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Maps (Classics)

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  1. Introduction
  2.  
  3. Maps and mapmaking may be considered from at least three related perspectives: the nature and purpose of maps produced in classical Antiquity, the role of texts and objects to be associated with maps in shaping ancient worldviews, and the character of attempts pursued from the Renaissance onward to map the classical world in whole or in part. In the case of all three perspectives, there are formidable obstacles to surmount, some of them largely fixed, though others have been notably reduced by advances made in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. The near-complete loss of ancient materials and testimony remains a serious handicap; the few scraps of newly recovered evidence have served as much to frustrate as to tantalize. On the other hand, there has been stimulus from reevaluation (beginning in the 1980s) of what is to be considered a “map” and how worldviews are formed in premodern cultures. Meanwhile, in the 1990s digital technology made possible a transformation in present-day mapping of the classical world that still continues.
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  5. General Overviews
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  7. Wood 1997 offers a broad scope and is fundamental. A traditional approach, for the most part now superseded, is reflected in Dilke 1985 and (despite its editors’ intent) in Harley and Woodward 1987. Brodersen 2012, Prontera 2001, and Talbert 2008 encompass more recent ideas and findings; Knowles 2008 explores a highly productive new methodology.
  8.  
  9. Brodersen, Kai. 2012. Cartography. In Geography in classical Antiquity. By Daniela Dueck, 99–110. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
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  11. Surveys the various means (both descriptive and scientific) by which Greeks and Romans are known to have recorded their surroundings, and assesses their use of maps in the service of the state.
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  13. Dilke, Oswald A. W. 1985. Greek and Roman maps. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press.
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  15. A concise overview and a bold initiative that contributed to the revival of interest in its subject. The approach is flawed, however, by a failure to question the traditional assumption that maps were produced and used in Antiquity for much the same reasons as they are today.
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  17. Harley, J. Brian, and David Woodward, eds. 1987. The history of cartography. Vol. 1, Cartography in prehistoric, ancient, and medieval Europe and the Mediterranean. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.
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  19. This initiation of a quest to redefine and reinterpret the nature and impact of mapmaking worldwide remains the fullest synthesis for Greece and Rome. Even so, that part of the volume is weakened by the inability or reluctance of some contributors (including Oswald A. W. Dilke) to embrace the editors’ fresh thinking.
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  21. Knowles, Anne K., ed. 2008. Placing history: How maps, spatial data, and GIS are changing historical scholarship. Redlands, CA: ESRI.
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  23. Ten quite varied chapters range widely across time and space (including the Roman Empire) to demonstrate the value of applying historical geographic information systems (GIS).
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  25. Prontera, Francesco. 2001. Karte (Kartographie). In Reallexikon für Antike und Christentum. Edited by Georg Schöllgen, cols. 187–229. Stuttgart: Hiersemann.
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  27. Thoroughly documented overview in German spanning the earliest Greek initiatives to Late Antique maps inspired by Christianity.
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  29. Talbert, Richard J. A. 2008. Greek and Roman mapping: Twenty-first century perspectives. In Cartography in Antiquity and the Middle Ages: Fresh perspectives, new methods. Edited by Richard J. A. Talbert and Richard W. Unger, 9–27. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
  30. DOI: 10.1163/ej.9789004166639.i-300.8Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  31. Reviews the gains from application of the approach urged in Harley and Woodward 1987 and offers an overview of late 20th- and early 21st-century discoveries, editions, and translations relating to the Roman world in particular.
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  33. Wood, Denis. 1997. Maps and mapmaking. In Encyclopaedia of the history of science, technology, and medicine in non-Western cultures. Edited by Helaine Selin, 549–554. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic.
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  35. Outlines the remarkable diversity of mapmaking worldwide and rejects the traditional scholarly view of cartography as a single, highly selective “hero saga” that progresses inexorably from ancient Mesopotamia to modern Western science.
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  37. Large-Scope Reference Works
  38.  
  39. Talbert 2000 is the standard resource for physical and cultural maps at the regional level and beyond (for background see Talbert 2003, cited under Discussion of Classical Mapmaking, 16th to 20th Centuries), supplemented by Elliott 2006–. More localized mapping is addressed in More Focused Reference Works. The directory that forms a component of Talbert 2000 should not be overlooked among the wide range of reference texts. Erler, et al. 1997 forms part of a very comprehensive encyclopedia, which Cancik, et al. 2002– updates concisely. Friedman and Figg 2000, Kazhdan 1991, Keyser and Irby-Massie 2008, and Sonnabend 1999 are all reference works with a more defined scope.
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  41. Cancik, Hubert, Helmuth Schneider, Landfester, Manfred, and Salazar, Christine F., eds. 2002–. Brill’s new Pauly: Encyclopaedia of the ancient world. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
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  43. Coverage in this multivolume work (translated from German) is extensive, although entries vary considerably in depth and quality. See especially the volumes Antiquity and Classical Tradition and the supplement Historical Atlas of the Ancient World, edited by Anne-Maria Wittke, Eckart Olshausen, and Richard Szydlak. The maps in the atlas supplement, accompanied by explanatory text and bibliography, are likewise variable and disappointingly traditional in design. See Bryn Mawr Classical Review 7 (2009): 22.
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  45. Elliott, Tom, ed. 2006–. Pleiades.
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  47. Essential online resource for accessing and sharing current findings relevant to mapping classical Antiquity. Principal sponsor is the Institute for the Study of the Ancient World, New York University.
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  49. Erler, Tobias, Christa Frateantonio, Matthias Kopp, Dorothea Sigel, and Dorothea Steiner, eds. 1997. Realencyclopädie der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft: Gesamtregister. Stuttgart: Metzler.
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  51. For experts who read German. A vital resource to establish whether this vast reference work offers an entry on a feature, name, or place and where it may be found, especially in the supplements. Print volume and CD-ROM.
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  53. Friedman, John B., and Kristen M. Figg, eds. 2000. Trade, travel, and exploration in the Middle Ages: An encyclopedia. New York: Garland.
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  55. Attractively presented resource of notable value for classicists. Many entries about ancient topics and individuals are included, and many other entries relate to Antiquity.
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  57. Kazhdan, Alexander P., ed. 1991. The Oxford dictionary of Byzantium. 3 vols. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
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  59. Standard reference work for the eastern Roman Empire from the 4th century CE onward.
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  61. Keyser, Paul T., and Georgia L. Irby-Massie, eds. 2008. The encyclopedia of ancient natural scientists: The Greek tradition and its many heirs. London: Routledge.
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  63. Extraordinarily broad and thorough coverage both of individual writers and of anonymous texts, such as itineraries for travel by land and by water (periploi).
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  65. Sonnabend, Holger, ed. 1999. Mensch und Landschaft in der Antike: Lexikon der historischen Geographie. Stuttgart: Metzler.
