because it doesn't destroy the old program when you do this. so you
- could use the program not just by running it but in all the various ways
- it could be useful. The software we developed was available to everyone.
- It was part of human knowledge and because of that I could feel that I
- was on humanity's team. I was not working against other people, trying
- to beat them or stop them. I was working for the good of everyone. and
- that enabled me to feel good about my work.
- and so.. over the years the system grew the way a city grows. you know,
- you see somelines of code and say "oh by their style I can tell these
- were written in the 1960s". well, in other areas you see whole
- neighbourhoods that've been built recently and a program would be passed
- from one person to another to another they would keep on improving it
- over the years.
- but then we got a taste of what life was like for most computer users.
- the people who did not belong to a community like ours. that happens
- when XEROX gave MIT a laser printer. now this was a very handsome gift.
- it was the first time anybody outside XEROX had a laser printer. it was
- actually a high speed copier that had been turned into a laser printer
- by adding a laser attachment. now this was a very fast printer and it
- printed a page a second and it had high resolution and straight lines
- came out nice and straight. but it had a flaw. it frequently got a paper
- jam. now then if it was a copier maybe that was okay cause there would
- have been somebody to fix it when it jammed. so it wouldn't have been
- jammed for long. but as a printer it was off by itself and often no body
- would pass by and fix it for a long time. so it would stay jammed for
- maybe an hour. it was a real problem. now when we discovered, when we
- recognised that this problem existed we knew a solution. because our
- previous printer which was slow and low resolution and tended to make
- straight lines come out crooked also got paper jams. and since we
- couldn't improve the printer itself, we being programmers not printer
- enggrs, we added features to the software to compensate for the
- problems. for instance there was a feature that everytime a file
- finished printing the system would display a message on that user's
- screen saying "your file foo has been printed". so you had to wait
- because the printer was slow but you didn't have to wait extra just
- because you didn't know that your job was finished. and there was the
- second feature that I recall adding which was: anytime the printer got
- in trouble the system would search the print queue and make a list of
- people waiting for printing and it would display a message to each one
- of them saying "The printer is in trouble. go fix it." now if you got
- that message you were not going to ignore it because you would know that
- only a few people are going to get that message and you didn't to want
- to take the risk that the printer would stay jammed. so you would go
- straight to the printer. the printer is still jammed. but a minute later
- 2 or 3 people would arrive. one of them atleast would know how to fix
- the problem and would teach the others. so essentially the system became
- self-correcting. we treated the user as a part of the system. and we
- added end-to-end feedback and we obtained reliable operation for the
- entire system even though the printer components were still unreliable.
- after all thats what feedback is for.
- so we solved the problem and when we saw that the new printer had a
- similar problem we thought of using a similar solution. but there we ran
- into a stone wall. because we were able to add these features to the old
- printer because the old printer was controlled by a free program. we had
- the source code. we could make any changes at all limited by our skill
- as programmers. but the new printer was controlled by a proprietary
- xerox program. we couldn't add any features. we were stuck completely.
- we were prisoners of our software. so we just had to suffer with it. so
- you'd type the command to print a file and you'd go back to work cause
- you know its going to take a long time. a while later you'd notice the
- time oh its been half-an-hour... well, I don't desperately need it yet
- and its probably not printed yet so I'd go back to work. a while later
- you'd notice the time. oh its been a whole hour. Maybe its printed now.
- so you walk upstairs. you go to the printer and see its been jammed the
- whole time. so at that point you fix the jam and you go back to work.
- and a while later you'd notice the time oh its been half-an-hour and now
- I really need the print-out. I'd better go and see. so you go upstairs
- to the printer and see it printed 200 pages of other people's stuff
- which was about 3 minutes of printing for this fast printer and then it
- jammed again. and at that point you'd say "I'm going to stand here and
- fix it everytime it jams and so I'd get my output". constant
- frustration.
- but what made it even more boring was to realise that we could have
- fixed the problem except that XEROX was not letting us fix the problem
- because they wouldn't let us have the source code. then I heard that
- somebody at Carnegie Mellon had a copy of that source code. eventually
- I was visiting Carnegie Mellon for someother reason. so I went to his
- office and said "Hi, I'm from MIT. could I have a copy of the printer's
- source code". and he said "No. I promised not to give you a copy".
- [Laughter]. I was so stunned as well as angry that I couldn't think of a
- way to express it and do justice to my anger. all I could think of was
- to walk out of his office without another word.
- but I thought of that afterwards. you see... his refusal to help us.
- essentially his denial of co-operation with his colleagues was very bad
- for us at the AI lab at the other MIT. because we never got that source
- code, we were never able to solve this problem and the printer just was
- frustrating to use for several more years until we replaced it.
- but it was very good for me in a paradoxical way because it taught me an
- important lesson. A lesson which is important because most programmers
- fail to learn it. you see.. he had promised to refuse to co-operate with
- us, his colleagues at MIT but he didn't just refuse to co-operate with
- us. chances are he refused he refused to co-operate with you too. and
- chances are he did the same thing to you as well. and I'd expect he also
- refused to cooperate with you. infact he prolly refused to co-operate
- with most of you here today. the exceptions being some of you who
- weren't born yet. because that was in 1980 or so. because he had
- promised to refuse to co-operate with just about everybody alive on
- earth at that time, he had signed a non-disclosure agreement. now this
- was my first direct encounter with a non-disclosure agreement. I was the
- victim. I and my Whole lab were the victims. and the lesson I learnt was
- that non-disclosure agreements have victims. they are not innocent. they
- are not harmless. they are hurting somebody.
- Now I was lucky to learn this lesson. most programmers first encounter a
- non-disclosure agreement when they are invited to sign one. and there's
- always some kind of goodies, some temptation ... something they are
- going to get when they sign. so they make up excuses to ignore the
- ethical issue of what they are doing. they say "He'll never get a copy
- anyway so who shouldn't I join a conspiracy to deprive him". they say
- "this is the way its always done. who am I to question it?" they say "If
- I don't sign this. somebody else will". various excuses to gag their
- consciences. but when somebody invited me to sign a non-disclosure
- agreement my conscience was already sensitised. because it couldn't
- forget how angry I was when somebody had refused to share with _me_ the
- source code the source code that my lab needed. and I couldn't turn
- around and do the same thing to somebody else who didn't deserve it
- anymore than we did. so I said. thank you very much for offerring me
- this nice piece of software. But I cannot accept it in good conscience
- on the conditions that you have set. so I'm going to do without it. no
- thank you. and so I have never knowingly signed a non-disclosure
- agreement for generally useful technical information such as software.
- Now there are other kinds of information which raise different ethical
- issues. for instance there is personal information. a totally different
- subject. you know if you wanted to talk with me about what was
- happenning between you and your girlfriend and you ask me would I please
- not tell it to anybody That I could agree to. because that is not
- generally useful technical information. atleast it probably isn't. now I
- could imagine that you might reveal to me some wonderful new sex
- technique [Laughter] and then I might feel a moral duty to pass it on
- to the rest of humanity so that somebody could make use of it. but if
- you just wanted to talk with me about the usual soap opera stuff.. you
- know... who hurt, who's feeling how and how the the other one responded
- and who's angry and things like that those details that your life are
- those are not something that other people need to know to inorder to see
- how to live their lives better. so its okay for me to keep those secret
- for you.
- but when it comes to generally useful technical information. the stuff
- of science and engineering. the mission of these fields is to develop
- that information for humanity. if we conceal it we are betraying that
- information of our field. this after a few years of thought I came to
- the conclusion that this was wrong and that I decided that I would not
- do it. but during the same period of time a serious of calamities fell
- on my community and ultimately wiped it out. my community was destroyed.
- perhaps the final blow was when digital discontinued the PDP-10
- computer. because the entire time sharing system was written in
- assembler language for the PDP-10. so when the PDP-10 was discontinued
- our 15 years of work turned into dust and blew away. now thats a pretty
- bad blow in itself but the consequences were even worse. because the
- only operating systems of any kind from modern computers were
- proprietary. to get a copy you had to sign a non-disclosure agreement.
- so the only way you could get a modern computer and use it was to
- betray every one else in the field. to do exactly what I had concluded
- people shouldn't do. so that put me in a moral dilema. I could not go on
- working on my field the way I had been doing it before because that path
- had been blocked off. it was no longer being available. it depended on
- being a part of a community that had its own body of software that it
- could share.
- so what was I going to do? the most obvious option was to accept that
- the world had changed. To adapt myself to it. To start signing
- non-disclosure agreement and start using these non-free operating
- systems. and I'm sure MIT would have had me developing non-free
- softwares as well. I thought about that and I realised in that way I
- could have fun programming and I could make money but at the end and I
- had to look back at my career and say "I've spent my life building life
- to divide people". and I would have been ashamed of everything I had
- achieved. So I looked for another option. and it was easy to find one. I
- could leave the software field and do something else. to many
- programmers that seems to be unthinkable. they say "THe people who hire
- programmers demand this, this and this. If I don't do it I'll starve."
- thats literally the word they use. "starve". Well I had no other special
- skills. but I'm sure I could have become a waiter. not at a fancy
- restaurant but I could have been a waiter somewhere. There are two
- things to know about being a waiter. one is as a waiter you are not
- doing anything wrong. there's nothing evil about being a waiter. well at
- most restaurants. [Laughter] and the second thing to know is as a
- waiter you are not going to starve. but I realised that for me being a
- waiter would be no fun. and it would be wasting my skills as an
- operating system developer. It avoid misusing the skills. Developing a
- non-free software would be misusing my skills. its better to waste them
- than to misuse them. but still its not the best thing. so I decided to
- look around for someother option. what could an Operating System
- developer do that would be ethical? that would make the world a better
- place? And I realised that an Operating System developer was what we
- exactly needed.
- The moral dilema existed for me and any other computer user because all
- the other existing operating systems were proprietary. if an Operating
- System developer were to write another Operating System, this is your
- free to share. this would give everybody a way out of the moral dilema.
