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Cost Breakdown

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  1. Basic Cost Breakdown
  2.  
  3. NYC
  4. Second Ave Costs
  5. $17 billion for 8.07 miles of track
  6. $2.1 billion/mile
  7. 40 percent of 2.1 billion is $840 million.
  8.  
  9. JFK Airtrain
  10. $1.9 billion for about 8.1 miles of viaducts
  11. $234 million/mile in 2003
  12. Adjusted for inflation, is around $400 million/mile
  13. 40 percent of 400 million is $160 million.
  14.  
  15. Second Ave Subway
  16. Phase 2 Cost: $6.8 billion
  17. 125th St Extension: $8.1 billion
  18. Revised Phase 2 and 125th St Extension Costs: $5.96 billion
  19. Revised Phase 3 Cost: 2 sets of 2.8 miles tunnels (57th, not 63rd, to Houston) for $4.7 billion
  20. Revised Phase 4 Cost: $1.4 billion
  21. Total: $12.06 billion
  22. Round Down to $12 billion because we are not building 125th St - Broadway because of topography issues.
  23.  
  24. Utica Ave Subway
  25. 2.38 miles to Kings Hwy (subway): $2 billion
  26. 1.74 miles to Kings Plaza (el): $300 million
  27. Rogers Junction Fix: $300 million
  28. https://www.vanshnookenraggen.com/_index/2021/04/the-future-of-the-2nd-ave-subway-a-bronx-tail-track/
  29. Total: $2.6 billion
  30.  
  31. Triborough Express
  32. Conventional Rail (subway) IBX: $3.2 billion
  33. ~8 miles to Yankee Stadium: $6.72 billion
  34. Total: $9.92 billion
  35.  
  36. Queenslink
  37. TEMS Study: https://thequeenslink.org/the-report/
  38.  
  39. SE Queens Line
  40. 1.04 miles to 110th Ave (subway): $873.6 million
  41. 3 miles to 230th St (el): $480 million
  42. Total: $1.3536 billion
  43. Round to $1.36 billion
  44.  
  45. LGA Extension
  46. 1.5 miles of el (Ditmars to Con Ed Lots, Terminal B to Terminal C): $240 million
  47. 2 miles of Tunnel (Con Ed Lots to Terminal B): $1.68 billion
  48. Total: $1.92 billion
  49. Round to $2 billion
  50.  
  51. 7 Train Project
  52. https://www.vanshnookenraggen.com/_index/2022/05/flushing-regional-rail-extending-the-7-train/
  53. Bay Terrace Extension (2.8 miles): $448 million
  54. Total: $4.748 billion
  55. Round to $4.75 billion
  56.  
  57. Regional Rail Infill Stations
  58. https://www.vanshnookenraggen.com/_index/2021/04/the-future-of-the-2nd-ave-subway-a-bronx-tail-track/
  59. $88 million/station
  60. 40 percent of $88 million is around $35 million
  61.  
  62. Harlem Line
  63. 4 stations @ $35 million each is $140 million
  64.  
  65. Port Washington Branch
  66. 2 stations @ $35 million each is $70 million
  67.  
  68. Atlantic Branch
  69. MTA's Bergen St Lower Level Study: https://new.mta.info/sites/default/files/2019-09/F%20express%20study%202019-07-26.pdf
  70. 40 percent of $75 million is $30 million
  71. Reopening Woodhaven Junction: $30 million
  72. Cedar Manor Infill Station: $35 million
  73. Total: $65 million
  74.  
  75. 6 Train to Co-Op City
  76. 2 miles to Co-Op City North (el): $320 million
  77.  
  78. D Train to Co-Op City
  79. 2.01 miles to Adee Ave/Gun Hill Rd (subway): $1.6884 billion
  80. 1 mile to Bay Plaza (el): $160 million
  81. Total: $1.8484 billion
  82. Round to $1.85 billion
  83.  