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  67. Entries (in German) are concise, wide-ranging, and informative and amply documented with references to ancient sources and modern bibliography.
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  69. Talbert, Richard J. A., ed. 2000. Barrington atlas of the Greek and Roman world. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
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  71. Coverage, with landscape returned to its ancient appearance, at 1:500,000 for the Mediterranean core and 1:1,000,000 for its periphery; overviews at 1:5,000,000 range further (eastward to India). Environs of Athens, Constantinople, Rome at 1:150,000. No city plans or historical maps. Accompanied by a Map-by-Map Directory that documents each feature and name and also records attested places as yet unlocatable.
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  73. More Focused Reference Works
  74.  
  75. With their typically intense focus, these reference tools (which vary markedly in character and scope) are for the most part designed for consultation by specialists studying the relevant region or city. Nenci and Vallet 1977– and Hansen and Nielsen 2004 cover Greek settlements (primarily city-states), the former in Italy, Sicily, and the islands of the Tyrrhenian Sea and the latter everywhere. Calderini and Daris 1935– and Timm 1984–1992 cover Egypt. Camps 1984– covers North Africa west of Egypt, and Provost 1988 covers France. Main Limes Museums maps various frontier zones of the Roman Empire. Steinby 1993–2007 is limited to the city of Rome.
  76.  
  77. Calderini, Aristide, and Sergio Daris, eds. 1935–. Dizionario dei nomi geografici e topografici dell’Egitto romano. 5 vols., 5 supps. Pisa, Italy: Serra.
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  79. Daris continues to update this essential resource (in Italian) for mapping Roman Egypt.
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  81. Camps, Gabriel, ed. 1984–. Encyclopédie berbère. Leuven, Belgium: Peeters.
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  83. Concise entries in French with a broader scope across North Africa than the title of the work might suggest.
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  85. Hansen, Mogens H., and Thomas H. Nielsen, eds. 2004. An inventory of archaic and classical poleis. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
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  87. Essential tool (organized by region and with meticulous documentation) for any cartographic work relating to the Greek city-state; entries link with Talbert 2000 (cited under Large-Scope Reference Works).
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  89. Main Limes Museums.
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  91. Collection of digital maps of frontier zones of the Roman Empire at both large and small scales.
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  93. Nenci, Giuseppe, and Georges Vallet, eds. 1977–. Bibliografia topografica della colonizzazione greca in Italia e nelle isole tirreniche. Pisa, Italy: Scuola Normale.
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  95. This multivolume series has neared completion. Its entries (in Italian) are wide-ranging, exhaustive, and amply documented.
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  97. Provost, Michel, ed. 1988–. Carte archéologique de la Gaule. Paris: Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres.
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  99. Exhaustive inventory and bibliography in French but not a map series as such. Multivolume by region and city. List of volumes available online.
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  101. Steinby, E. Margareta, ed. 1993–2007. Lexicon topographicum urbis Romae. 6 vols., 4 supps. Rome: Edizioni Quasar.
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  103. Detailed entries in various languages, up-to-date and fully documented.
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  105. Timm, Stefan. 1984–1992. Das christlich-koptische Ägypten in arabischer Zeit. 6 vols. Wiesbaden, West Germany: Reichert.
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  107. Indispensable for coverage (in German) of relevant sites in Egypt at this period.
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  109. Journals
  110.  
  111. Classical maps and mapmaking are topics spread too wide and thin for any one journal to devote itself exclusively to them, although they are of major concern to Geographia Antiqua. Imago Mundi, Journal of Roman Archaeology, and Journal of Roman Studies regularly feature articles with the same focus. L’Année épigraphique and Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum present relevant newly discovered inscriptions in Latin and Greek, respectively.
  112.  
  113. L’Année épigraphique.
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  115. Annual synthesis in French of newly published Latin inscriptions.
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  117. Geographia Antiqua.
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  119. Italian journal with articles (most written in Italian and French) primarily on the historical geography of the ancient world and the history of geography.
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  121. Imago Mundi.
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  123. British journal unique in its dedication to the history and interpretation of noncurrent maps and mapmaking in any region or period, including classical Antiquity.
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  125. Journal of Roman Archaeology.
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  127. This American journal interprets archaeology very broadly to include historical material that has an archaeological component or is relevant for the work of archaeologists.
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  129. Journal of Roman Studies.
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  131. British journal with a wide scope encompassing archaeology, art, history, and literature and their interaction.
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  133. Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum.
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  135. Annual synthesis (previously in Latin, nowadays in English) of newly published Greek inscriptions.
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  137. Greek Maps
  138.  
  139. Loss of ancient materials has affected the study of Greek maps more severely than that of Roman ones, and hence there has been less activity relating to them. This said, the papyrus published in Gallazzi, et al. 2008 has proven the subject of passionate albeit often inconclusive discussion, as seen in Brodersen and Elsner 2009 especially. The genuineness of a newly discovered map fragment published in van Compernolle 2005 has been questioned: see Yntema 2006. Romm 2010 sums up cartographic understanding in the archaic and classical periods. Duane W. Roller’s edition of Eratosthenes’s Geography (Eratosthenes 2010) insofar as it can be recovered provides the best possible foundation for further study of this important Hellenistic work. Piccirillo and Alliata 1999 presents and discusses a map of around 600 CE.
  140.  
  141. Brodersen, Kai, and Jas Elsner, eds. 2009. Images and texts on the “Artemidorus Papyrus.” Stuttgart: Steiner.
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  143. Assessments of the different components of this controversial discovery (see Gallazzi, et al. 2008) and of how they may be related are offered by ten experts. Doubt is cast on the presumption that the unfinished map is in some form a representation of the Iberian Peninsula.
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  145. Eratosthenes. 2010. Eratosthenes’ Geography. Edited by Duane W. Roller. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
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  147. Assembles, translates, and analyzes all surviving fragments of this otherwise lost work by classical Antiquity’s most creative and influential cartographic thinker.
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  149. Gallazzi, Claudio, Bärbel Kramer, and Salvatore Settis, eds. 2008. Il papiro di Artemidoro (P. Artemid.). Milan: LED Edizioni Universitarie.
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  151. Meticulous, superbly illustrated edition and discussion (in Italian) of a papyrus that only became known during the 1990s. Its startling mix of components includes a passage of text about the Iberian Peninsula by the Greek geographer Artemidorus and an unfinished map whose linkage (if any) to this text is unclear. Volume with portfolio of plates and DVD.
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  153. Piccirillo, Michele, and Eugenio Alliata, eds. 1999. The Madaba Map centenary, 1897–1997: Travelling through the Byzantine Umayyad period. Jerusalem: Studium Biblicum Franciscanum.
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  155. Detailed, scholarly, but also very accessible presentation and discussion of this unique survival, a partially preserved mosaic floor map laid in a church in Jordan around 600 CE. See also the Madaba Mosaic Map website.