- I concluded that I had been elected by circumstances to do this job. the
- job had to be done. I knew that. nobody else was paying attention.
- nobody was going to do the job if I did not. and I had the skills
- necessary to do the job. so I realised I had to do it. I decided I would
- develop a free Operating System or die trying. presumably of old age. so
- this led to a bunch of technical design decisions. what kind of system
- should it be? well I had seen one entire Operating System turn into dust
- and blow away because it was written for a particular kind of computer
- that got discontinued. I didn't know what kind of computers would be
- popular in 5 years or 10 years. I knew it would take years to get this
- job done. and I didn't want to take the risk that the same thing would
- happen again. clearly the system had to be portable. well, I knew of
- portable Operating System that was a success and that was UNIX. so I
- decided to follow the design of UNIX. that way there would be a good
- chance. I could write a system that could work and be portable.
- and further more I decided to make the system upward compatible with
- unix. why? because users don't like incompatible changes. I knew that if
- I took all the best ideas seen in various system and added my own
- favourite ideas I could have developed my dream operating system. but
- that would have been incompatible with other systems. I knew what users
- would say. They would have said "well this is very nice but it would be
- too much work to switch over and we can't afford. so we are not going to
- use your system." now at that point I could have made an excuse and I
- could have said "Well I offerred them freedom and they didn't take it so
- its their fault". That would have been sufficient as an excuse. But I
- wanted more than an excuse. I wanted to start a community where people
- would actually come and enjoy the benefits of living in liberty and
- having a community. so to do that I had to make a system that people
- would decide to use. Compatibility with a popular system was a good way
- to make it easy for people to switch to this system once it was done.
- Now UNIX consists of many components which communicate through
- documented interfaces or more or less document. so to be compatible with
- UNIX you had to replace each component one by one. which means that the
- initial design decisions were all made. except for one: What range of
- target machines would we aim for?. Now UNIX was designed to run on 16
- bit machines. but that the small address space of those machines made it
- extra hardwork to get all the programs to run in that small address
- space. well I realised this was going to be a big job and we have to
- make it try to make it easier. One way to make it easier was not to
- support 16 bit machines. I figured that by the time this is done 32 bit
- machines would be the norm and so it would be okay if we didn't support
- 16 bit machines. and indeed thats what ultimately happened. by the time
- we had a GNU system that could run every body was getting 32 bit
- machines.
- so the design decisions were made so all that we needed was a name.
- well, we hackers, generally look for funny or mischievous names because
- think of people being amused by the name is half the fun of writing the
- program. so we also had a hacker tradition when you are writing a
- program thats similar to some existing program which is something we
- often had to do back before the days of portable programming. you know
- there was an existing program for some other computer system and you
- wanted something like it you had to write another one. so when you were
- doing that, writing a program similar to an existing one, you could give
- it a name that was a "recursive acronym". which said "This program is
- not that one". so there were many TECO text editors. and they were
- generally called something or the other TECO. but one hacker called his
- program TINT for TINT Is Not TECO. The first recursive acronym. well, we
- thought that was so much fun, we started making more. In 1975 I
- developed the first EMACS text editor. The programmable, extensible
- display editor. and there were many imitations of EMACS and some were
- called something or the other EMACS. but one was called FINE. for FINE
- Is Not EMACS. and there was SINE for SINE Is Not EMACS. and EINE for
- EINE Is Not EMACS. and MINCE for Mince Is Not Complete Emacs. and then
- EINE was almost completely rewritten by not quite and the new version
- was called SWEI for Swie Was EINE Initially. [Laughter].
- So I decided to look for a recursive for 'Something Is Not Unix'.because
- I didn't have any cleverer idea. so I tried the obvious four letter
- approach and I discovered that none of them was a word. They didn't seem
- funny. so I tried a contraction so I could make a three letter acronym.
- I started substituting letters. ANU, BNU, CNU, DNU, ENU, FNU, GNU!. well
- GNU is the funniest word in the english language... so that had to be
- it. Now why is the word GNU used for so many jokes? The Reason is
- according to the dictionary the 'G' is silent. so its sounds like
- 'New'. so infact when people were asking the question "whats GNU?" long
- before there was a GNU system. But now it has a new answer when someone
- asks you "Whats GNU?" you can answer 'GNUs Not Unix'. And look at this
- you see it sounds like you are being obnoxious telling the person what
- it is not instead of what it is. But infact you are giving the one and
- only correct answer [Laughter] . Anyway when its the name of our
- Operating System please pronounce a hard 'G' pronounce it 'gah-nu'. If
- you talk operating the 'new' operating system you would get people very
- confused. You see we've working on it for 18 years now so its not new
- anymore! [Laughter] but its still is and always will be 'Gah-NU' no
- matter how many call it Linux by mistake.
- So we had a name. we could start work. In january 1984 I quit my job at
- the other MIT. and started working on pieces of GNU. Now I had to quit
- my job because if I'd kept work at MIT, the MIT administration could
- have said they owned everything I wrote and I would have had to beg and
- plead with them about precisely how to release the software. I wouldn't
- want that to happen. I didn't want to take any risk that my software
- would not be free. so I took them out of the equation by quitting my
- job. and I've never had a job since then. but the head of the AI lab was
- nice enough to let me keep using the facilities.
- so I began using the one and only Unix machine at the AI lab to start
- developing GNU. now at the time I thought we would develop all of these
- pieces and only then would people start to use it. Thats not how it
- happenned. In september 1984, I started working on GNU Emacs. which was
- my second implementation of the programmable text editor. by early 85 it
- working well enough that I could use it for all my editing and that was
- very convenient you see I had no intentions of learning to use 'vi'. so
- until that point I did my editing on other computers and transferred the
- files through the network to the UNIX machines to test them. once GNU
- Emacs was running I could actually do my editing on the Unix machine.
- and so infact had been other people. other people who had been emacs
- users wanted to have an emacs to run on their unix machines started
- asking me for copies. so I had to work out the full details of how to do
- distribution.
- well, Of Course I put a copy in the FTP server directory and that way
- people on the net could get copies but in 1985 most programmers were not
- on the Internet. so they were asking me how could they get copies. I
- could have said "I want to spend my time writing more pieces of GNU. Not
- writing Mag Tapes. so please find a friend who is on the Internet who
- will download it and put it on tape for you." And they would have found
- somebody sooner or later. Every programmer knows every other
- programmers. but I had no job. and I was looking for someway I could
- make money through my work on Free softwares. So I announced "Send me a
- 150 Dollars. and I'll mail you a copy of GNU Emacs". And the orders
- began dribbling in. by the middle of the year they were trickling in. I
- was beginning to get 8 to 10 orders a month. which if necessary I could
- have lived on. So I had a free software business that was successful
- enough for me.
- Now part of the reason I could have lived on that is that I have always
- made a practice of living cheaply. Most americans if they start making
- 'this' much money they immediately look for how they can spend 'this'
- much money. [Laughter] so they start buying houses and cars and boats
- and airplanes and rare stamps and art work and adventure travel and...
- children... [Laughter] all sorts of expensive luxury and of course
- once they get them they dont think they can live without them anymore.
- so the result is they become puppets of money. whoever has the money
- they have to obey. They've lost the freedom in their lives. but if you
- resist getting accustommed to these expensive habbits then you can
- decide what you want to do with your life. you can do what you think is
- important. you can make a contribution to the world. instead of just
- struggling all the time for money.
- But people sometimes used to ask me before I started forestalling them:
- "What do you mean its free software if it costs 150 dollars". Well, the
- english word free has multiple meanings. One meaning refers to price and
- another meaning refers to "freedom". When I speak of Free Software I'm
- referring to freedom not price. so think of free speech, not free beer.
- [Laughter] . when you start talking about free software to people it
- doesn't hurt the first time to explain that I mean 'free as in freedom'.
- to help prevent any confusion. so some people got their copies of GNU
- emacs and they didn't pay me because there was nothing on the FTP server
- to collect any money from anyone anybody could download it. some got
- their copies on a tape from me and they paid me. and some got their
- copies indirectly from somebody else who had a copy and maybe they paid
- that somebody else I dont know but they didn't pay me. whether they paid
- the somebody else that was between them and it was not in my business.
- so GNU Emacs was gratis for some users and paid for for some users. but
- for all of the users it was free as in freedom.
- because all of them had certain crucial freedoms which makes the
- definition of free software. so let me now infact get to the hard issue
- and give you the detailed definition of Free software. because its after
- all its easy to say I believe in freedom but you are not addressing the
- hard issue that way. the hard issue is which are the freedoms that are
- important - the freedoms that we should safeguard and which are the
- secondary freedoms which have to give way when they conflict with the
- primary ones. because different ideas of freedom _can_ conflict. you
- know your freedom to swing your fist ends ends where my nose begins.
- because thats the matter of which freedoms are primary and which are
- secondary. so the definition of free software represents a conclusion
- about which freedoms are primary. let me give it to you now. a program
- is free software for you a particular user if you have all of the
- following freedoms.
- Freedom#0 is the freedom to run the program for any purpose in any
- way.
- Freedom#1 is the freedom to help yourself by studying the code to see
- what it does and then changing to suit your needs as you wish.
- Freedom#2 is the freedom to help your neighbour by distributing copies
- to others.
- Freedom#3 is the freedom to help build your community by publishing
- improved versions so others can get the benefits of your improvements.
- If you have all of these freedoms the program is free software for you.
- Now freedom#0 doesn't require much comment. Its pretty clear that if you
- are not even allowed to run the program anyway you like thats a rather
- restriced program. even most most software will let you run it anyway
- you like, even though its restriced in other ways. and also the way the
- law is setup, if you have freedoms 1, 2 and 3 then freedom 0 follows as
- a consequence. so the freedoms that really distinguish Free Softwares
- from typical softwares are Freedoms 1, 2 and 3. so I'll go into more
- depth explaining why those freedoms are more important and what they
- need:
- Freedom#1 is the freedom to help yourself by studying the code to see
- what the program really does and then changing it if you like to suit
- your needs. to make this freedom feasible you have to be able to get the
- source code. yes its true its possible to study the binary by
- disassembling but thats terribly hard and people only do it as a last
- resort of desperation. so For this freedom to be really be meaningful
- you must have access to the source code. so access to the source code is
- a free condition of FreeSoftware. Now who can make use of this freedom?