  84. Fordham Rd Subway
  85. 5 miles to Stillwell Ave/Pelham Pkwy (subway): $4.2 billion
  86. 1.2 miles to Bay Plaza (el): $192 million
  87. Total: $4.392 billion
  88. Round to $4.4 billion
  89.  
  90. Franklin Ave Shuttle Extension
  91. 1.16 miles from Sterling Pl to Bedford-Nostrand (subway): $974.4 million
  92. Round to $1 billion
  93.  
  94. Bronx Super Express
  95. 3.47 miles from 57th St/2nd Ave to 125th St/3rd Ave (subway): $2.9148 billion
  96. Round to $2.92 billion
  97.  
  98. Throgs Neck Line
  99. 4 miles from 125th St to Metcalf Ave/Lafayette Ave (subway): $3.36 billion
  100. 3.56 miles from Metcalf Ave/Lafayette Ave to Harding Ave (el): $569.6 million
  101. Total: $3.9396 billion
  102. Round to $3.93 billion
  103.  
  104. Alphabet City to Brooklyn and Staten Island Link
  105. Alphabet City Portion is around 1 mile: $840 million
  106. Staten Island Line is around 8.2 miles: $6.846 billion
  107. Total: $7.686 billion
  108. Round up to $7.7 billion
  109.  
  110. R Train to IND Fulton
  111. 1.4 miles to Court St: $1.176 billion
  112. Round up to $1.18 billion
  113.  
  114. 57th St Tunnel
  115. 1.36 miles to 43rd Ave/24th St: $1.1424 billion
  116. Round up to $1.15 billion
  117.  
  118. Northern Blvd Subway
  119. 6 miles to Sanford Ave/Main St: $5.04 billion
  120.  
  121. Union Tpke Line
  122. 4.6 miles via the LIRR Main Line to Union Tpke: $736 million
  123. 7.68 miles to Northwell Hospital: $6.4512 billion
  124. Total: $7.1872 billion
  125. Round Up to $7.2 billion
  126.  
  127. Hillside Ave Extension
  128. 2.1 miles from 184th St to Springfield Blvd (subway): $1.764 billion
  129. 2.1 miles to Floral Park (el): $336 million
  130. Total: $2.1 billion
  131.  
  132. Nostrand Ave Extension
  133. 1.05 miles to Ave N: $882 million
  134. 2.6 miles to Manhattan Beach: $416 million
  135. Total: $1.298 billion
  136. Round to $1.3 billion
  137.  
  138. Linden Plaza Station
  139. https://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper%2024/New%20York%20NY%20Amsterdam%20News/New%20York%20NY%20Amsterdam%20News%201968/New%20York%20NY%20Amsterdam%20News%201968%2000468_2.pdf
  140. Cost of Harlem-148th St: $8.021 1968 dollars
  141. Adjusted for inflation: $72.4 million 2024 dollars
  142. https://www.reddit.com/r/nyc/comments/ez4dp0/subway_construction_cost_per_mile_over_the_years/
  143. In 1968, construction costs were around $500 million/mile, which was 40 percent cheaper than our scenario.
  144. Adjust for that, and we get $120 million.
  145.  
  146. Gateway Mall Extension
  147. https://future.mta.info/documents/20-YearNeedsAssessment_FullAppendix.pdf
  148. Page 227
  149. 40 percent of $2.5 billion is $1 billion
  150.  
  151. BMT Jamaica Rebuild
  152. Chicago's Reed Purple Modernization Program: https://www.transitchicago.com/rpm/
  153. 40 percent of $2.1 billion is $840 million
  154.  
  155. L Train Upgrades
  156. https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/05/nyregion/05substation.html
  157. 3 substations would be $438 million
  158. 0.2 mile Tail Tracks would be around $162 million
  159. Total: $600 million
  160.  
  161. Elevators
  162. https://slate.com/business/2019/09/mta-elevators-are-the-perfect-example-of-new-yorks-cost-problems.html
  163. $5.1 billion for 63 elevators is around $81 million per elevator
  164. 40 percent of 81 million is 32.4 million.