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  157. Romm, James. 2010. Continents, climates, and cultures: Greek theories of global structure. In Geography and ethnography: Perceptions of the world in pre-modern societies. Edited by Kurt A. Raaflaub and Richard J. A. Talbert, 215–235. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
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  159. With particular reference to the anonymous treatise Airs Waters Places, Plato, Aristotle, and Isocrates, Romm traces the interplay between a climate-based north–south construction of the Earth and its division into three continents demarcated by physical boundaries.
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  161. van Compernolle, Thierry. 2005. La Mappa di Soleto. In Le scienze geo-archeologiche e bibliotecarie al servizio della scuola. Edited by Medica A. Orlando, 19–31. Monteroni di Lecce, Italy: Kollemata.
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  163. Map found on a potsherd in Italy’s Sallentine Peninsula in 2003 and dated by the author to the 5th century BCE. In Italian.
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  165. Yntema, Douwe. 2006. Ontdekking “oudste kaart” een grap? Geschiedenis Magazine 41.1: 5.
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  167. Appraisal (in Dutch) of the genuineness of the map fragment published in van Compernolle 2005. English summary and comment by Peter van der Krogt is available at Maphist
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  169. Ptolemy
  170.  
  171. Opportunities for productive fresh study of Ptolemy’s Geography have been transformed during the late 20th and early 21st centuries. There is now available a reliable English translation of Ptolemy’s exposition of the whole basis of the work by J. Lennart Berggren and Alexander Jones (Ptolemy 2000) as well as an authoritative edition of the entire Greek text by Alfred Stückelberger and Gerd Grasshoff (Ptolemy 2006) and of the Table of Important Cities (Ptolemy 2009). For the postclassical impact of the Geography, see Gautier Dalché 2007 (cited under Impact of Classical Mapmaking).
  172.  
  173. Ptolemy (Claudius Ptolemaius). 2000. Ptolemy’s Geography: An annotated translation of the theoretical chapters. Translated by J. Lennart Berggren and Alexander Jones. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
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  175. The first reliable translation into English of the passages where Ptolemy explains his principles for obtaining cartographic data and for drawing maps according to the projections he recommends.
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  177. Ptolemy (Claudius Ptolemaius). 2006. Klaudios Ptolemaios: Handbuch der Geographie; Griechisch-Deutsch. Edited by Alfred Stückelberger and Gerd Grasshoff. 2 vols. Basel, Switzerland: Schwabe.
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  179. Supersedes all previous editions of this fundamentally important work. German translation. Twenty-six regional maps are sketched out according to Ptolemy’s instructions.
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  181. Ptolemy (Claudius Ptolemaius). 2009. Klaudios Ptolemaios: Handbuch der Geographie; Ergänzungsband. Edited by Alfred Stückelberger and Florian Mittenhuber. Basel, Switzerland: Schwabe.
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  183. Edition and German translation of Ptolemy’s Table of Important Cities together with other supporting material for Ptolemy 2006.
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  185. Roman Maps
  186.  
  187. Roman maps and associated materials (note especially the sections Roman Centuriation and Roman Milestones) have attracted widespread attention. Current knowledge and thinking about survey plans unearthed at Orange are summed up in Jung 2009. Arnaud 2007–2008 reappraises the lost map of Agrippa. In particular, the two most substantial surviving items of Roman cartography—the Marble Plan of Rome (see Levoy and Trimble 2002–2003) and the Peutinger Map (see Talbert 2010)—are now presented afresh with the aid of digital technology. Established scholarship on the Marble Plan of Rome has been challenged by Trimble 2007. Similarly for the Peutinger Map, traditional approaches (see Miller 1916) have been questioned and radically new ideas proposed about its date (see Albu 2005), design, and purpose (see Talbert 2010).
  188.  
  189. Albu, Emily. 2005. Imperial geography and the medieval Peutinger Map. Imago Mundi 57:136–148.
  190. DOI: 10.1080/03085690500094909Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  191. See also Benet Salway, “The Nature and Genesis of the Peutinger Map,” Imago Mundi 57:119–135. These juxtaposed discussions take issue primarily over the period in which the original of the map (which survives only in an incomplete copy made around 1200) was produced. Albu argues for a Carolingian date, while Salway upholds the traditional Late Roman dating.
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  193. Arnaud, Pascal. 2007–2008. Texte et carte de Marcus Agrippa: Historiographie et données textuelles. Geographia Antiqua 16–17:73–126.
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  195. Exhaustive analysis in French of the meager testimony for this famous lost display item and of the widely differing theories about its nature, including the possibility that there was no image at all but only text.
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  197. Jung, Cécile. 2009. Les plans cadastraux d’Orange et les vestiges archéologiques de la centuriation B. In Carte archéologique de la Gaule 84/3: Orange et sa région. Edited by Anaïs Roumégous, 88–100. Paris: Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres.
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  199. Synthesis in French of current knowledge and thinking about the three damaged Roman survey plans on marble unearthed at Orange, France, with particular attention to how each may be related to the landscape of the region.
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  201. Levoy, Marc, and Jennifer Trimble. 2002–2003. Stanford Digital Forma Urbis Romae Project.
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  203. Meticulous, manipulable, and thoroughly documented presentation of all recorded fragments (some no longer to be found) of the Marble Plan of the city of Rome erected around 200 CE. A model interdisciplinary digital initiative. Online only.
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  205. Miller, Konrad. 1916. Itineraria Romana: Römische Reisewege an der Hand der Tabula Peutingeriana dargestellt. Stuttgart: Strecker and Schröder.
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  207. This monumental and highly influential presentation in German of the Peutinger Map’s names and routes reinforces the established view that it was designed for practical purposes. By early-21st-century standards the work is not user friendly in many respects, and much of its scholarship has inevitably been superseded.
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  209. Talbert, Richard J. A. 2010. Rome’s world: The Peutinger Map reconsidered. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
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  211. Provocative attempt to shift attention to the thinking that underpins the design of this cartographic masterpiece and in consequence to regard it as primarily an affirmation of Rome’s claim to world rule. Presentation of the map itself, a database, and many other maps and images offered only online.
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  213. Trimble, Jennifer. 2007. Visibility and viewing on the Severan Marble Plan. In Severan culture. Edited by Simon Swain, Stephen Harrison, and Jaś Elsner, 368–384. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
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  215. From painstaking appreciation of the plan’s placement, Trimble questions the established presumption that it must have had a practical function; she proposes alternative roles, with special attention to how the designer aimed to influence viewers.
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  217. Map-Related Ancient Texts
  218.  
  219. There has been impressive growth in productive investigation of texts of all kinds in which some degree of map consciousness may be detected, especially with relation to the Roman Empire from its Republican beginnings through Late Antiquity. Similar appreciation of objects of all kinds has developed too (see Map-Related Objects). Brodersen 2011 and Clarke 1999 discuss the perception of various authors. With the same aim, other scholars examine lists of toponyms relating to a region (see Notley and Safrai 2005) or to journeys by land (see Matthews 2010, Talbert 2007) and water (see Salway 2004). Honigmann 1939 presents lists of toponyms surviving from the eastern Roman Empire in Late Antiquity.