- Well first of all, what changes do I need? well you could fix bugs, you
- could add new features. you could translate all the error messages and
- output into tamil. you could port it to a different computer system.
- anychange you want to make, you should be free to make. who can take
- advantage of this freedom. clearly any skilled programmer can make use
- of this freedom. But not only they. Any business that uses software can
- directly take advantage of this freedom. Now maybe there are no
- programmers in the company because what they do is make clothing. That
- doesn't matter if they want the program changed they can go to a
- programming company and say "How much will you charge for these changes
- and when can I have it done?" and if they don't like the answer they get
- over there they can go ask another company and say "When can you have it
- done?". because one of the consequences of FreeSoftware is that there is
- a free market for all kinds of supports and services. and the result is
- you can expect better support and service for free software. for a
- proprietary program, support is a monopoly. because only the company
- that owns the program in general can give you any support. except for
- the most superficial kinds. so the result they don't have to care and
- they know it. they'll tell you "Pay us and we'll let you report a bug".
- and if you do that they'll tell you "in six months there will be an
- upgrade. Buy the upgrade and you'll see if we've fixed this bug and
- you'll see what new bugs we gave you" [Laughter] .
- so the support for proprietary software is typically lousy and its
- interesting to note that even if there's a choice of several different
- proprietary programs to do the job, once you've chosen a program the
- support for that program is always a monopoly. so you are choosing
- between several monopolies. well, with Free Softwares you'll get a free
- market for support. Of Course, in general you have to pay for it. Free
- software doesn't mean zero price. thats not the issue at all. were not
- to eliminate paying for things and we think its fine when programmers
- get paid to provide support for programs. infact thats the kind of free
- software business that I did for the second half of 80s. But the
- important thing is that every body has got the freedom the use the
- program, to get support from wherever they like, to offer support when
- they wish. people can also benefit from this freedom if they value
- security and privacy on their computer systems. because when you have
- the freedom to check what the program does you can see if it has a
- Trojan Horse. you can see if it has a surveilance feature, now if you
- don't have the time to check every program you use, but there's a
- community of users and people are checking various parts at various
- times. the result is if there's a malicious feature, it might get
- caught. and if there are accidental bugs because most programmers wont
- put in malicious features but we all make mistakes. so bugs are always
- to be expected. If there's a bug, people can catch that too and fix
- it.so the result is that you can trust the software better because it is
- not blind trust.
- with a proprietary program all you can do is put blind faith in the
- developer and often they don't deserve it. Microsoft put a surveilance
- in some version of Windows. It would report what was on your harddisk.
- and I think people got very angry and they took it out. and I heard
- there are other proprietary programs that are popular which has
- surveilance features in them too. There's also suspicion that there's a
- back door in windows because there are symbols called NSAKEY1 and
- NSAKEY2. People suspect that, maybe, these have to do with a backdoor
- that was provided for the NSA. No one knows and there's no way to find
- out either. and finally any intelligent person can take advantage of
- this freedom.
- now most people are not going to learn to be skilled programmers but
- anybody can learn a little programming which is enough to make simple
- changes. and thats useful by itself. and if you are the kind of person
- whose strength is getting along with people you are not a technical
- person well then you probably have a lot of friends. and some of those
- friends are programmers so when you want a change made in your program
- you can convince one of your friends to do it. so everybody can take
- advantage of the freedom to change programs. Now if you don't have this
- freedom that causes practical material harm to the society. because
- people are stuck using software that doesn't do what they want and maybe
- even snoops on them. and they cant fix it. They are prisoners of their
- software. but it also causes Psycho-Social harm. that affects people's
- morale, their enthusiasm for their work. you see, if you have to use a
- program thats painful to use its not good. and you are not allowed to
- improve it, its going to be frustrating. its going to be frustrating
- over and over. well people who've experience this repeated frustration
- they tend to learn to stop caring thats the way you can protect yourself
- from feeling frustrated. If you don't care whether you don't get any
- work done or not then you are not going to get frustrated when you can't
- get any work done. but when ...
- [audio tape flipped over.. a few minutes of speech is lost]
- for beings that can think and learn sharing useful knowledge is the
- fundamental act of friendship, when these beings use computers these
- acts take the form of sharing software. if you don't have this freedom,
- if a program has a owner and this owner and this owner by whatever
- method has setup a situation that every user has to pay to use the
- program
- [someone leaves]
- RMS: leaving so soon? I hope it wasn't something I said
- Audience: [Laughter]
- well, if the program has an owner who has established a situation where
- every user must pay to use the program then this creates a financial
- disincentive, discouraging the user of the program. because some users
- will say "Alright, I'll pay" and they will use the program and the
- others will say, "Its too much I'll never mind. I'll do without it". and
- everytime somebody says "Never Mind, I'll do without it", the program is
- going partly to waste. but the work it takes to write the program to any
- given level of power and quality is the same regardless of the no. of
- users. Infact it might be even harder if you have fewer users helping
- you by reporting bugs. so, the same work is done. but only a part of the
- potential benefit is achieved. The rest is deliberately inflicted waste
- which is practical material harm to the society. but because its
- inflicted by forbidding people to help each other it causes a psycho
- social harm which affects the spirit of co-operation, the spirit of
- good-will, benevolence, the willingness to help other people, just
- because you see that they could use your help. This spirit of good will
- is society's most important resource. we depend on this so that we can
- have a liveable society instead of a doggy-dog jungle. and because this
- resource is so important the world's major religions all talk about the
- importance of this spirit of good will of helping other people. for
- thousands of years moral leaders have encouraged the spirit of
- benevolence. so what does it mean when we see major social institutions
- telling you that you are not supposed to help your neighbour. they are
- polluting the society's most important resource which is something that
- society cannot afford. what does it mean when they say that if you share
- knowledge with your neighbour you are a "pirate". They are saying that
- helping your neighbour is the moral equivalent of attacking a ship. if
- you don't believe that, reject that word. its a propaganda word. and
- what does it mean when they start making harsh punishments for anyone
- who shares with his neighbour how much fear is it going to take to get
- people to stop helping their neighbours. do you want your country to be
- pervaded by that level of fear? I certainly don't. I hope you dont
- either. this i think is the most important reason why software should be
- free. because we must encourage people to help their neighbours, not
- discourage them. When I was a child going to school, the teachers were
- trying to teach us to share. they said, If you bring candy to school you
- can't keep it all for yourself, you have to share with the other kids.
- they were trying to teach us to share with other people. now the US
- today is the world leader in trying to stop people from sharing useful
- information with their neighbours. [Applause]. but the US is not the
- first country to make an effort to stop sharing. The soviet union did
- that too. Trying to crush the forbidden copying and sharing which was
- known as "Samisda"[?] You know dissidence did the same. you get a copy
- you put six carbons in your typewriter and you a copy and then you hand
- out those six copies to other people and they would type up more copies.
- The soviet union despite all its vicious repression was never able to
- completely stop the undergroud sharing that their people did. But they
- tried hard and they used several different methods. First guards
- checking all copying equipment, thats why people had to it with carbon
- papers with typewriters because for every piece of copying equipment
- there was a guard check what you copied. Second : harsh punishments.
- Those who were caught doing forbidden copying could be sent to siberia
- for years, were put in prison. Third: To help catch people they ask for
- informers, They ask everyone to wrap on their co-worker's and their
- neighbours to the information police. Fourth to help catch people
- collective responsibility. "You. You are going to watch that group. If
- I catch any of them doing forbidden copying, you are going to prison. so
- watch them carefully." and fifth, Propaganda starting in Childhood: To
- teach everyone that only a vicious enemy of the people would do this
- forbidden copying. The US today is using all five of these methods to
- crush forbidden copying and sharing. First: Guards checking copying
- equipment. Well in copy store they have guards checking what you copy,
- to make sure you don't do forbidden copying. But to have human labour
- checking what you are copying would be too expensive in the US. I guess
- they didn't think of hiring people from India to do it. [Laughter] . so
- they are using robot guards. Programs that go in your computer and are
- designed to check what you are going to copy and stop you. Its a crime
- to bypass these robot guards. Second, Harsh Punisments: Well, ten years
- ago if you made copies of something and handed out them to your friends
- just to be nice, that was not a crime in the US. it had never been a
- crime. and then they made it a felony. You could be put in prison for
- years for helping your neighbours. In britain now they are proposing a
- '10 year' punishment. 10 year prison for sharing with your neighbours.
- That shows how far the repression can go when you try to stop people
- from sharing with their neighbours. When you try to prohibit their
- natural tendency. And Third: Asking for Informers, In the US, there
- have been Ads on Television there were ads in the subways in Boston
- asking people to ??? on their co-workers to the information police.
- which there is called the "Business Software alliance". A Terror
- Organisation. and I say that after careful thought. in Argentina the
- business software organisation sent people letters threatening them with
- being raped in prison, if they shared with their neighbours. Fourth -
- Collective Responsibilty: In the US this was done by Constricting
- Internet Service Providers to keep track of, they've been made legally
- responsible for everything their customers post. and the onlyway they
- can escape being punished is if they have an automatic procedure of
- taking down anything within two weeks of a complaint. so nowadays if
- somebody accuses, you don't even get your day in court. your psych just
- gets unplugged. and thats it.
- Fifth - propaganda starting in childhood: Thats what the word Pirate is
- for. When I went to school, the teachers tried to teach us the habbit of
- sharing. Today according to the US govt, teachers are supposed to teach,
- quote, Say Yes to Licensing, Unquote. So instead of saying "Oh you
- brought candy to school, well you have to share it with the other kids".