  165. There are 327 stations that are not ADA accessible, which means we need to spend $10.594 billion.
  166. Round to $11 billion.
  167.  
  168. CBTC
  169. https://pcac.org/the-complicated-progression-of-cbtc/
  170. RPA's estimate: $20 billion in 2014 dollars
  171. 2024 dollars: $26 billion
  172. We also increased the system by around 45 percent, putting the new cost at around $38 billion
  173. 40 percent of $38 billion is $15.2 billion
  174.  
  175. Trains
  176. R211 Cost: $2.5 million
  177. 5800 Train Cars: $14.5 billion
  178.  
  179. New Yards
  180. https://future.mta.info/documents/20-YearNeedsAssessment_FullAppendix.pdf
  181. Page 219
  182. 40 percent of $390 million is $156 million
  183.  
  184. DC
  185. https://ggwash.org/view/90394/the-blue-line-loop-is-flawed-heres-how-to-improve-it
  186. $2.5 billion for a subway
  187. 40 percent of 2.5 billion is 1 billion
  188.  
  189. Silver Line Extension
  190. https://www.governing.com/community/a-3b-train-finally-arrives-in-suburban-washington
  191. $6.8 billion for around 22-23 miles of track
  192. That comes out to around $300 million/mile for elevated
  193.  
  194.  
  195. WMATA Capital Budget
  196. https://wmata.com/about/news/Metro-Board-approves-budget-that-maintains-service-thanks-to-additional-investments-from-DC-Maryland-and-Virginia.cfm
  197. $2.3 billion per year
  198. 5 years is around $11.5 billion
  199.  
  200. Wilson Blvd Express
  201. 7.8 miles from West Falls Church to Rossyln: $7.8 billion
  202.  
  203. M Street Subway
  204. 4.2 miles from Rosslyn to Union Station: $4.2 billion
  205.  
  206. Oxon Hill Subway
  207. 7.66 miles to Oxon Hill: $7.66 billion
  208.  
  209. Yellow Line Extension
  210. 4.51 miles to Silver Spring: $4.51 billion
  211.  
  212. Yellow Line Takeover
  213. 0.1 miles: $100 million
  214.  
  215. National Harbor Extension
  216. 4.4 miles (el): $528 million
  217. Round to $530 million
  218.  
  219. Silver Line to National Harbor
  220. ~1 mile: $1 billion
  221.  
  222. South Loop Subway
  223. 19 miles: $19 billion
  224.  
  225. New Railcars
  226. $2 million/car: https://dcist.com/story/23/04/20/metros-8000-series-trains-will-have-new-seating-configurations-and-d-c-icons-new-renderings-show/#
  227.  
  228. $2.75 million/car: https://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/transportation/check-out-the-new-features-of-the-next-generation-of-metro-rail-cars/3353216/
  229.  
  230. Since they are new, let's put the cost at $2.5 million
  231.  
  232. Boston
  233. Orange Line Shutdown
  234. https://www.bostonherald.com/2022/08/23/orange-line-shutdown-30-days-two-derailments-and-189m-for-construction/
  235.  
  236. Madrid Line 7 Reconstruction
  237. https://www.metromadrid.es/en/metroworks?TSPD_101_R0=08c5d7641cab2000a636221646ed74f62bd87480b2855f033f5960c7f6dd93baab9e0b50c9c67afc083256430f143000c2bdc1dd5263351232145fe933ff69728b2958b623443bface0ceebe3e344b63b659c50e8f3818f726d4208c9c4f4bb8
  238.  
  239. Cost of Subway
  240. https://www.mbta.com/projects/red-blue-connector
  241. https://thesuffolkjournal.com/41190/uncategorized/mbta-proposes-red-blue-connector-project-permanent-shutdown-of-bowdoin-station/
  242. $850 million for 0.42 miles is around $2.04 billion.
  243. 40 percent of 2.04 billion is 816 million.
  244.  