  220.  
  221. Brodersen, Kai. 2011. Mapping Pliny’s world: The achievement of Solinus. Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 54.1: 63–88.
  222. DOI: 10.1111/j.2041-5370.2011.00017.xSave Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  223. Argues for the possibility that Solinus’s précis of Pliny’s Natural History (see Murphy 2004, cited under Worldviews) shows map consciousness and that in this important respect Solinus may be considered both innovative and influential.
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  225. Clarke, Katherine. 1999. Between geography and history: Hellenistic constructions of the Roman world. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
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  227. Exploration of how Rome’s rapid growth to become the major power in the Mediterranean radically changed three Greek authors’ perceptions of how history and geography should interface in their work: Polybius, Posidonius, and Strabo.
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  229. Honigmann, Ernest. 1939. Le synekdèmos d’Hiéroklès et l’opuscule géographique de Georges de Chypre. Brussels: Institut de Philologie et d’Histoire.
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  231. Remains the standard edition (in French) of these related geographical listings.
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  233. Matthews, John. 2010. The cultural landscape of the Bordeaux itinerary. In Roman perspectives: Studies in the social, political, and cultural history of the first to fifth centuries. By John Matthews, 181–200. Swansea: Classical Press of Wales.
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  235. Gauges the character of this record of a return journey from Bordeaux to Jerusalem in 333 CE and cautions against overestimating its cultural resonance.
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  237. Notley, R. Steven, and Ze’ev Safrai, eds. and trans. 2005. Eusebius, Onomasticon: The place names of divine scripture. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
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  239. Alongside Eusebius’s Greek are included Jerome’s later Latin version and an English translation, with commentary on the topography in particular.
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  241. Salway, R. W. Benet. 2004. Sea and river travel in the Roman itinerary literature. In Space in the Roman world: Its perception and presentation. Edited by Richard Talbert and Kai Brodersen, 43–96. Münster, Germany: LIT.
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  243. Analysis of itineraries relating to travel by water and of associated images, especially the so-called shield fragment unearthed at Dura-Europus (destroyed by the Persians in 255/256 CE).
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  245. Talbert, Richard J. A. 2007. Author, audience, and the Roman Empire in the Antonine itinerary. In Herrschen und Verwalten: Der Alltag der römischen Administration in der Hohen Kaiserzeit. Edited by Rudolf Haensch and Johannes Heinrichs, 256–270. Cologne: Böhlau.
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  247. Reassesses the nature and likely authorship of this itinerary collection and contends that itineraries have unduly influenced scholars’ ideas of Roman worldview. For itineraries plotted on modern map bases, see Talbert 2010 (cited under Roman Maps), Maps E and F (online only).
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  249. Map-Related Objects
  250.  
  251. Objects of all kinds, like texts (see Map-Related Ancient Texts), have come to be recognized as mediums for map consciousness: studies of them show increasing alertness on the part of scholars. Such objects include cups and tablets (Roldán Hervás 1975), inscriptions (Şahin and Adak 2007), a fresco (La Rocca 2001), portable sundials (Talbert 2010), and mosaics (Andreae 2003, Bejaoui 1997). Lewis 2001 discusses surveying instruments.
  252.  
  253. Andreae, Bernard. 2003. Antike Bildmosaiken. Mainz, Germany: von Zabern.
  254. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  255. See pp. 78–109 for discussion (in German) of the Hellenistic mosaic now at Palestrina, Italy, which depicts the course of the Nile.
  256. Find this resource:
  257. Bejaoui, Fathi. 1997. Iles et villes de la Méditerranée sur un mosaïque d’Ammaedara (Haïdra, Tunisie). Comptes Rendus des séances de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 141.3: 825–858.
  258. DOI: 10.3406/crai.1997.15786Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  259. Publication (in French) of a large floor mosaic illustrating sites associated with the goddess Aphrodite (late 3rd/early 4th centuries CE).
  260. Find this resource:
  261. La Rocca, Eugenio. 2001. The newly discovered city fresco from Trajan’s Baths, Rome. Imago Mundi 53:121–124.
  262. DOI: 10.1080/03085690108592942Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  263. Preliminary report on this major 1997 discovery (not yet fully published), seemingly an image of an idealized city, not an actual one.
  264. Find this resource:
  265. Lewis, Michael J. T. 2001. Surveying instruments of Greece and Rome. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
  266. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511483035Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  267. Magisterial discussion of what can (and cannot) be understood about surveying instruments and their use for projects both large-scale (measurement of the Earth, mountain heights) and smaller-scale (aqueducts, canals, roads, tunnels).
  268. Find this resource:
  269. Roldán Hervás, José M. 1975. Itineraria Hispana: Fuentes antiguas para el estudio de las vías Romanas en la península Ibérica. Valladolid, Spain: Universidad de Valladolid.
  270. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  271. Coverage (in Spanish) includes the Vicarello cups (pp. 154–56) and the Astorga clay tablets (pp. 163–75). The latter and their authenticity are discussed further by Rodríguez Colmenero, et al. 2004 (cited under Roman Milestones), pp. 26–30.
  272. Find this resource:
  273. Şahin, Şencer, and Mustafa Adak. 2007. Stadiasmus Patarensis: Itinera Romana provinciae Lyciae. Istanbul: Ege Yayınları.
  274. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  275. Publication (in German) of a monumental mid-1st-century CE inscription (unearthed only in the 1990s) that lists the routes of Lycia, newly annexed by Rome.
  276. Find this resource:
  277. Talbert, Richard J. A. 2010. The Roman worldview: Beyond recovery? In Geography and ethnography: Perceptions of the world in pre-modern societies. Edited by Kurt A. Raaflaub and Richard J. A. Talbert, 252–272. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
  278. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  279. Note especially the discussion of preliminary findings about place-names and region names with their latitudes recorded in Greek and Latin on portable sundials.
  280. Find this resource:
  281. Roman Centuriation
  282.  
  283. Attention to land survey has benefited both from the techniques of modern archaeology and from reliable English translations of the surveyors’ writings (see Campbell 2000). The synthesis offered in Dilke 1971 remains valuable. Centuriation detected on the ground (with varying degrees of reliability) is mapped and discussed in Caillemer and Chevallier 1959 (for Tunisia), in Museo Civico Archeologico-Etnologico Modena 1983–1985 (for Italy), and in Clavel-Lévêque, et al. 1998–2002 (for Europe generally).
  284.  
  285. Caillemer, M. André, and Raymond Chevallier. 1959. Atlas des centuriations romaines de Tunisie. Paris: Institut Géographique National.
  286. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  287. Modern map sheets at 1:50,000 with findings of centuriation overprinted.