- they say, "Oh you brought software to school, well, don't share it. oh
- no! sharing is wrong. sharing means you are a pirate." the US laws don't
- apply in other countries. But the US is trying to push the same kind of
- laws in every other country. I hope you will spread the word that the
- India should _not_ adopt a law like the DMCA in the US. Thats a
- Tyrannical law. Its an Oppressive law and _you_ should save yourselves.
- Even if you can't save us. So that is freedom 2: The Freedom to help
- your neighbour by distributing copies of the program.
- Freedom3 - is the freedom to help build your community by publishing an
- improved version so others can benefit from your work. now people used
- to tell me if the software is free that means no body will get paid to
- work on it, so nobody will work on it. they were confused by the two
- meanings of the word 'free'. because they thought it meant gratis which
- is not the case but none the less that was their theory. Today we can
- compare that theory with observed fact. and we see that hundreds of
- people or maybe thousands are being paid to develop free software and
- tens of thousands are developing free softwares as volunteers. and in
- fact we are developing large amounts of free softwares. What could
- possibly motivate these people? well, I tell you I'll tell you some of
- the motivations that I've heard people tell me. One of them is political
- idealism. and the desire to contribute to a good decent society where
- people can help each other instead of to divide people and to keep them
- helpless. Thats the important motivation for me but not everybody in our
- community has that motivation. second - Another motivation is fun.
- programming is great fun. not for everybody. but for some people and
- especially for some of the best programmers, programming is fun. thats
- why so many people after they do their job, which is software
- development want to develop some free software in their spare time.
- because its especially fun, where you are your own master and no one can
- tell you what to do. another reason is to get appreciation. if you
- develop a free program that a hundred thousand people use you can feel
- really good. a lot of people will be appreciating you. Another is
- profession reputation. if a hundred thousand people are using your free
- program thats gonna impress anybody who might want to hire you another
- reason is gratitude. if you've been using the community's free software
- for years and appreciating how useful it is, then when you write a
- program, that could be an opportunity for you to contribute something
- back to that community to express your appreciation. and there may be
- other motivations that I haven't thought of and don't know about. Any
- given person might feel a combination of several other motivations.
- Because human nature and human motivation are complex and money can also
- be a part of the motivation for some people those who are getting paid.
- When I released GNU Emacs after I while I got a message saying "I think
- I found a bug and here's a fix". and then I got a msg saying " I thought
- this feature was missing so I wrote it and here it is" and then I got
- another bug fix and another new feature and another and another and
- another until they were pouring in on me so fast that just using all of
- this help was a big job. MicroSoft doesn't have this problem. [Laughter]
- [Applause]. You know I've never understood why that is so funny but
- people always do find it funny. So, after a while people began noting
- the phenomenon that when a free program becomes so popular you often get
- a community of developers helping to improve it and free software
- started to get a reputation for being powerful, reliable software from
- the reports of the people who used it. and this was both good and bad.
- it led a lot more people to start using the free software especially in
- the 1990s. but at the same time we got lots of people coming into our
- community purely because the software was practically advantageous. it
- was expedient.and they didn't appreciate the freedom. They didn't care.
- and when they talked about the software to other people they didn't even
- mention freedom as an advantage. they didn't say the fact that you are
- free to co-operate with other people is an advantage. they just
- mentioned that it was powerful, reliable software and you could get it
- cheap. so then we got millions of more people coming into our community
- who never even heard anyone say that there is an ethical issue here. and
- eventually they formed a different movement called the "open source
- movement". Now I've been telling you the phil of the free software
- movement and as you can hear we sight both practical benefits and
- ethical benefits of having these freedoms in your use of software. the
- open source movement has practices close to ours, not identical. But the
- big difference is that they only sight the practical benefits. They
- don't say that morally speaking this is the way it should be. They go to
- companies and say we think it would be advantageous for you if you do
- things this way. well that is useful, they've persuaded some companies
- to release important pieces of software as free software. so practically
- speaking they contribute to our community but at the same time in the
- fundamental questions of the community we disagree completely. what your
- views are thats for you to decide. You might agree with the FSF, you
- might agree with the open source movement. you might disagree with us
- both. its up to you. but I'd like to invite you to support the Free
- software movement. After you've had a chance to think about the issues.
- and if you _do_ support us, please wave our banner. our banner is the
- term "free software" if you support the movement free software, say so
- by using the term free software. Its one of the ways to keep us in the
- public awareness so that our views and principles will be visible to
- people and they will have the chance to think whether they agree or not.
- because the open source movement tends to get more support and
- businesses. and those businesses tend to use their terminology and bcos
- they don't criticise the practice of proprietary software their views
- are easier. They are less challenging ethically. So they get a lot of
- supporters who are not prepared to consider the ethical issues that we
- in the free software movement raise. so the result is that their name is
- heard more and we often get forgotten. If we were to raise this ethical
- issues so that people can think about it we need to get heard and you
- can help us with that by raising our banner the term "Free software". so
- if you don't have this freedom, the Freedom 3, the freedom to publish an
- improved version. that causes practical material harm because this
- phenomenon of community improvement if we don't get powerful, reliable
- software. but it also causes psycho-social harm. which affects the
- spirit of scientific co-operation. the idea that we have to work
- together to advance human knowledge if we are going to do it
- effectively. so that is freedom 3. the freedom to help build a community
- by publishing an improved version so that others can benefit from your
- work.
- If you have all of these freedoms and the program is free software for
- you now why do I formulate the definition in this complicated way? Why
- do I not just say the program is freesoftware if it comes with all these
- freedoms? The reason is that sometimes the same code can be free for
- some people and non-free for others. Now that might seem strange so let
- me give an example to explain how that happens. The biggest example of
- this that I know of is the X Window System which was developed at the
- MIT in, the Other MIT, in the 1980s and released as Free Software. so if
- you got their version you had all these freedoms. it was free software
- for you. but among those who got copies were various computer
- manufacturers who distributed Unix systems. So they took X Windows and
- they made the necessary changes to get X to run on their platform and
- then they compiled it. They made binaries and they put the binaries in
- their Unix systems and distributed just the binaries under the same
- non-disclosure agreement as all the rest of Unix. and then millions of
- users got copies of these binaries with no freedom at all. This created
- a paradoxical situation. If you asked "Is X Windows Free Software or
- Not?" the answer depended on where you made the measurement. If you made
- the measurement coming out of the developer's group, you'd say "Here I
- observe all these freedoms. Its a free Software" If you made the
- measurement among the users you'd say "umm...most of these users donot
- have these freedoms. Its _not_ free software.". Well, the developers of
- X Windows did _not_ consider this a problem. because they were not
- aiming to give the users freedom. they were aiming to have a big
- professional success. It was a big success. It set the de-facto
- standard. but in the GNU project. Our goal was to give users freedom. To
- give you freedom. If the same thing that happened to X had happened to
- GNU, GNU would be a failure. so I looked for a way to stop that from
- happening and the method that I developed was called "copyleft". You can
- think of this a taking copyright and flipping it over. Opposite results.
- you see, copy left is based on copyright. we use copyright law in order
- to get these opposite results. bcos normally copyright is used to stop
- people from sharing. to deny them the freedom to share. whereas we when
- we use copyleft, we guarantee everybody the freedom to share in order to
- make sure that all of you get the freedom to share we have to make sure
- that those middle men cannot strip the freedom away. so here's how we do
- it. First we put on a Copyright notice which says "This program is
- copyrighted" and then and by default you are not allowed to change or
- share the program. But then we say you are explicitly authorised to
- modify this program. You are explicitly authorised to redistribute
- copies of this program. You are explicitly authorised to publish a
- modified or extended version. But there is a condition. This condition
- is the reason why we go to all this trouble. The condition says: "Any
- modified or extended version or any version of this program you
- distribute must as a whole carry with it the same freedom that you got
- from us". and so the result is that everywhere the code goes the freedom
- goes with it. Even if the program changes it still carries with it the
- freedom. so all the users get the freedom. The X Windows Problem did not
- happen for us. In effect these crucial freedoms that I explained to you
- becomes inalienable rights of users of our software. so copyleft is a
- general idea. You can't use copyleft. Like you can't use the concept of
- a text editor. you have that specific text editor, then you can run it.
- and likewise to use the idea of a copyleft you have to have a specific
- license that you use. The license we use for most GNU software is called
- the GNU General Public License or the GNU GPL for short. Note that the
- 'G' in 'GPL' stands for General. Not GNU. we also have a couple of
- other copyleft licenses that are other more permissive in special
- situations. But mostly we use the GNU GPL. and infact about 2/3rd of all
- free softwares use the GNU GPL. We also have a kind of copyleft license
- for manuals and text books called the GNU Free Documentation License. So
- if are writing a text book on any subject at all, I hope you'll release
- it as Free Documentation under the GNU Free Documentation license. This
- license was designed to make it possible for commercial publishers to
- profitably publish free manuals and infact there are some six free books
- that have been published commercially under this license. Thats not
- counting the manuals that we publish in the free software foundation. so
- there is copylefted free software and there is non-copylefted free
- software. Both of them are free . The developers of the non copylefted
- free softwares like the X windows have respected your freedom. they are
- not trying to deny you any important freedom. The difference is with
- copyleft we go even further and we actively try and stop anybody from
- taking away your freedom. with a non-copylefted free software they are
- not actively defending you your freedom but they donot attack your
- freedom. so they are respecting your freedom. They are not doing
- anything wrong. they are just not doing as much right as they could do.
- its a very big difference. We don't say that they are doing wrong. but
- we just say that they could do better. so that non-copylefted
- freesoftware can be used in a free operating system like GNU and infact
- I did decide to use X Windows in the late 1980s. I felt we should have a
- window system in GNU but before we wrote one there was one X. it was
- becoming popular, it did the job, it was technically suitable. so I said
- alright we'll save trouble. We won't write a window system of our own.