  245. Cost of El
  246. https://www.vanshnookenraggen.com/_index/2023/02/ibx-the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly/
  247. GLX: $530 million/mile
  248. 40 percent of 530 million is 212 million.
  249.  
  250. Parallel Central Subway
  251. 3.82 miles: ~$3.12 billion
  252.  
  253. A Branch
  254. 4.75 miles: ~$3.9 billion
  255.  
  256. Washington St Subway
  257. 9.25 miles of Subway: $7.548 billion
  258. 2 miles of el: $424 million
  259. Total: $7.972 billion
  260. Round to $8 billion
  261.  
  262. NE Branches
  263. 7.88 miles of subway: $6.43008
  264. 1 miles of el: $212 million
  265. Total: $6.64208 billion
  266. Round to $6.65 billion
  267.  
  268. Red Line to Arlington
  269. 3.3 miles of subway: $2.692 billion
  270. Round to $2.7 billion
  271.  
  272. Red Line Watertown Branch
  273. 3.59 miles of subway: $2.92944 billion
  274. Round to $3 billion
  275.  
  276. Red Blue Connector
  277. https://thesuffolkjournal.com/41190/uncategorized/mbta-proposes-red-blue-connector-project-permanent-shutdown-of-bowdoin-station/
  278.  
  279. E Branch Extension
  280. 3 miles of subway: $2.448 billion
  281. 2.25 miles of el: $477 million
  282. Total: $2.925 billion
  283. Round to $3 billion
  284.  
  285. Orange Line Extensions
  286. Dedham Branch (subway): $3.48432 billion
  287. Hyde Park Branch (subway): $614.8 million
  288. Total: $4.09912 billion
  289. Round to $4.1 billion
  290.  
  291. Urban Ring
  292. 19.81 miles of subway: $16.16496 billion
  293. Round to $16.2 billion
  294.  
  295. Boston Railcars
  296. https://www.mbta.com/news/2022-09-02/mbta-board-directors-awards-contract-the-type-10-supercars-ensuring-standard-safety
  297. https://www.trains.com/trn/news-reviews/news-wire/mbta-to-pay-more-to-get-long-delayed-crrc-railcars/
  298.  
  299. Philadelphia
  300. Cost
  301. https://west-chester.com/DocumentCenter/View/7577/2018-Feasibility-Report-Final
  302. $645 million for 9.3 miles of route: ~$69.35 million (round to $70 million)
  303. 40 percent of 70 million is 28 million
  304.  
  305. West Chester Extension
  306. 9.3 miles: $260.4 million
  307. Round down to $260 million
  308.  
  309. Wyomissing Branch
  310. 43.7 miles: $1.2236 billion
  311. Round to $1.24 billion
  312.  
  313. Lansdale Extension
  314. 10.1 miles: $282.8 million
  315. Round to $290 million
  316.  
  317. Allentown Extension
  318. 37.5 miles: $1.05 billion
  319.  
  320. New Hope Extension
  321. 17.4 miles: $487.2 million
  322. Round to $490 million
  323.  
  324. Newtown Extension
  325. 14.9 miles: $417.2 million
  326. Round to $420 million
  327.  
  328. NJ Transit
  329. 4 mile Tunnel: $4.2 billion
  330. https://www.nycurbanism.com/east-side-access
  331. All Branch Reactivation: $6.41144 billion
  332. Round to $6.42 billion
  333.  
  334. Roosevelt Blvd Subway 2003 Study
  335. https://web.archive.org/web/20040604184318/http://www.libertynet.org/netis/
  336. https://whyy.org/articles/opinion-roosevelt-boulevard-subway-penndot-study/
  337. $5.49 billion for 12 miles is around $457.5 million/mile
  338.  
  339. MFL Extension
  340. 0.93 mile el: $148.8 million
  341. Round to $150 million
  342.  
  343. MFL Branch
  344. 2.25 miles of subway: $1.029375 billion
  345. Round to $1.03 billion
  346.  