  288. Find this resource:
  289. Campbell, Brian, ed. and trans. 2000. The writings of the Roman land surveyors: Introduction, text, translation, and commentary. London: Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies.
  290. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  291. Pathbreaking treatment of the notoriously difficult surviving Latin texts that relate to the Roman practice of reordering many landscapes by centuriation.
  292. Find this resource:
  293. Clavel-Lévêque, Monique, Anne Vignot, and Milagros Navarro Caballero, eds. 1998–2002. Atlas historique des cadastres d’Europe. 2 vols. Luxembourg: Offices des Publications Officielles des Communautés Européennes.
  294. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  295. Loose-leaf volumes with wide-ranging coverage (maps accompanied by text in French) of locations where Roman centuriation has been detected.
  296. Find this resource:
  297. Dilke, Oswald A. W. 1971. The Roman land surveyors: An introduction to the agrimensores. Newton Abbot, UK: David and Charles.
  298. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  299. Wide-ranging and accessible monograph; the texts discussed are translated in Campbell 2000.
  300. Find this resource:
  301. Museo Civico Archeologico-Etnologico Modena. 1983–1985. Misurare la terra: Centuriazione e coloni nel mondo romano. Modena, Italy: Panini.
  302. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  303. Five volumes with various editors offering a detailed record (in Italian) of the remains of Roman centuriation in local environments, primarily within the Po Valley.
  304. Find this resource:
  305. Roman Milestones
  306.  
  307. Roman milestones are the subject of active ongoing research. Those found in various regions of Europe are presented in Kolb 2007, Rodríguez Colmenero, et al. 2004, and Walser 1986. Kolb 2007 and Rathmann 2003 discuss the significance of milestones.
  308.  
  309. Kolb, Anne. 2007. Raumwahrnehmung und Raumerschliessung durch römische Strassen. In Wahrnehmung und Erfassung geographischer Räume in der Antike. Edited by Michael Rathmann, 169–180. Mainz, Germany: von Zabern.
  310. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  311. Demonstrates how milestones can contribute to an understanding of the Roman worldview.
  312. Find this resource:
  313. Rathmann, Michael. 2003. Untersuchungen zu den Reichsstrassen in den westlichen Provinzen des Imperium Romanum. Mainz, Germany: von Zabern.
  314. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  315. Detailed monograph with a principal focus upon the testimony of milestones.
  316. Find this resource:
  317. Rodríguez Colmenero, Antonio, Santiago Ferrer Sierra, and Rubén D. Alvarez Asorey. 2004. Miliarios e outras inscricións viarias Romanas do noroeste Hispánico (Conventos Bracarense, Lucense e Asturicense). Santiago de Compostela, Spain: Consello da Cultura Galega.
  318. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  319. Definitive record (in Galician) of the exceptional number of milestones found in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula, incorporating detailed maps.
  320. Find this resource:
  321. Walser, Gerold, ed. 1986. Corpus inscriptionum Latinarum. Vol. 17, pt. 2. Berlin: de Gruyter.
  322. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  323. See also Part 4.1 (2005, edited by Anne Kolb). Of this definitive record of Roman milestones planned in seven parts, only one has as yet appeared in full (2, covering Roman Gaul, Germany, and the Alps), followed by one section of another (4.1, covering Raetia and Noricum). Commentary in Latin.
  324. Find this resource:
  325. Worldviews
  326.  
  327. Janni 1984 challenges traditional assumptions and has provided lasting stimulus. In particular, Brodersen 2003 expands upon that approach. Equally productive has been the recognition that ancient worldviews readily strayed into the realms of the imagination: see especially Clay and Purvis 1999 and Romm 1992. Nicolet 1991 and Murphy 2004 explore the creative worldviews developed by Augustus and Pliny the Elder, respectively. The influence exerted by the Mediterranean Sea is discussed in Bowersock 2005 and the concept of an unreachable Southern Hemisphere in Hiatt 2008.
  328.  
  329. Bowersock, Glen W. 2005. The east-west orientation of Mediterranean studies and the meaning of north and south in Antiquity. In Rethinking the Mediterranean. Edited by William V. Harris, 167–178. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
  330. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  331. Opens a range of questions about how the perspectives of the Mediterranean’s inhabitants in Antiquity and of the modern scholarship devoted to them have been influenced by the shape and location of this sea.
  332. Find this resource:
  333. Brodersen, Kai. 2003. Terra cognita: Studien zur römischen Raumerfassung. 2d ed. Hildesheim, Germany: Olms.
  334. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  335. By close analysis of diverse source materials, Brodersen argues that Roman society was not map conscious. His study was deliberately framed as a sharp reappraisal of traditional assumptions (compare Dilke 1985, cited under General Overviews) and has indeed generated stimulating discussion. First edition published in 1995.
  336. Find this resource:
  337. Clay, Diskin, and Andrea Purvis, eds. and trans. 1999. Four island utopias. Newburyport, MA: Focus Publishing.
  338. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  339. Translated texts and commentary on imagined island societies (mainly Greek), in particular Plato’s Atlantis, Euhemerus’s Panchaia, and Iambulus’s Island of the Sun.
  340. Find this resource:
  341. Hiatt, Alfred. 2008. Terra incognita: Mapping the Antipodes before 1600. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.
  342. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  343. Chapters 1 and 2 examine conceptions of the unreachable Southern Hemisphere from classical authors to Late Antique Christian ones and in particular ideas about the humanity of any peoples there.
  344. Find this resource:
  345. Janni, Pietro. 1984. La mappa e il periplo: Cartografia antica e spazio odologico. Rome: Bretschneider.
  346. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  347. The claim advanced in Italian by this highly original book—that space was perceived during classical Antiquity by lines rather than by shapes—has fueled intense debate.
  348. Find this resource:
  349. Murphy, Trevor. 2004. Pliny the Elder’s Natural History: The empire in the encyclopedia. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
  350. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  351. Views the encyclopedia afresh as a triumphalist, maplike creation conceived around Rome, which features as the center of the world and as the place to which Pliny relates all lands, peoples, and resources.
  352. Find this resource:
  353. Nicolet, Claude. 1991. Space, geography, and politics in the early Roman Empire. Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press.
  354. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  355. Exploration of how Augustus as princeps (chief) envisaged and exploited the world as Roman space, expanding control of it to the point of claiming cosmic rule and demarcating it with visible precision for administrative and fiscal grip. Originally published in French as L’inventaire du monde: Géographie et politique aux origines de l’empire romain (Paris: Fayard, 1988).
  356. Find this resource:
  357. Romm, James S. 1992. The edges of the Earth in ancient thought: Geography, exploration, and fiction. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
  358. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  359. Outstanding for its range over time, space, and the imagination; also an invaluable demonstration that perception of the world was not merely a scientific pursuit in classical Antiquity but a major literary genre too.