- we use X. so we started the other making the other pieces of the GNU
- system work together with X. and we put into the coding standards that
- if your program is graphical it should work with X. Through out the
- 1980s our mission was to come up with all the pieces we needed to make a
- complete Operating System. now sometimes we were lucky and somebody else
- wrote the piece we needed or something that could do the job like X
- Windows. and when that happened we said good we don't have to write this
- piece. We'd just use the piece that we found. but that happenned or
- didn't happen by chance. bcos those other projects, they were not aiming
- to make a free Operating System. They had various different goals of
- their own. so it was just accident whether their software was useful for
- us and whether they made it free. well, we were looking for
- opportunities to save the effort by using some existing software that we
- could find. because the job of developing a whole unix like system was
- very big. many people said it was so big we'd never finish it. well, I
- thought we'd finish it but clearly we had to look for shortcuts. But
- when we didn't find this existing software to use then we had to develop
- those programs or recruit people to develop them. And thats what we did
- during the 1980s. In october 1985 we founded the Free software
- foundation. which is a charity whose purpose is to raise money to
- promote Free software and in the 80s a lots of its activity was hiring
- people to work on developing GNU. some important pieces of this system
- like the Shell and the C library were by the staff of the Free software
- foundation. but most of the work was done by volunteers. For instance
- I'm a full time volunteer for the free software foundation. bcoz the
- foundation doesn't pay me. now there's a reason for that when the
- foundation first had enough money to hire one person I as the president
- had to decide who to hire. and it was my responsibility to spend the
- money effectively. So I realised that paying st(.*)nous[?] salary would
- be like throwing the money away bcos we could get st\\1n to work for
- nothing. So I decided to hire someone else instead. and now a days
- though there are many full time volunteers for the GNU project, most of
- them are getting paid by somebody else. so for the FSF they are
- volunteers. There are also thousands of part time volunteers who are
- contributing their spare time and don't get paid for it but they still
- get a large amount of work done. In the 80s and in the early 90s it was
- possible to doubt whether free software could actually develop the full
- spectrum of software to fill the public's needs. but nowadays we are
- pretty close to doing the whole thing already. so there's no long any
- possible doubt that we can't do the job. the only question is whether we
- will be allowed to do the job. but thats getting ahead of things. by
- 1991 the job was almost done. we had almost all the pieces necessary but
- there was one major gap still. The Kernel. Now we started developing our
- kernel in 1990. Again we were looking for a way to save time by finding
- something we could start with that was already working and we found an
- already working micro kernel called 'MACH'. developed at Carnegie Mellon
- University. so mach did the lower level part of the Unix kernel's job.
- So we had to write the upper half and we were going to do that by
- writing a collection of servers that communicate through message
- passing. and this provides all sorts of technical advantages, greater
- power. And we thought that bcos these were effectively user programs it
- would be easier to debug them unfortunately thats not so. That wasn't
- so. The Debugging facilities were lousy and these programs were
- asynchronous so they can have timing errors that were not reproducible.
- it took many many years to get this collection of servers which is
- called the GNU/Hurd to run. we call it the GNU/Hurd btw, because GNUs in
- Africa live in Herds. So this is a herd of GNU servers or GNU/Hurd.
- Fortunately we didn't have to wait that long because in 91, 92 a finnish
- college student called Linus Torvalds wrote another free kernel, well he
- wrote a kernel and at the end he decided to make it free software and he
- released it under the name "Linux". He used to monolithic approach that
- had been used before. well we didn't know about linux. because he never
- contacted us to tell us about it. But he announced it on the network
- somewhere and people who knew about it said "Lets see if we can find all
- the other parts of an operating system so that we can make a complete
- system." So they looked around and lo and behold, everything they needed
- was already there. What good fortune, they said its already available.
- but there was no rock about it. What they had found were all the pieces
- that were going to be the pieces of GNU! so infact what they were doing
- was fitting linux into that gap in that GNU system to make the
- combination of GNU + Linux. The GNU/Linux system. But they didn't
- realise that. They didn't that they were finding all the pieces of the
- GNU system. Therefore they were starting with Linux and finding these
- other pieces and putting them on top of linux. so they call that a Linux
- system which they really shouldn't have done. They had no business
- calling this version of our operating system by someother name. but
- thats what they did. and the misnormer got immitated by other people.
- and thats how it happened. that we developed an Operating System thats
- used by some 20 million people and most of them don't know its our
- system. They think its Linux. They think it was all started in 1991 by
- Linus Torvalds. Well, the development of Linux, the kernel was a major
- contribution to our Community because that was the step that took us
- across the finish line. because before that we had 95% of the system
- but it wasn't capable of running by itself. so you take parts of that
- system and install them on top of another operating system but you had
- to get another operating system to start with once that last gap was
- filled that made it an entire operating system. so you could put it on a
- bare PC. You didn't have to have some other operating system first. And
- infact that meant that the goal we had set out for in 1984 had been
- reached. It was a Free Operating System that you could run on a modern
- computer. So you could actually live in Freedom. you could install this
- free software you could refuse to use any proprietary software and then
- you would have freedom and you would have the freedom to form a
- community with other people the freedom to cooperate with others. so
- you could live an upright life. A happy life as a computer user. but,
- the error of calling the entire system Linux, was a major blow to the
- Free software movement. bcos it broke the connection from our software
- to our philisophy. before that people who used these pieces of GNU on
- other system they knew they were using pieces of GNU. so they thought of
- themselves as GNU users. They became the fans of GNU. and so when they
- saw the things we had put in there to describe the philosophy they would
- think about it seriously at least sometimes they would. because they
- realised that this was the philosophy behind the software that they
- liked. so that was the reason to atleast give it a serious
- consideration. And that philosophy I had been telling you today. Well,
- after thinking about it, some of them would agree. And if they agreed
- they then feel a motivation to develop more software for GNU. so the
- software helped to spread the philosophy and the philosophy helped to
- extend the software. but when people started calling this entire GNU
- system Linux, this connection was broken and instead the software lead
- people to a different philosophy. The philosophy associated with the
- name "Linux". Which was the apolitical philosophy of Linus Torvalds. He
- didn't like considering these things as ethical or political issues. he
- just put that it in terms of whats practical. He didn't say that
- software should be free. He sometimes develops and uses non-free
- software. so the result was here was this system thats basically GNU and
- it was attracting people over to the other philosophy and not to ours
- anymore. it was a real problem. btw the other philosophy was the one
- that later on became the philosophy of the open source movement. so the
- result is that if you look around on our community, most of the users of
- this version of this GNU system have never even come across the
- philosophy that motivated us to do all this work. sometimes people say
- to me when they hear me making efforts to ask people "please call the
- system GNU/Linux", they say to me it looks bad to ask for credit. it
- looks like you're just being selfish. so it would be much wiser to let
- it drop and when people call the system linux, smile to yourself and
- take pride in the job well done for this would be a very wise advise
- except for one mistaken premise. the idea that the job is done. We have
- a lot of work to do. we've made a great beginning but we haven't
- finished the job. you see we've developed free systems that are used on
- some 20 million or so computers but thats a fraction of all the
- computers that there are maybe 5% I think I heard. and that means we
- have a lot more to go. we have a large range of free software now, but
- there's still other programs that users would like. we have to develop
- those. we have to make sure that you have free software for every job.
- and there are laws being passed in some countries that prohibit us from
- developing free software for certain jobs. we have to do what it takes
- to overcome those obstacles, repeal those laws whatever is needed. Its
- going to take determination. some of these jobs can be done just by
- writing software and people will do that because its fun in many cases.
- But overcoming these obstacles takes more than just fun, it takes the
- kind of determination people show when they know that they are fighting
- for their freedom and for their communities. So we have to teach people
- that. but if you look around in your community today you'll see every
- where you look most of the institutions in our community are calling
- these systems linux and not presenting freedom as the goal and the
- result is when I talk about the importance of freedom I get responses
- like "This idealism is bad for the success of Linux". They say "what
- does this got to do with me? I'm a linux user". People call themselves
- Linux users that means people use the GNU/Linux system but when they
- hear about the philosophy behind GNU they say "What does this have to do
- with me?" because they don't see any connection between themselves and
- GNU. If they knew the origin of the system that they're using they would
- see the connection and the name GNU/Linux shows people that connection.
- and then there's the others that say "This Idealism must be impractical
- and its bad for the success of Linux". There's so many ironies in that.
- One of them is What do they mean by success of Linux? Well they are
- really talking about the success of the GNU/Linux system, but what does
- it mean for that system to succeed? They think it means just to have a
- lot of people running it. and never mind how. never mind if these people
- run it together with non-free software. because they are thinking of
- success as nothing but popularity. which is irrational. Its actually an
- example of mental inertia. you see, they copy that idea of success from
- the proprietary software world. In the proprietary software world
- atleast its rational. Why do they want their software to be popular?
- because every user is supposed to pay them! so more users means more
- money. its an evil system but atleast they're being rational in that
- part of it. When you copy this definition of success over to free
- software it doesn't make any sense at all! You know why does it matter
- how many people use that free kernel linux? Its a kernel it does its
- job, but is the number of users of that kernel really important? I don't
- think so... and why does it matter how many users are using the
- GNU/Linux system or any variant of the GNU/Linux system? Now I might
- feel something about it because I launched it. but thats just ego.
- Really is it important how many users this system has? I don't think its
- of any real importance. The important thing is to spread freedom to as
- many people as possible and ultimately to everyone. Thats the goal thats
- worth striving for. We have to remember that goal. because the most
- important thing for reaching a distant goal is to remember the goal. if
- you forget where you've headed you're going to end-up somewhere else!
- and is idealism really impractical? Not at all. If you are a distant
- goal, there are only two ways to reach it. one of them is to have a lot
- of money. and the other is idealism. because idealism will enable you to
- keep on going until you get there, otherwise you'd just give it up. so
- we don't have a lot of money. so we have to have this idealism instead.
- there's nothing more practical like idealism. The GNU system and the
- GNU/Linux variants are our idealism made real. But, very few people are
- saying this to the users of GNU/Linux. Most of the institutions in our
- community call this system as Linux and they don't say these things.