  347. West Side Line
  348. 18.91 miles of subway: $8.651325 billion
  349. Round to $8.66 billion
  350.  
  351. Circle Line
  352. 16.98 miles of subway: $7.76835 billion
  353. Round to $7.7 billion
  354.  
  355. Railcars
  356. https://philadelphiatransitvehicles.info/mfl/
  357. https://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/local/officials-unveil-mass-transit-funds-including-millions-for-new-railcars-on-septas-market-frankford-line/3782205/
  358.  
  359. Baltimore Red Line
  360. https://governor.maryland.gov/news/press/pages/governor-moore-announces-light-rail-as-recommended-mode-for-baltimore’s-red-line.aspx
  361.  
  362. Pittsburgh Spine Line
  363. http://samsonthesisresearch.blogspot.com/2011/08/spine-line-analysis.html
  364.  
  365. Albany Central Ave LRT (similar project)
  366. https://www.reddit.com/r/Albany/comments/1cubow5/my_89_billion_plan_to_transform_albany/
  367.  
  368. New Haven LRT
  369. 1.5 miles of elevated viaducts: $240 million
  370.  
  371. Providence
  372. https://www.ripta.com/projects/highcapacitytransit/
  373.  
  374. Pictures
  375. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AirTrain_JFK#/media/File:Air_Train_JFK_Van_Wyck_jeh.jpg
  376. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Metro#/media/File:Farragut_West_DC_Metro_td_(2018-04-29)_052.jpg
  377. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Metro#/media/File:Spring_Hill_Metro_platform_2.jpg
  378. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Metro#/media/File:DCSubwayConstruction.jpg
  379. https://www.pexels.com/video/station-metro-washington-dc-virginia-17029167/
  380. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Metro#/media/File:Chinatown_Metro_Station,_Washington_DC.png
  381. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Metro#/media/File:Dulles_Airport_Station_Platform_1115.jpg
  382. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLean_station#/media/File:McLean_Metro_platform_1.jpg
  383. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Line_(Washington_Metro)#/media/File:WMATA_Alstom_6000_series_on_the_Yellow_Line_arriving_in_King_St_Old_Town_Station.jpg
  384. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Park–University_of_Maryland_station#/media/File:College_Park_Station_91121.jpg
  385. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Street_(Washington,_D.C.)#/media/File:Retail_and_new_apartment_buildings_along_14th_St._NW,_U_Street_Corridor,_Washington,_D.C.,_February_2019.jpg
  386. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Line_(Washington_Metro)#/media/File:Farragut_North_DC_Metro_td_(2018-04-27)_04.jpg
  387. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Metro_rolling_stock#/media/File:WMATA_Kawaski_7000_Series_on_the_Yellow_Line.jpg
  388. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Metro_rolling_stock#/media/File:WMATA_8000_mock-up_2024-03-24_6.jpg
  389. https://www.pexels.com/video/light-city-flight-landscape-18518407/
  390.  