  360. Find this resource:
  361. Impact of Classical Mapmaking
  362.  
  363. The persistent legacy of classical mapmaking, especially during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, has been substantially rethought. Geographical knowledge in the West during Late Antiquity and the early Middle Ages is discussed in Lozovsky 2000 and the impact of classical mapmakers on their medieval successors in Gautier Dalché 2008. The Hereford world map is presented in detail in Westrem 2001 and set in context in Harvey 2006. Wendt, et al. 2010 illustrates the impact of classical ideas upon representations of worldview. Gautier Dalché 2007 and Grafton 2010 trace and evaluate the impact of Ptolemy’s Geography. Hyde Minor 1999 shows how Benito Mussolini sought to represent the growth of Rome’s empire, both in Antiquity and during his own time, in a prominent set of maps.
  364.  
  365. Gautier Dalché, Patrick. 2007. The reception of Ptolemy’s Geography (end of the fourteenth to beginning of the sixteenth century). In The history of cartography. Vol. 3, Cartography in the European Renaissance. Edited by David Woodward, 285–364. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.
  366. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  367. Detailed coverage of a transformative shift in understanding summarized in Grafton 2010.
  368. Find this resource:
  369. Gautier Dalché, Patrick. 2008. L’héritage antique de la cartographie médiévale: Les problèmes et les acquis. In Cartography in Antiquity and the Middle Ages: Fresh perspectives, new methods. Edited by Richard J. A. Talbert and Richard W. Unger, 29–66. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
  370. DOI: 10.1163/ej.9789004166639.i-300Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  371. Demonstrates in French that mappaemundi (world maps) originated in Late Antiquity and always owe much to a classical intellectual heritage; over time, however, their creators also developed distinctive original characteristics for such maps.
  372. Find this resource:
  373. Grafton, Anthony. 2010. Cartography. In The classical tradition. Edited by Anthony Grafton, Glenn W. Most, and Salvatore Settis, 170–174. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press.
  374. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  375. Concise synthesis centered on Ptolemy, whose reception is treated in depth in Gautier Dalché 2007.
  376. Find this resource:
  377. Harvey, Paul D. A., ed. 2006. The Hereford world map: Medieval world maps and their context. London: British Library.
  378. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  379. Classical influence upon the making of medieval world maps is a recurrent concern of this wide-ranging volume’s twenty-five contributors.
  380. Find this resource:
  381. Hyde Minor, Heather. 1999. Mapping Mussolini: Ritual and cartography in public art during the second Roman Empire. Imago Mundi 51:147–162.
  382. DOI: 10.1080/03085699908592907Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  383. Explains the thinking behind the four (originally five) maps illustrating the growth of Rome’s empire still displayed on the Via dei Fori Imperiali, Rome.
  384. Find this resource:
  385. Lozovsky, Natalia. 2000. “The Earth is our book”: Geographical knowledge in the Latin West ca. 400–1000. Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press.
  386. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  387. Coverage embraces intellectual, educational, and religious contexts.
  388. Find this resource:
  389. Wendt, Henry, John Delaney, and Alex Bowles. 2010. Envisioning the world: The first printed maps 1472–1700. Santa Rosa, CA: Sonoma County Museum.
  390. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  391. Superbly presented examples of how the world was represented in maps with accessible commentary that underlines the classical heritage underpinning these conceptions.
  392. Find this resource:
  393. Westrem, Scott D. 2001. The Hereford map: A transcription and translation of the legends with commentary. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols.
  394. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  395. Definitive, detailed presentation of all the components of the greatest surviving medieval world map (mappamundi), devoting close attention to its ancient sources and correlating with Talbert 2000 (cited under Large-Scope Reference Works).
  396. Find this resource:
  397. Maps and Atlases, 16th to Early 20th Centuries
  398.  
  399. The diversity of materials produced before or just at the start of the development of the modern research university needs to be assessed with further reference to Discussion of Classical Mapmaking, 16th to 20th Centuries. The earliest set of classical maps was issued in Ortelius 1579–. Scheyb 1753 made the Peutinger Map available at full size; Fortia d’Urban 1845 plotted its routes and those of the Roman itineraries. The authoritative Smith and Grove 1872–1874 atlas fell out of use prematurely; its potential rival, Kiepert and Kiepert 1894–1914, was abandoned during World War I and was never resumed successfully. However, the “handy” maps of Grundy 1899–1905 are based on the Smith and Grove 1872–1874 atlas. French 1999 furnishes information on mapmakers.
  400.  
  401. Fortia d’Urban, Agricol. 1845. Recueil des itinéraires anciens comprenant l’itinéraire d’Antonin, la Table de Peutinger et un choix des périples grecs, avec dix cartes dressées par M. le Colonel Lapie. Paris: Imprimerie Royale.
  402. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  403. Nine of Pierre Lapie’s ten maps for this work (in French) form a composite of the Roman Empire with all routes recorded by itineraries marked in detail, a little-known achievement not matched in print before or since. For these maps online, see A Forgotten Masterpiece of Cartography for Roman Historians
  404. Find this resource:
  405. French, Josephine. 1999. Tooley’s dictionary of mapmakers. Vol. 1. Rev. ed. Tring, UK: Map Collector.
  406. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  407. Continued in Volumes 2–4 (2001–2004), published by Early World Press, and Volumes 3–4, edited by Valerie Scott. Entries are concise. Their scope embraces all identifiable individuals involved in the drafting and production of maps in cultures worldwide; an especially valuable resource in the study of maps of classical Antiquity from the Renaissance onward.
  408. Find this resource:
  409. Grundy, George B. 1899–1905. Murray’s handy classical maps. London: John Murray.
  410. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  411. Set of eleven booklets derived from the Smith and Grove 1872–1874 atlas, which among them map the most studied periods and regions. Presentation of the physical landscape by color tints was innovative and contributed to the maps’ popularity. See Talbert 1992 (cited under Discussion of Classical Mapmaking, 16th to 20th Centuries), pp. 9–10, 32.
  412. Find this resource:
  413. Kiepert, Heinrich, and Richard Kiepert. 1894–1914. Formae orbis antiqui. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.
  414. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  415. The magisterial set of maps and extensive commentary in German begun in old age by the great classical cartographer Heinrich Kiepert was continued after his death in 1899 by his son Richard Kiepert, but when he died in 1915 eleven of the projected thirty-six maps had still to appear. Reprinted, Rome: Edizioni Quasar, 1996.
  416. Find this resource:
  417. Ortelius, Abraham. 1579–. Theatrum orbis terrarum: Parergon. Antwerp: Plantin.
  418. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  419. Classical maps—eventually as many as twenty-six—formed a supplement (parergon) to the many editions of Ortelius’s novel atlas. For a list, see Unstable Editions of Ortelius’ Atlas.