- Consider for instance the companies that package this system, that
- package this GNU/Linux system, well, they all put some non-free software
- on the CDs, Yes, its true that you can get a free Operating System to
- run on your PC, but its not easy to find one. If you go to the store and
- buy something that says a version of the GNU/Linux system which says
- "Linux" on it, it will always have non-free softwares as well. you have
- to be an expert to know what to get rid of. and then what about the
- magazines dedicated to the use of the GNU/Linux system. Typically these
- magazines call themselves Linux Something.....
- So I have a different term, I call them freedom subtracted packages.
- because if you have installed a free GNU/Linux system if you are
- enjoying the benefits of freedom that we've worked so many years to give
- you, those packages give you the opportunity to buckle on a chain. and
- what about the trade shows about the GNU/Linux system, they typically
- call themselves Linux-something or the other and they host companies
- advertising non-free software so when in effect the trade show gives a
- seal of approval to non-free software. and what about the user groups
- for the use of the GNU/Linux system most of them call themselves linux
- user groups and they typically invite salesmen to come in and present
- non-free software in effect giving the group's seal of approval to the
- use of the non-free software. Now I would like any linux user groups to
- become GNU/Linux user groups and to take a stand on freedom. to stand up
- for freedom and give GNU the credit for launching this system. Now I
- believe that there's a Linux users group here in chennai and I hope that
- you will become a GNU/Linux User group. Please tell me if you do. we
- have a page where we list GNU users groups and GNU/Linux user groups. So
- if you become a GNU/Linux User group, we will list you there. but in any
- case in our community therefore most of the institutions are talking
- about Linux and they are not standing up for the philosophy of the GNU.
- so the only place you see this free software philosophy generally is in
- association with the GNU name. this is why it makes a difference when
- you call the system GNU/Linux because it shows people a connect between
- them and their system and GNU and the Free software philosophy. it wil
- help people lead people to this philosophy so that they can think about
- it and maybe get motivated to get help work for freedom. and we're gonna
- need a lot of work.in the US today there are too different kinds of laws
- prohibiting free software. one is the Digital Millenium Copyright Act,
- which has been used to prohibit free software for jobs like playing a
- DVD, listening to an audio stream, reading an e-book. Its a narrow range
- of jobs but they are very important jobs. if users can't do that with
- free software, free software is in danger. and the other problem the
- even bigger problem comes when patents are applied to software ideas.
- when software ideas can be patented and this is dangerous for free
- software development because its dangerous for all software
- developments. program tend to be complicated these days. one program
- will have a hundred ideas in it. well, if ideas can be patented if
- software ideas can be patented then any one of those hundred ideas might
- be patented by somebody. so even then you get sued if you wrote the
- program yourself. without software patents you can be confident. if you
- wrote the software program yourself, if you didn't copy the code then
- its legal and you're not gonna get sued for writing it. but with
- software patents you are quite likely to get sued for writing it or
- atleast get threatened. you can't do this. you can't write such a
- program. and the worst thing is if there are a 100 ideas 5 or 10 of them
- might be patented by 5 or 10 different companies. so you get one of them
- and when you're finished with doing it one another comes along. so its
- constant trouble for any software developer and even for software users.
- so all the companies in india that use software have to recognise that
- software patents are a danger. all the companies in India that develop
- custom software, bcos its typically custom software thats developed by
- indian companies they have to fear software patents because those custom
- programs sometimes use many ideas too. and they could get sued for
- writing those programs. so software patents are a danger. fortunately
- the Indian govt seems to be aware of this. so there's a good chance that
- India will resist the danger of software patents. but don't leave it to
- chance. Make sure to spread the word, especially if you know companies
- that develop software or companies that use computers and software. Make
- sure they understand how dangerous software patents can be. now why do
- we in the free software movement particularly pay attention to this
- goal? to this issue? bcos we want to write a full range of software to
- do all the jobs that published software does. custom softwares are a
- different area. we talking about published software. but we want to do
- all the jobs that published software does. so that means we gotta be
- allowed to do every job. if many of the jobs are prohibited for us, we
- can never attain our goal. we can never attain our freedom all across
- the globe. I should explain that the issue of free vs proprietary
- software arises for published software. it doesn't arise for typically
- custom software there you know if you write the program for one company
- and they use it in-house. well, they do have, presumably, they do have
- full freedom. They are not obligated to ever release it. but they have
- the freedom to do so. so its fine. The ethical issue I've been talking
- about arises when software is published. when its avlbl for users to get
- copy. and btw, one consequence of this is that most of the jobs in the
- software industry are not really going to be affected by free software.
- its true that some jobs that involve developing proprietary published
- software may go away. there would be a certain number of free software
- jobs replacing them and we don't know how many there's going to be in
- the future. but then there are going to be all the custom software jobs
- and they may remain or a large fraction of them are likely to remain
- unchanged. and this is, btw, an answer to the question of how a
- programmer is going to make a living when all published software is
- free. well one way is if worse came to worse, they could have jobs
- writing custom software and they could write the free software in their
- spare time for fun. but in fact there are jobs writing free software and
- companies support these jobs in various ways. we don't really know
- whether a free software will have more jobs or fewer jobs developing
- published software than today's world. there's no way to tell except to
- try it. but I believe, because there's an ethical issue here, software
- must be free in order to treat the users decently. that we are better
- off having free software even if its less software. a non-free program
- is not a contribution to society. its a pit for users to fall into with
- bay at the bottom. because it looks attractive. if you are thinking
- short term, if you don't value your freedom, you might be attracted to
- that bay and then you might get into the trap. and then you might
- starting other people to get into the trap. and when you are in the trap
- you're divided from every body else. you know its not a trap where you
- are all in there together and you can work to get out. its a trap where
- you are divided. and you are kept helpless. thats what makes it a trap.
- so we have to recognise just the fact that you can make money, there's
- nothing wrong with making money in enough itself. but just making money
- doesn't justify mistreating other people. developing non-free software
- is mistreating other people. so don't make a living that way. find
- someother way to make a living. A way that involves ethical behaviour.
- so, somtimes people have criticised me for my 'holier than thou'
- attitude. well they are right. I'm supposed to be holy. oh, oh, I'm
- attached to this. its my job because I'm a saint (wears the black robe
- and the halo hat). I'm not going to be able to keep this on for a very
- long time in this hot weather.
- I bless your computer my child [Laughter]
- I'm saint iGNUtius of the church of Emacs.
- Emacs started out as a text editor but it became a way of life for
- many computer users and then a religion.
- infact there was an alt.religion.emacs newsgroup back around 1990. I
- don't know what it was used for because I never read net news.
- but so,emacs became a religion. we even have a great sism[?] between
- two different versions of emacs.
- and now we have saints. fortunately no gods yet.[Laughter]
- To join the church of emacs you must repeat the confession of the
- faith three times. you must say, "There's no system other than the
- GNU. and Linux is one of its kernels." [Laughter]
- The church of Emacs has some advantages compared with some other
- churches because to be a saint in the church of Emacs does not
- require celibacy [Laughter]
- however it does require making a moral commitment to live a life of
- purity and then living by it.
- You must Exorcise the evil proprietary operating systems from all the
- computers you control. and then install a wholly free operating
- system instead. because wholly can be spelled in more than one ways.
- and then only install free software on top of that.
- if you make this commitments and live by it, then you too would be a
- saint and you too may eventually have a halo, if you can find one
- because we don't make them anymore [Laughter]
- Now sometimes people ask me "In the Church of Emacs, is it
- a sin to use vi?"
- The answer is that "Using a free version of vi is not a sin its a
- penance."
- and people sometimes ask me if my halo is really an old computer
- disk. [Laughter]
- this is no computer disk. this is my halo. But it
- was a computer disk in a previous life. [Laughter]
- so, 'happy hacking' every one, and now I'll answer, oh btw, I have some
- stickers here to give out. so let me put the stickers somewhere over at
- this side and then you can take some as you're going or whenever and
- take as many as you can make good use of. who wants to take these and
- hand out giving them out. ok you can do it [srini comes up]
- basically go stand somewhere in the back and as people are leaving, if
- you have to leave now, you can get some stickers. There are a few
- different kinds. The best use of them is to put them in a place where
- they will stay permanently, so people will keep on seeing them and keep
- on doing some good. so lets see if this will reach here. so how are we
- going to do this? is there are spare microphone for the audience?
- What we should do is everybody should come down and stand here. get in a
- line to ask questions. in that way whenever we're done with one question
- the next person would be right there ready to ask. so please if you want
- to ask a question form a line over here in the middle. and then we'll
- have the microphone right there for you.
- Or you can leave. you're free. and please speak as loud and as clear as
- you can. looks like we're having technical difficulties. [Laughter] .
- lets see if he can fix them.
- [rms yawns] MIC-TESTER: Hello... testing... testing...
- questioner: RMS, I'm just curious to know what is powering your laptop?
- RMS: I'm sorry I couldn't understand what you said. please try to speak
- as clearly and slowly as you can. try to make every sound be heard.
- questioner: I was just curious to know right now what is powering your
- laptop.
- RMS: What is running on my laptop?
- questioner: exactly.
- RMS: I'm running Debian GNU/Linux
- questioner: Thats great!
- audience: Applause. whistles.
- questioner: I sometimes wonder whether these strong division between GNU
- on one hand as a philosophy, moral standing and Linux on the other hand
- really lets say puts the whole community thinking forward or whether it
- hinders it on the other hand. See I give you a question: We had right,
- in Germany,[...][inaudible]
- RMS: I'm having trouble understanding, could you speak a bit slower and
- try to make sounds clear?
- questioner: Okay. I wonder whether the attempt to show the strong
- differences from your view point between GNU on one hand and the
- [inaudible] Linux and the Open Source movement on the other hand whether
- this way of seperation helps the community at all in the moral standing
- you are trying to promote? We had in germany for example, the last week
- the problem that our govt had to go for new operation system for its
- complete setup and it was something MicroSoft versus the open source
- linux community. the...the... moral undertuned[?] [inaudible] between
- the whole thing ... uh... sounded almost the way like you tried to
- explain... GNU here. so is it really fair to try to seperate these so
- strongly or wouldn't it be better to try to work on the similarities
- between both ideas.