  391. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBTA_subway#/media/File:First_car_into_Tremont_Street_Subway,_pictured_at_Allston_carhouse.png
  392. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBTA_subway#/media/File:Alewife_MBTA_Red_Line_Station,_April_2024.jpg
  393. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Line_(MBTA)#/media/File:Fenced-off_faregates_at_Back_Bay_station,_September_2022.jpg
  394. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Transportation_Authority#/media/File:Platforms_at_Park_Street_Station,_1898.jpg
  395. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Line_E_branch#/media/File:Outbound_train_at_Museum_of_Fine_Arts_station,_December_2019.JPG
  396. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Line_(MBTA)#/media/File:Wollaston_station_construction_from_Beale_Street,_August_2018.JPG
  397. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henares_(Madrid_Metro)#/media/File:Estacionhenares.jpg
  398. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital_del_Henares_(Madrid_Metro)#/media/File:Templete_de_estación_-_Hospital_del_Henares.jpg
  399. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Line_(MBTA)#/media/File:P1200030_Boston_Red_Line.jpg
  400. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Dig#/media/File:Greenway_Aerial_Shot.jpg
  401. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Dig#/media/File:BigDigSupportsCentralArtery.agr.jpg
  402. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Transportation_Authority#/media/File:Downtown_Crossing_Southbound_MBTA_Red_Line_Platform,_April_2024.jpg
  403. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medford/Tufts_station#/media/File:Medford_Tufts_MBTA_Station_Opening_Day.jpg
  404. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Line_Extension#/media/File:Inbound_test_train_on_Red_Bridge_ramp,_January_2022.jpeg
  405. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremont_Street_subway#/media/File:Pleasant_Street_Incline_junction.jpg
  406. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremont_Street_subway#/media/File:City_Hall_area_construction_(9502379483).jpg
  407. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Line_(MBTA)#/media/File:MBTA_Green_Line.svg
  408. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubian_station#/media/File:Dudley_Square_MBTA_station.jpg
  409. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea,_Massachusetts#/media/File:Tobin_bridge_crop.jpg
  410. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minuteman_Bikeway#/media/File:Minuteman_Bikeway_in_Bedford,_August_2007.jpg
  411. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Street_station_(MBTA)#/media/File:Park_Street_MBTA_Red_Line_Island_Platform,_April_2024.jpg
  412. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Line_Extension#/media/File:Aerial_view_of_Lechmere_station_construction,_May_2020.png
  413. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Line_(MBTA)#/media/File:Train_at_Orient_Heights,_November_2013.JPG
  414. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Massachusetts_Bay_Transportation_Authority_yards#/media/File:GLX_VMF_from_Red_Bridge,_March_2022.JPG
  415. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Massachusetts_Bay_Transportation_Authority_yards#/media/File:Red_Line_trains_in_Caddigan_Yard,_August_2018.JPG
  416. https://www.pexels.com/video/drone-view-of-a-city-boston-massachusetts-usa-12595931/
  417.  
  418. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media/Wawa_Line#/media/File:SEPTA_49th_Street_regional_rail_station_02.jpg
  419. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPTA_Regional_Rail#/media/File:SEPTA_GE_Silverliner_IV_308.jpg
  420. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPTA_Regional_Rail#/media/File:Silverliner_V_SEPTA-811-philadelphia-22-6-2012-fws.jpg
  421. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Washington_Branch#/media/File:Plandome_Station,_Plandome,_NY_November_23,_2023_M.jpg
  422. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media/Wawa_Line#/media/File:Elwyn_Station.JPG
  423. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_City_Line#/media/File:NJ_Transit_EMD_GP40PH-2B_4219.jpg
  424. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_Street_Line#/media/File:SEPTA_Broad_Street_Subway_car_at_Race-Vine.jpg
  425. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_Street_Line#/media/File:SEPTA_B-IV_689_at_City_Hall_station.jpeg
  426. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosevelt_Boulevard_Subway#/media/File:2022-10-27_12_58_39_View_south_along_U.S._Route_1_(Roosevelt_Boulevard)_from_the_pedestrian_overpass_at_Sanger_Street_in_Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania.jpg
  427. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norristown_Branch#/media/File:SEPTA_Silverliner_V_704_at_Norristown_Transportation_Center.jpeg
  428. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manayunk/Norristown_Line#/media/File:Miquon_Train_Station_Montco_Planning_Com.jpg
  429. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market–Frankford_Line#/media/File:SEPTA63rdStreetStationPlatform2007.jpg
  430. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market–Frankford_Line#/media/File:SEPTA_M-4_1179_at_11th_Street_station.jpeg
  431. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fern_Rock_Transportation_Center#/media/File:Fern_Rock_Rail_Station.JPG
  432. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegheny_station_(Broad_Street_Line)#/media/File:AlleghenyStation-BSL_2018a_(local).jpg
  433. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Chase_station#/media/File%3AFox_Chase_SEPTA_station.jpg
  434. https://www.pexels.com/video/beach-aerial-footage-taken-by-a-drone-854218/
  435.  
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