  420. Find this resource:
  421. Scheyb, Franz Christoph von. 1753. Peutingeriana tabula itineraria quae in Augusta Bibliotheca Vindobonensi nunc servatur adcurate exscripta. Vienna: Trattner.
  422. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  423. Until the late 19th century this was the only full-size copy of the Peutinger Map ever published, and it formed the basis of corrected editions issued by others. Von Scheyb’s accompanying discussion of various aspects of the map is in Latin. Reprint by Fabrizio Ronca, Alberto Sorbini, and Antonio Volpini. Terni: Arti Grafiche Celori, 2009.
  424. Find this resource:
  425. Smith, William, and George Grove, eds. 1872–1874. An atlas of ancient geography biblical and classical. London: John Murray.
  426. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  427. Focus is primarily classical, and the maps are mostly the work of Carl Müller. His landmark achievement never gained the recognition it deserved; even so, no classical atlas to match the size and authority of this one was to be completed for over another century. See further Talbert 1994, cited under Discussion of Classical Mapmaking, 16th to 20th Centuries. Reprinted, London: Tauris, 2012.
  428. Find this resource:
  429. Discussion of Classical Mapmaking, 16th to 20th Centuries
  430.  
  431. Goffart 2003 furnishes sobering insight into the multiple difficulties that mapmaking has presented for classical scholarship and a reminder that most scholarly mapmakers were by no means necessarily the ones whose work gained success to match. Piérard 1971 sheds light on the earliest publication of the Peutinger Map in its entirety and Talbert 1994 likewise on the making of the Smith and Grove 1872–1874 atlas (cited under Maps and Atlases, 16th to Early 20th Centuries). Zögner 1999 surveys the mapmaking career of Heinrich Kiepert. The development of biblical mapmaking is traced in North 1979. Talbert 1992 is important as a guide through the maze of major projects in the 20th century to 1990, several of them never completed (see further 20th-Century Projects). The making of the Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World at the end of the century is discussed in Talbert 2003.
  432.  
  433. Goffart, Walter. 2003. Historical atlases: The first three hundred years, 1570–1870. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.
  434. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  435. Detailed investigation of special value for its attention to the tangle of challenges—intellectual, cartographic, and financial—with which mapmakers repeatedly had to contend and still do; compare Talbert 2003.
  436. Find this resource:
  437. North, Robert. 1979. A history of biblical map making. Wiesbaden, West Germany: Reichert.
  438. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  439. Coverage spans Antiquity to modern times.
  440. Find this resource:
  441. Piérard, Christiane. 1971. Un exemplaire de la Tabula itineraria ou Tabula Peutingeriana édition Moretus 1598, conservé à Mons. Quaerendo 1.3: 201–216.
  442. DOI: 10.1163/157006971X00176Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  443. Explains (in French) the circumstances in which the first publication (half size) of the Peutinger Map was achieved. For images, see Rome’s World: The Peutinger Map Reconsidered.
  444. Find this resource:
  445. Talbert, Richard J. A. 1992. Mapping the classical world: Major atlases and map series 1872–1990. Journal of Roman Archaeology 5:5–38.
  446. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  447. Investigates and evaluates the aims, progress, and quality of these very varied initiatives.
  448. Find this resource:
  449. Talbert, Richard J. A. 1994. Carl Müller (1813–1894), S. Jacobs, and the making of classical maps in Paris for John Murray. Imago Mundi 46:128–150.
  450. DOI: 10.1080/03085699408592793Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  451. Discussion of correspondence and engraved copper plates, some now rediscovered and held by the National Library of Scotland (see The Bartholomew Archive, boxes 169–170), relating in particular to the Smith and Grove 1872–1874 atlas (cited under Maps and Atlases, 16th to Early 20th Centuries).
  452. Find this resource:
  453. Talbert, Richard J. A. 2003. Barrington atlas of the Greek and Roman world: The cartographic fundamentals in retrospect. Cartographic Perspectives 46:4–27, 72–76.
  454. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  455. Discusses the clash of ideals, pressures, and limitations presented by the design and production of the Barrington Atlas (Talbert 2000, cited under Large-Scope Reference Works) during the period of transition to digitization.
  456. Find this resource:
  457. Zögner, Lothar, ed. 1999. Antike Welten, neue Regionen: Heinrich Kiepert 1818–1899. Berlin: Kiepert.
  458. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  459. Commemorative volume (in German) to mark the centenary of Kiepert’s birth with a catalogue of his prolific output of maps and essays on aspects of his achievement.
  460. Find this resource:
  461. 20th-Century Projects
  462.  
  463. The diversity of scale and character among these projects is immediately obvious. Equally varied is the time planned for their completion, in some instances so lengthy that the original concept and method became outmoded, especially with the emergence of digital mapping in the 1990s. Babelon, et al. 1892–1913 followed by Cagnat and Merlin 1914–1932 map Tunisia (albeit incompletely); Gsell 1902–1911 maps Algeria completely; and Forma Italiae continues to map significant sites and their environs in Italy. Hewsen 2001 maps Armenia in Antiquity as well as later. Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients likewise maps the Near East from earliest times to the 20th century. Two ambitious ongoing projects, Tabula Imperii Romani and Tabula Imperii Byzantini, map the Roman and Byzantine empires, respectively, region by region.
  464.  
  465. Babelon, Ernest, René Cagnat, and Salomon Reinach. 1892–1913. Atlas archéologique de la Tunisie. Paris: Leroux.
  466. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  467. Survey record overprinted on maps at 1:50,000 with brief commentary in French. For continuation, see Cagnat and Merlin 1914–1932.
  468. Find this resource:
  469. Cagnat, René, and Alfred Merlin. 1914–1932. Atlas archéologique de la Tunisie: Deuxième série. Paris: Leroux.
  470. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  471. Survey record overprinted on maps at 1:100,000 with brief commentary in French. Suspension of publication left coverage of Tunisia incomplete.
  472. Find this resource:
  473. Forma Italiae.
  474. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  475. Issued beginning in 1926 originally as Forma orbis Romani and now sponsored online by the Union Académique Internationale, Brussels. Ongoing project to map significant sites and their environs in Roman Italy at large scales with detailed commentary in Italian. See Talbert 1992 (cited under Discussion of Classical Mapmaking, 16th to 20th Centuries), pp. 30–31.
  476. Find this resource:
  477. Gsell, Stéphane. 1902–1911. Atlas archéologique de l’Algérie. Algiers: Jourdan.
  478. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  479. Painstaking survey record overprinted on maps at 1:200,000 with detailed commentary in French. Reprint (monochrome), Osnabrück: Zeller, 1973.
  480. Find this resource:
  481. Hewsen, Robert H. 2001. Armenia: A historical atlas. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.
  482. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  483. Coverage spans Antiquity to the 20th century. Detailed maps and commentary.
