SECTIONAL
1 Closed membership
2 Promotes causes
3 Benefit members only
4 Moral concerns - a group 'for'

CAUSAL
1 Benefits others or wider society
2 Defends interests
3 Material concerns - a group 'of'
4 Open membership

INSIDER
1 (Often) low profile
2 Access to policy makers
3 Strong leadership
4 Mainstream goals

OUTSIDER
1 Strong grass roots
2 No/limited access to policy makers
3 Radical goals
4 High profile


POLITICAL PARTY
1 Must develop policies across a whole range of government business in order to be a viable option for government
2 Seek to gain power - they are hoping to become the government or to achieve a share in government
3 Usually have a formal organisation, with political programmes, campaigning and candidates
4 Must accept the need to be accountable for their policies. They cannot consider a few issues in isolation, they must judge how all their policies might affect the country.

PRESSURE GROUP
1 Do not seek power - they seek to influence, not govern
2 Many have a formal organisation, but many do not
3 Do not have to be accountable, and so can campaign on their issues without concerning themselves with their impact on the rest of the government policy
4 Concerned with a relatively narrow range of issues, sometimes only one issue


1 GREENPEACE > Investigates, exposes and confronts environmental
2 STONEWALL > Prominent lobbying organisation promoting LGBTQ+ rights
3 LEAGUE AGAINST CRUEL SPORTS > Campaigns against sports such as bullfighting and fox hunting
4 38 DEGREES > Campaigns to defend rights, promote peace, preserve the planet and deepen democracy in the UK
5 COUNTRYSIDE ALLIANCE > Aims to give rural Britain a voice
6 TAXPAYERS' ALLIANCE > Campaigning for a low-tax society
7 PLANE STUPID > Group of environmental protestors against airport expansion
8 HUMANISTS UK > A charity campaigning for a fairer, non-religious state and representing non-religious people
9 LIBERTY > Campaigns to protect civil liberties and promote human rights
10 EXTINCTION REBELLION > A global environmental movement with the aim of using civil disobedience to compel governments to take action on the climate emergency


1D
2I
3A
4G
5F
6B
7K
8H
9C
10E
11J

_FACTORS AFFECTING SUCCESS_
1) Resources:
. Financial resources allow for them to pay for things to help them promote their cause e.g. adverts, websites and lobbyists
  - the British Bankers' Association paid lobbyists to persuade ministers to cut corporation tax and taxes on banks' overseas subsidiaries (2012)
  - the RSPCA has a large membership paying subscriptions. This lets it employ 1600 people and take out advertisements
. People may be hesitant to support a pressure group who already has a large following and are in a privileged position
2) Tactics & leadership:
. Effective management and coordination will allow a group to maximise its resources and target them effectively to help achieve its goals
  - the RMT Union organised a series of strikes to secure a bonus for members during the Olympics (2012)
  - the RSPCA collaborated with the League Against Cruel Sports & the International Fund for Animal Welfare, making sure these similar groups did not compete with each other (2004)
3) Public support:
. The aims need to be in line with popular public opinion
  - Coalition for Marriage (against legal recognition of Gay marriage) failed as there was little public support
. If you have a lot of members, you have a large section of the electorate and also have a number of people ready to take action in terms of signing petitions and organising protests
  - the RSPB utilised over 500,000 members for its Big Garden Birdwatch (2015)
. If the group take it too far, they will lose public support
4) Government attitudes:
. Having celebrity endorsements really helps influence the government
  - Marcus Rashford for free school meals (2020)
. They are able to resist pressure from pressure groups
  - the Stop the War Coalition, against the invasion of Iraq (2003) were ignored by Tony Blair as he had a large majority as well as cross-party support in parliament and so he invaded Iraq anyway (which turned out to be his downfall)
. If a goal contradicts a government policy then the government are likely not going to pass it
  - the Tory government (2015-) is determined to introduce new policies for a 7-day NHS, therefore the BMA campaign against the proposals has largely failed


ARE PRESSURE GROUPS GOOD FOR DEMOCRACY?
YES
1 Allows for marginalised groups to have more of a voice when it comes to politics
2 Helps educate groups in society about issues going on
3 They promote debate and discussion
4 They have increased the amount of political participation through demonstrations, protest, marches and even petitions

NO
1 Very elitist in the fact that the richer the members the more dominant and influential they are since they can just pay their way through
2 Some groups just don't have enough attention and so people don't join them
3 People may trust these organisations enough to support them