- RMS: oh. I'll tell you why its vital to express the differences. the
- reason is that we who talk about freedom as a goal are a minority. and
- we're easily forgotten we could be completely ignored if we don't work
- to spread these ideas. and you can see that happenning constantly. there
- are constantly articles being published in the press about the use of
- this version of the GNU system. which treated just as a commercial
- alternative and never mention freedom at all. there are many people
- talking about it that way. and those people generally use the term
- opensource thats the term they chose for their , for what they choose to
- say. well, we who want to work towards the goal of freedom, we have to
- make our ideas heard. if we use the term open source. if we call the
- system linux, we're going to be confused with every body else. I've seen
- this happen many many times.
- questioner: You mentioned Freedom 0. Which is the right to use...
- RMS: Right to run it.
- questioner: <shakes head> run for whatever you wish to. now we have
- something called the SCCA. I could be wrong with the number of 'C's in
- there. Which makes it mandatory for any program to build copy
- protection...
- RMS: [interrupts] basically the SSSCA is a proposed law in the US which
- has a substantial amount of opposition and which we think will not pass.
- but we're working on opposing it. Some big companies are also trying to
- oppose it. we'll see what happens. But indeed that law would be an... a
- vicious offense and it would prohibit free operating systems. yeah,
- basically there's no limit to how bad a law can be.
- questioner: ok, I have this [inaudible] [...] freedom zero.
- RMS: I'm having trouble hearing you at all because the sounds are not
- clear. try to ennunciate the sounds clearly.
- questioner: Again in conjunction with Freedom 0, there is for example,
- we know about... the ASP hole in the GPL as of now.
- RMS: We don't have a what?
- questioner: The ASP.
- RMS: you are talking about the ASP issue. let me explain what that is...
- The issue is the GPL says that you can release the modified version to
- the public but you are not required to. you can make a version and use
- it privately yourself. and thats important. thats an important freedom.
- but there are come programs which are designed [coughs] to provide
- network services to the public. and there, [coughs] the original
- developer can feel very bad if somebody else gets a copy modifies and
- improves and sets up a network service himself. and then you see he's
- never releasing his improved version. so the result is that his
- improvements never become available to the initial developer. so we are
- about to try out a clause that can help with this problem. which says
- that if you are using the program to provide network services to the
- public, then you must have a command in the server which allows the user
- to download the source code from your server, because you see, we
- believe that you have the right to make modifications for your private
- use, but setting up a public network server is not really private use.
- its a different kind of a publication. you can think of it as being
- analogous to public performance of a piece of music. and so, it seems
- legitimate in that case to say, if you are inviting the public to come
- and use your server you must also let the same public get your modified
- source code. Now this would be an option. This wouldn't apply to any
- existing software. because in order to make it apply you have to release
- your initial version so that it has this download command.
- questioner: my...
- RMS: [interrupts] so this were thinking of putting this version into GPL
- version 3, and when we do it not change anything for any existing
- software. But it would mean people can develop programs that activate
- this clause and then it would apply, but only in that narrow situation.
- questioner: my question was actually analogous to the ASP situation.
- Actually what can you do... what can the... uhh... FSF do if somebody
- takes a version of the GNU/Linux kernel and puts it in an embedded
- system and adds various copy protection routines to that system and
- distributed as... you know... effectively as ICs or even as devices
- which people can buy like the playstation or [inaudible]
- RMS: well, they are allowed to do that. and if you can't, you know the
- hardware doesn't give you a way to install software well we don't insist
- it has to give you a way to install a software. on the other hand they
- will be required to publish a modified version of their source code. so
- people could use it in making someother kind of device. I think its time
- now to give the next person a chance to ask questions.
- questioner: umm...It is public information...
- RMS: [interrupts] I'm sorry I cannot understand you. please try to make
- every sounds clear. I'm hard of hearing and there's a lot of noise
- here...
- questioner: ok. I'm sorry...
- RMS: [interrupts] and [...][inaudible] accent is very strange to me.
- with all those three things together it is almost impossible for me to
- understand anyword you say.
- questioner: It is public information that you favour the Debian
- Project.
- RMS: I'm sorry I can't understand. Can you enunciate each sound clearly.
- questioner: It is public information that you favour the Debian project
- and you also run the Debian GNU/Linux operating system on your laptop
- and so it is... it... the Debian project has been happening for a very
- long time now. why is it that you filed for a develop... developer so
- late in november last year as opposed to earlier say...
- RMS: [interrupts] I'm having trouble. I heard the first half, but when
- you started saying the actual question 'why is' I couldn't hear it.
- could any one.. can you repeat to me what he asked [pointing to
- Dr.P.Sriram]
- DPS: [inaudible].. his question is basically why did wait so long to
- become a debian developer.
- RMS: It didn't occur to me that it was a good thing to do [Laughter]
- unfortunately it looks like my application has been put on hold because
- I have not had the time to package a program and two overwhelmed with
- works so I can't do it. Its unfortunate, I hope I'll be able to get to
- it sometime soon.
- questioner: What do you think has been the impact of the Free software
- movement in India as such. What do you think needs to be addressed?
- RMS: Did you say, what is the impact of free software movement in India?
- questioner: yeah
- RMS: well, some Indian govts are now starting to actively sponsor free
- software use and development. In... for instance govt departments in
- Kiosks, in schools. Its just beginning. But we have hoped that this will
- spread a lot more. and it has the potentiality to help with the
- elimination of the digital divide. because its hard to put very many
- computers into the hands of villager's schools when you have to pay
- Microsoft and Adobe and all those companies for licenses. you know you
- could spend that same money on computers it would be much better and you
- could get a cheaper computer because GNU/Linux is more efficient that
- would be better too. and not only that, when you have free operating
- systems in the schools in these villages that provides a great
- opportunity for anyone who wants to learn to do system administration
- or.. or programming because they can actually read the existing programs
- and then they work on them. they can learn by doing. learn by tinkering.
- questioner: therewasthisarticleyesterdayonslashdot...
- RMS: Slow down please...
- questioner: There was this article yesterday on slashdot where you were
- quoted as saying that the HURD is of age. in the sense that the HURD is
- going to be independant and the hurd kernel....
- RMS: [interrupts] not that its going to be available, its likely to be
- available. that it... it... its a... its a.. an estimate, not a promise.
- I see so many people getting that wrong. the article said it right but
- various people repeated to me leaving out that crucial point. I don't
- know. But what I'm saying is ... its close.. its so close now already.
- but there's not much further to go, the GNU/Hurd system which is the GNU
- system using the GNU Hurd as its kernel, its basically working now...
- and Anand Babu one of the main Hurd Developers, he is in Bangalore, his
- name is Anand Babu, he showed me his laptop with GNU/Hurd running on it.
- There were a couple of missing features that I think are pretty
- important but they... they... they wont be too hard. they should get
- done this year I expect.
- questioner: assumingthatthehurdsystemisready...
- RMS: S L O W E R ! P L E A S E...
- questioner: Assuming that thehurdsystemisreadysoon...
- RMS: I'm sorry could you repeat what he said? [pointing to Dr.P.Sriram]
- questioner explains to DPS and the first few words are heard...
- "Assuming that the hurd system is ready soon [inaudible]"
- DPS: Assuming the Hurd system is ready soon do you see it competing with
- the Linux?
- RMS: Well, the Hurd is not a _system_. the hurd is a _kernel_. The Hurd
- and Mach together are a kernel. and linux is also a kernel and yes, they
- _are_ alternatives. so it will in some ways compete. Both of these
- kernels are used in the GNU system
- questioner: ah, good evening Mr.Stallman. My question to you is, How do
- I build a successful software model, business model based on free
- software because it has become increasingly difficult to convince the PC
- community about... because the first quote [...][inaudible] is do you
- have a software which is proprietary, which is close so that it can
- cause entry barriers for other people. so what would be your advise to
- people like us who can convince the PC community.
- RMS: can you repeat it for me? [pointing to Dr.P.Sriram]
- DPS: What would be your advise to developers who are looking for
- funding... who are looking for the... the... funding people... the..
- the... venture capitalists.
- RMS: oh, give up on venture capitalists... thats the wrong approach...
- [Laughter]
- RMS: But you don't want to start a company funded by a venture
- capitalist anyway, because in a year or two they would take it away from
- you and kick you out. I mean its really a stupid way to do anything. the
- only reason anybody would do that, is money is the most important thing
- to that person and he's desperate to get rich. which is stupid.
- questioner: thanks
- RMS: Now there are people who have found ways to make a living doing
- free software for instance there are companies that configure and setup
- machines for clients using free software and then writing additional
- stuff to do what the client wants. and thats the way people can make a
- living. and they support people developing free software so thats.. you
- know, thats something to consider. it doesn't lead to getting rich. but
- ofcourse most companies that people start are not successful anyway,
- they may think I'm going to get this venture capital and I'm going to
- make a big splash and I'd get very rich. and chances are it just goes
- broke in a few years. you know, over 90% of the time it fails within a
- few years, the cases that are successful are very few. so really, if you
- think of that as a way to succeed you are deluding yourself anyway.
- questioner: The
- GNU/[inaudible]...[inaudible]...[inaudible]...[inaudible]...
- RMS: Okay could you please repeat the question? I didn't hear anything.
- same questioner: The [inaudible]...[inaudible]...[inaudible]
- RMS: No. Please, you repeat the quetion because you heard it. I know I
- can hear you.
- DPS: The GNU Hurd and GNU linux. They share a lot of things. Why don't
- they work together? including ideas. they share a lot of ideas. why
- don't you work together closely?
- RMS: Now this time I couldn't really hear _you_. Its really hard...
- MIC-MAN: check...check...
- DPS: I'll try...one more try. The GNU Hurd system and the GNU Linux
- system share many things. including ideals. why aren't they working
- closer together.
- RMS: well, they are basically working pretty closer together. most of
- them is the same. its just the kernel thats different. well the... well
- the C library has to be fairly different as well.