  484. Find this resource:
  485. Tabula Imperii Byzantini.
  486. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  487. Ongoing Austrian project begun in 1966 and sponsored by the Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vienna, to map the Byzantine Empire at 1:800,000 on modern landscape bases. The detailed annotated lists in German of features and names that accompany each map are of greater value than the maps themselves. See Talbert 1992 (cited under Discussion of Classical Mapmaking, 16th to 20th Centuries), pp. 26–28, 37.
  488. Find this resource:
  489. Tabula Imperii Romani.
  490. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  491. International project begun in 1928 and now sponsored online by the Union Académique Internationale, Brussels, to map the Roman Empire in fifty-six sheets at 1:1,000,000 scale on modern landscape bases. Still ongoing, it has made only fitful progress. The concise annotated listings (in various languages) of features and names that accompany each map are often of greater value than the maps themselves. See Talbert 1992 (cited under Discussion of Classical Mapmaking, 16th to 20th Centuries), pp. 15–26, 35–37.
  492. Find this resource:
  493. Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients.
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  495. Two-part mapping project (sheet maps and three-volume index) prepared 1977–1994 and sponsored by the Universität Tübingen; print editions, Wiesbaden: Reichert. Geographic and historical maps with vast coverage in time and space but of mixed cartographic value, not least because the scales adopted are for the most part very small. Commentary in German and English is confined to map sheets themselves and a supplementary monograph (Beiheft) series. See further Talbert 1992 (cited under Discussion of Classical Mapmaking, 16th to 20th Centuries), pp. 28–29, 37–38; and Mittmann and Schmitt 2001 (cited under Instructional Maps and Atlases).
  496. Find this resource:
  497. Mapping of Athens and Rome and Their Environs
  498.  
  499. Greater opportunities in and around Rome have led to more activity there, with digital cartography and the availability of Steinby 1993–2007 (cited under More Focused Reference Works) now providing further stimulus. Curtius, et al. 1881–1900 maps Attica, and Cozza 1980–1987 maps Latium. Frutaz 1962 assembles plans drawn of Rome through the mid-20th century. The map of Augustan Rome (Haselberger, et al. 2002) is continued and enhanced by Romano 2008–.
  500.  
  501. Cozza, Lucos ed. 1980–1987. Carta storica archeologica monumentale e paesistica del suburbio e dell’agro romano. Rome: Comune di Roma.
  502. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  503. Ancient data marked on modern map bases at 1:10,000 scale (thirty-eight sheets).
  504. Find this resource:
  505. Curtius, Ernst, Johann A. Kaupert, and Arthur Milchhöfer. 1881–1900. Karten von Attika. 9 vols. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.
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  507. Twenty-eight maps. A detailed commentary in German accompanies the maps (four at 1:125,000, twenty-four at 1:25,000). Reduced-size reprint of the 1:25,000 maps only commissioned by Demos Glyphadas, Athens: Trochalia, 1994.
  508. Find this resource:
  509. Frutaz, Amato P. 1962. Le piante di Roma. 3 vols. Rome: Istituto di Studi Romani.
  510. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  511. Monumental set of reproductions with commentary in Italian of plans of the city from the Forma Urbis (see Levoy and Trimble 2002–2003, cited under Roman Maps) onward.
  512. Find this resource:
  513. Haselberger, Lothar, David Gilman Romano, Elisha Ann Dumser, et al. 2002. Mapping Augustan Rome. Journal of Archaeology Supplementary Series 50. Portsmouth, RI: Journal of Roman Archaeology.
  514. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  515. Cartographic visualization of the city at 1:6,000 scale with its central area mapped at 1:3,000. Corrected reprint, 2009.
  516. Find this resource:
  517. Romano, David Gilman. 2008–. Digital Augustan Rome.
  518. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  519. Continues and enhances Haselberger, et al. 2002 online.
  520. Find this resource:
  521. Instructional Maps and Atlases
  522.  
  523. Advances in digital technology continue to transform the quality and versatility of what can now be offered for students’ use. The Ancient World Mapping Center has produced Wall Maps for the Ancient World (Talbert, et al. 2011) in digital and print formats and is currently developing an interactive tool kit that will enable individuals to custom build maps according to their own specifications. Levi 1980 and Strassler 1996– are fundamental for a grasp of Greek history, as are Cornell and Matthews 1982 and Boatwright, et al. 2011 likewise for Roman history. The scope of McCormick, et al. 2007– extends into the Middle Ages. Mittmann and Schmitt 2001 is designed for study of the Bible.
  524.  
  525. Ancient World Mapping Center.
  526. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  527. Also offers a range of maps in various formats for noncommercial use free of charge.
  528. Find this resource:
  529. Boatwright, Mary T., Daniel J. Gargola, Noel Lenski, and Richard J. A. Talbert. 2011. The Romans from village to empire. 2d ed. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
  530. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  531. This introductory history spanning early Rome to the fall of the western empire includes an extensive range of maps (mostly in gray scale), including outline city plans of Rome at successive stages and of Constantinople. First edition published in 2004.
  532. Find this resource:
  533. Cornell, Tim, and John Matthews. 1982. Atlas of the Roman world. Oxford: Phaidon.
  534. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  535. Despite some excellent cartography, this volume, like its counterpart Levi 1980, is more an illustrated history than an atlas.
  536. Find this resource:
  537. Levi, Peter. 1980. Atlas of the Greek world. Oxford: Phaidon.
  538. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  539. Despite some excellent cartography, this volume, like its counterpart Cornell and Matthews 1982, is more an illustrated history than an atlas.
  540. Find this resource:
  541. McCormick, Michael, Guoping Huang, Kelly Gibson, et al., eds. 2007–. Digital Atlas of Roman and Medieval Civilizations.
  542. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  543. Links with Talbert 2000 and Elliott 2006 (both cited under Large-Scope Reference Works) and maps a rich variety of themes.
  544. Find this resource:
  545. Mittmann, Siegfried, and Götz Schmitt, eds. 2001. Tübinger Bibelatlas. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft.
  546. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  547. For the most part a reprint (with two vertical folds) of twenty-four Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients (cited under 20th-Century Projects) maps, a few of them revised and supplemented specifically for biblical reference. A gazetteer (separate booklet) accompanies the atlas, but there is no commentary.
  548. Find this resource:
  549. Strassler, Robert B., ed. 1996–. Landmark Ancient Historical Authors in Translation, with Commentary. New York: Pantheon.
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  551. To 2011 all authors in this ongoing series—Thucydides, Herodotus, Xenophon, and Arrian—are Greek. An exceptional number of maps to clarify the narrative are a distinctive and invaluable feature.
  552. Find this resource:
  553. Talbert, Richard J. A., Elizabeth Robinson, and Ross Twele. 2011. Wall maps for the ancient world. London: Routledge.
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  555. Seven large maps (without accompanying text) designed for introductory college-level classes. Coverage spans the preclassical Near East and Egypt to the Roman Empire around 200 CE. Available in digital and print formats.
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