Population Sources:
-https://www.biggestuscities.com/
-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_in_the_Americas

NYC Source:
-https://www.vitalcitynyc.org/articles/vital-signs-state-of-the-city-on-crime-2024

LA Sources:
-https://jnylaw.com/blog/2023-crime-statistics-for-los-angeles-revealed/
-https://www.cbsnews.com/losangeles/news/lapds-2024-end-of-year-crime-report-homicides/

Toronto Source:
-https://data.torontopolice.on.ca/pages/homicide

Chicago Source:
-https://www.chicagotribune.com/2025/01/03/chicago-homicides-2024/

Houston Source:
-https://www.fox26houston.com/news/houston-crime-statistics-2024-murders-robberies-decrease-from-2023

Montréal Source:
-https://www.montrealgazette.com/news/local-crime/article634744.html

Phoenix Source:
-https://azcrimestatistics.azdps.gov/tops/report/violent-crimes/phoenix-pd/2024

Philadelphia Source:
-https://www.phillypolice.com/crime-data/crime-statistics/

San Antonio Source:
-https://www.ksat.com/news/local/2025/05/14/map-what-we-know-about-san-antonios-127-homicides-in-2024/

Calgary Source:
-https://calgaryherald.com/news/crime/calgary-crime-numbers-fall-dramatically-with-exceptions

Methodology for calculating homicide rate: Annual homicides divided by city population (determines homicides per capita), than multiplied by 100,000 (determines homicides per 100,000 people).

Methodology for classifying restriction severity of state/province: Determine a score based on the level of firearm restrictions that are in place in that region. 1 point is awarded for each restriction in place, 0.5 points may be awarded for the registry classifications (full or partial registry?) and mandatory waiting period (length of waiting period?).

-Mandatory background checks
-Mandatory registry
-Mandatory waiting period before sale
-Mandatory safety training
-Concealed carry limitation
-Child access prevention

A score of 5+/6 results in a "very heavy restrictions" score, 4+/6 results in a "heavy restrictions" score, 3+/6 results in a "moderate restrictions" score, 2+/6 results in a "light restrictions" score, and 1+/6 results in a "very light restrictions" score.

-Québec: 6
-Alberta: 5.5 (0.5 lost for no full registry)
-Ontario: 5.5 (0.5 lost for no full registry)
-California: 5 (0.5 lost for no full registry; 0.5 lost for insufficient waiting period length)
-New Jersey: 4 (1 lost for no mandatory safety training; 0.5 lost for no full registry; 0.5 lost for insufficient waiting period length)
-New York: 4 (1 lost for no mandatory safety training; 0.5 lost for no full registry; 0.5 lost for insufficient waiting period length)
-Illinois: 3.5 (1 awarded for child access prevention; 1 awarded for mandatory background checks; 1 awarded for concealed carry limitation; 0.5 awarded for present but insufficient waiting period length)
Pennsylvania: 3 (1 awarded for child access prevention; 1 awarded for mandatory background checks; 1 awarded for concealed carry limitation)
-Indiana: 2 (1 awarded for child access prevention; 1 awarded for concealed carry limitation)
-Texas: 2 (1 awarded for child access prevention; 1 awarded for concealed carry limitation)
-Arizona: 1 (1 awarded for concealed carry limitation)

Firearm Restrictions Sources:

-https://www.rand.org/research/gun-policy/law-navigator.html#concealed-carry-laws
-https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/cntrng-crm/frrms/index-en.aspx
-https://legalclarity.org/can-you-buy-guns-in-canada-anymore/
-https://www.quebec.ca/en/tourism-and-recreation/sporting-and-outdoor-activities/sport-hunting/weapons-ammunition-gear/rules-governing-firearms
-https://www.legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca/en/document/cs/I-0.01
-https://www.quebec.ca/en/public-safety-emergencies/firearms/firearms-registration/about-firearms-registration/owners-covered-by-firearms-registration-act
-https://worldpopulationreview.com/state-rankings/waiting-period-for-guns-by-state