- questioner: [inaudible]... the kernel groups to join together.
- RMS: You know the... the user space programs are basically the same.
- The same source typically run with both kernels.
- questioner: [inaudible].. the kernels... the kernel groups to join
- together.
- RMS: I can't hear you at all. I'm sorry.
- questioner: The KERNEL GROUPS to join together.
- RMS: oh that wouldn't work at all. and the reason is that the two
- kernels are totally different. they have so little in common its just
- not useful for these kernel groups to join together. The design is
- totally different. you know, ones a monolithic kernel and the other is a
- micro kernel design. which linus torvalds doesn't like. also...
- [Laughter] so you can be sure he's not going to wanna work on the Hurd.
- questioner: You were talking about patents for software ideas. which you
- wanted to prevent. are such patents currently in force in the US?
- RMS: Yes. Software patents are... exists. they're more than a hundred
- thousand in the US. there may be several hundred thousand by now. and
- its a big problem.there are a number of free programs that we don't
- have. more atleast in the US you can't find them. because they've been
- driven underground.
- questioner: What do you exactly mean by patents for software ideas?
- ideas in the sense algorithms? data structures? and such things..
- RMS: [inaudible] yes. an algorithm could be patented, or something more
- general than an algorithm could be patented. or a feature could be
- patented. or an idea for data format can be patented. or an idea for a
- protocol can be patented. uh... for instance the LZW data compression
- algorithm used in GIF format is patented. so you can't write a program
- to generate compressed GIFs in the US without getting a permission from
- the patent holder. Thats just one example but there are many examples.
- there's too many for me to keep track of.
- questioner: When there are too many things to keep track of, naturally
- there's a possibility that somebody develops something on his own which
- by mistake, maybe similar to a patented thing, so how do I resolve such
- issues?
- RMS: how would what? how... I didn't hear the very end. I heard most of
- it. the last sentence I didn't hear.
- questioner: How do you resolve? like accidentally... because the
- ideas...
- RMS: [interrupts] ok. ok. now I heard you. What happens is the patent
- holder will threaten you and either say, you just have to stop or he'll
- say I'll let you continue if you pay me a lot of money. and at that
- point you can either 'give in' you can either...[interrupts] when he
- just says stop, you have two choices. you either stop or you either go
- to court. if he says in order to do this you have to pay me a lot of
- money, you have three choices. you can stop. you can pay him they money
- or you can go to court. now if you are doing this in a company then
- maybe you can afford to pay. but if you are doing this as a volunteer,
- you'll probably don't have the money to pay. and usually they demand a
- price per copy. well, with free software its impossible to collect a
- price per copy bcos we can't count the copies. Its literally impossible,
- even if it were one thousand of a rupee per copy, we couldn't pay it
- because we can't count the no. of copies.
- questioner: I have two questions. the first one ...
- RMS: [interrupts] Please speak loud and clear!
- questioner: I have two questions with me. the first one is whenever I go
- in for a new system why is it that it always carries the tag "Microsoft
- Operating system Preloaded".
- RMS: Could you repeat... I couldn't understand that. so could you repeat
- it?
- DPS: Its really a hardware question.. When you buy a new PC, why does it
- say Microsoft Software Loaded.
- RMS: Well, I mean... I don't know. I mean... you know much about this as
- I do. I think the reason is that Microsoft effectively has a near
- monopoly and because of that the PC companies think that all the users
- are going to want Microsoft. I think its unfortunate, but I can't tell
- them what to do. Your second question?
- questioner: Take for example IBM, ok? he says that some of his models
- are lienux compatible. but why is it that he does not favour a system
- which is shipped with Lienux?
- RMS: oh, they are equipped with GNU/Linux. But IBM calls it Linux which
- is not right but I didn't hear the other word so maybe you could repeat
- the question to me so I can answer that.
- DPS: you know... IBM has both... Microsoft loaded and GNU Linux
- compatible. Why aren't they loading their machines as loaded with GNU
- Linux.
- RMS: Why aren't they whatting their machines?
- DPS: Labelling. putting a tag.
- RMS: Labelling them. I don't know you have to ask them. But... you
- know... I know that they wouldn't label them as GNU/Linux because they
- don't call it that. They might label them as Linux if you ask them to
- but they might have some reason why they don't. Who cares. I don't know.
- you have to ask them.
- questioner: Many people argue that ... the... the philosophy of the free
- software can be arbitrarily applied to any other areas as well. like
- production of music... writing books... or even digital logic circuit
- design... so...
- RMS: Oh I couldn't hear that...
- questioner: Chip design. chip design for example.
- RMS: chip... oh Chip design. oh well, yes and no. Basically you could
- try to apply it to any kind of information but its not equally important
- for all kinds of information basically the area for which its important
- is functional information. Information typic...basically that ordinary
- people could use to get something done. so that includes programs and
- recipes for cooking and dictionaries and encyclopedias and manuals and
- text books... Chip designs because they can only be used by Chip
- fabrication plants, I think they are a less important issue. but yeah
- they could be free... and there are people starting to work to some
- extent on free chip designs and on free hardware designs. I don't think
- that free hardware designs are vital. However its nice. so we do say its
- a good thing when people work on free hardware designs. because its a
- lot of work to build hardware from a design. You can't just type 'build'
- and has something build the hardware for you. well it doesn't raise the
- same important ethical issue that the issue of free software raises. its
- just nice if the hardware design is free.
- questioner: and does that have anything to do with the fact that its a
- lot of money to develop hardware.
- RMS: I didn't hear any of that could you repeat it for me?
- questioner: Is it also because one has to spend a lot of money to
- develop hardware? to develop chips?
- RMS: Not really. In that... that would not be a primary issue if that
- were the only one I don't think it would convince me. but the fact that
- you need a lot of money to _build_ the hardware that its not the kind of
- things individuals typically can build. and if you do its a lot of work
- anyway. because of that I think its a less important issue ethically.
- questioner: thank you very much.
- questioner: I have a question in the subject of kernels. The Linux
- kernel is a monolithic kernel. on the other hand the Hurd for example is
- a Micro Kernel. Now linux grew out of the Minix project. In 1991 when
- Torvalds posted to comp.Operating System.minix newgroup about linux, he
- was very severely criticised by Andrew Tanenbaum because he believed
- that Monolithic kernels... they are technically inferior...
- RMS: I... I have a trou... I think I know what you are talking about but
- I can't hear you most of the words. If you could make it brief and then
- he could repeat it then I could try to answer you.
- questioner: I'll make it brief. A monolithic style was considered
- technically inferior, but it has proved to be a more practical style for
- kernels. Why is this so?
- RMS: Could you repeat it now?
- DPS: umm... Monolithic vs. Microkernels... the success points to you
- know that Monolithic kernel can work.
- RMS: And therefore... whats the question?
- questioner: A monolithic kernel style was considered to be technically
- far less inferior as early as 1991 but yet even 10 years later the most
- practical kernel that we have today is a monolithic kernel. Why is it
- that even inspite of being technically inferior it has proved to be
- practically more feasible alternative.
- RMS: k, I didn't hear it so you could ...[inaudible]
- DPS: The monolithic kernel would be considered technically inferior. Yet
- it is so popular why?
- RMS: Well, I don't have any ...[inaudible] which one is superior. What I
- see is that the micro kernel design with multiple servers offers some
- advantages and power and flexibility. There are many things you can do
- with it that are hard to do with a monolithic kernel. on the other hand,
- Linux has had an advantage in speed and reliability. Now we have partly
- closed the gap in reliability, not totally. As for speed its less
- important now because the computers are so damn fast. so which one is
- really going to be technically better? I don't know. But I'm glad that
- people are working on the hurd and make it as good as they can.
- questioner: I have one more question. You have said that people calling
- the GNU/Linux system as a Linux System and forgetting about the GNU
- philosophy is a very bad thing. but my question is how serious is this
- problem: For example there was a student in my class who believed that
- the linux kernel itself was actually written by the Free software
- foundation and he thought that all linux softwares are actually GNU
- softwares. so my belief is that people are not at all ignorant of the
- role of the GNU and of the philosophy of the GNU. So how serious is
- this...
- RMS: [interrputs]... very serious. and most of the users have heard of
- the philosophy of the GNU and most of them have barely heard the name of
- GNU. If they've learned about GNU the fraction who've learned about GNU
- at all they think... most of them think, that GNU was a project to
- develop some software tools. and that there was no particular overall
- reason why we were doing that. We just felt like doing that. because you
- see, if you think at it that way, the whole logic is gone! there was a
- reason why we developed a free Operating System. Its because the
- Operating System is the first thing you need to run a computer. and
- with an Operating System you could run your computer. so that has to
- be... so everything we did was all arranged witha logic of making it
- possible to have freedom in community. but the picture... those
- fraction who hear about GNU at all... the picture they get is wrong. and
- it leaves out the most important logic of it which relates to the
- ethical philosophy a year ago I gave a speech in the Netherlands and
- someone came up to me afterward and said, I've been using this system
- for 5 years and this is the first time anyone told me that the purpose
- of it is for freedom. so if... he wasn't just a new comer. He is a
- person who works in a free software company. and yet, he never heard of
- this. so I believe you that you heard a person who got the opposite
- misunderstanding. all sorts of misunderstandings are possible. but I can
- assure you that the most common misunderstanding is the idea that Linus
- Torvalds started everything in 1991 and that the purpose of it all is
- just to be powerful and reliable and that its fine if you use non-free
- software with it to make it more popular. and that this is more common
- than a correct understanding. the misunderstanding is more widespread
- than the truth.
- questioner: thank you
- questioner: yeah...ahh... There was a mention in the Linux Gazette of
- this month saying that the G N U... GNU will be stopping the manuals...
- the publishing of manuals in the distributions... it basically said
- something like...
- RMS: we'll be doing what?...
- [tape exhausts]
- This Documentation is released under the GNU Free Documentation license.
- Please take a look at http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl-1.2-draft.txt for
- more information on the Free Documentation License.
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