2018-12-18 TOEFL: word roots, reading organization

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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ego (egotistical, egomania) = self
endo (endotherm, endocrine) = inside/internal
epi (epiphyte, epidermis, epidemic) = on/upon
equi (equidistant, equation) = same (quantity)
erg (ergonomic, energy) = work
esth/aesth (anesthetic, kinesthesia) = feeling/perception (“aesthetic” by itself usually has to do with beauty)
eu (euphemism, euphoria) = good (opposite of “dys” as in “dysphoria”)
ex/ect (ex-husband, exit, excavate, ectotherm) = outside
extra (extraordinary, extrovert, extraterrestrial) = outside/beyond (The “tra” or “tro” part is the same as in “intro” and “retro”, and originally had a comparative meaning.)
fac/fact (artifact, factory) = make
fer (transfer, ferry) = carry
flect/flex (deflect, reflection, flexible) = bend
fore (foreground, forecast) = ahead/front (“front”, “fore”, “first” and “pre”, “pro”, “prim” all have the same original root)
fract/frag (fracture, fragment, fragile) = break
fug (refugee, fugitive) = flee/escape
funct (function, defunct) = perform
gen (generation, generate, genealogy) = make/create (The root can also have to do with families or kinds of things.)
geo (geography, geology, geometry) = Earth
graph (autograph, graphite, seismograph) = draw/write (or more generally “communicate”)
grat (gratify, gratuity, grateful) = thank/appreciate
helio (heliocentric, heliograph) = sun
hemo (hemophilia, hemorrhage, hemoglobin) = blood
hetero (heterogeneous, heteronym) = different
homo (homogeneous, homonym) = same (quality or type)
hydro (hydrate, hydraulic, hydrophobia) = water (or more generally “fluid”)
hyper (hyperextend, hyperactive, hypertension) = over
hypo (hypodermic, hypothermia, hypotension) = under
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Reading Question Types:
- vocabulary
- paraphrase
- purpose
- fact
- negative fact
- inference
- reference
- sentence insertion
- summarize
- organize/categorize
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Organize/Categorize questions - The less common final question type on TOEFL reading.
Cambridge exercise R24 - Read and take notes about the paragraph. What do you remember about Doric and Ionic columns?
Passage 1 - take 2 minutes
Underground: A D
Conventional: B E
Passage 2 - 2 minutes
Early: D E
Later: A C
Passage 3 - 3 minutes
Ringtaw: A D
Fortification: C E
Passage 4 - 3 minutes
Artificial: A D
Traditional: C E
Passage 5 - 6 minutes
Found: D E H
“Perhaps” Don’t: A B F I
Passage 6 - 6 minutes
First four: A D G I
Final: C F H
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Longman p. 126-127 - Skim the passage on sand dunes and answer the question.
passage 1
ridge: 2 6
star: 4
crescent: 1 7
passage 2
- 3 5
- 4 7
- 1
passage 3
active: 1 7 (1 - sort of; some flypaper traps are passive)
passive: 2 3 4
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Homework: finish the Longman handout and do the Cengage handout (passages 1-6)