Chapter 23
1 : Major motivations for European exploration of the world's oceans included all of the following except
      c. population pressures in Europe.

2 : Portuguese sailors were able to tack against the prevailing winds by using
      a. a combination of square and lateen sails.

3 : European and Arab mariners in the fifteenth century determined latitude by measuring the angle of the sun or pole star above the horizon with
      c. an astrolabe or cross staff.

4 : By the mid-fifteenth century Portuguese mariners used a strategy called the volta do mar that
      d. enabled them to sail with westerly winds rather than force their way against trade winds.

5 : The sea route to the Indian Ocean discovered by Vasca da Gama offered European merchants
      b. a chance to buy goods directly from Indian merchants.

6 : Christopher Columbus believed that by sailing west 2,500 nautical miles he would
      b. find a direct and profitable route to Japan.

7 : By 1800 European exploration of the Pacific Ocean resulted in all of the following except
      a. the discovery of a northwest passage from Europe to Asia.

8 : Portuguese mariners succeeded in building a trading-post empire early in the sixteenth century for all of the following reasons except
      e. the superiority of the Portuguese navy to English and Dutch forces.

9 : The English East India Company and the VOC were privately owned companies that enjoyed all of the following advantages except
      c. direct government supervision.

10 : Spanish forces were able to conquer the Philippines because of
      b. the lack of a centralized, powerful state to organize resistance.

11 : The Dutch in Indonesia concentrated their efforts on
      d. dominating the spice trade through the Sundra Strait.

12 : Which trading post is incorrectly paired with a European power?
      c. Hormuz and England.

13 : Which of the following was not a significant presence in the Indian Ocean by the mid-eighteenth century?
      e. Russia.

14 : As a result of the Seven Years' War, Britain gained all the following except
      d. Cape Town from the Dutch.

15 : In the New World, the Columbian Exchange generally resulted in
      e. all of the above.

16 : Smallpox, influenza, and measles spread rapidly in the Americas because of
      c. lack of previous exposure that would build natural immunity.

17 : In Eurasia, new American food crops translated into
      e. all of the above.

18 : By 1750, all of the following regions were linked by trade and commerce except
      a. Australia.

19 : Which region is incorrectly paired with a primary trade good?
      d. Japan and spices.

20 : The Manila galleons were noted for
      a. carrying large cargoes between Mexico and the Philippines.

Chapter 24
1 : Martin Luther's criticism of the Roman Catholic Church was greatly aided by
      a. the printing press.

2 : Martin Luther's work had an enthusiastic popular support because
      e. all of the above.

3 : What political motivations encouraged the spread of Protestantism?
      d. Protestantism provided monarchs an opportunity to break away from the political domination of Rome.

4 : In response to the challenges raised by the Protestant Reformation, the Catholic Church

      d. summoned a council to clarify doctrine and strengthen their spiritual commitment.

5 : What was the principle work of the Society of Jesus (the Jesuits)?
      b. to be disciplined, educated representatives of the Church throughout the world.

6 : One reason for the hysterical witch-hunts of the sixteenth century was that
      a. the conflicts of the Reformation contributed to a climate of suspicion and violence.

7 : The Thirty Years' War began when
      d. The Holy Roman Emperor tried to force his Bohemian subjects to return to Catholicism.

8 : Who benefited most from the religious controversy generated by the Reformation?
      c. centralizing monarchs, because they gained more independent authority.

9 : Which of the following was not part of Charles V's holdings?
      b. England.

10 : Charles V was unable to forge a united empire for all of the following reasons except
      e. He alienated the pope for failing to crush Luther.

11 : The new monarchs were characterized by all of the following except
      e. a commitment to individual liberty.

12 : The Spanish Inquisition relied on religious justifications to advance what political ends?
      c. discouraging the Spanish nobles from adopting Protestantism.

13 : Seventeenth-century constitutional monarchies are characterized by all of the following except
      e. the election of the monarch by the merchant class.

14 : According to the divine-right theory of government,
      b. the king derives his authority from God alone and is not accountable to his subjects.

15 : Louis XIV managed to control the nobles of France and their activities by
      c. requiring the nobility to live at Versailles where he could distract them and keep an eye on them.

16 : The Treaty of Westphalia, which ended of the Thirty Years' War, ensured that
      e. all of the above.

17 : The population of Europe grew dramatically in the seventeenth century because of
      a. improved nutrition with new American food crops.

18 : New institutions that supported early capitalism included all of the following except
      b. craft guilds.

19 : The putting-out system was profitable for all of the following groups except whom?
      e. the guild members who specialized in specific elements of cloth production such as weaving or dying.

20 : Which individual is incorrectly paired with a scientific discovery?
      e. Ptolemy and the moons of Jupiter.

21 : Galileo's discoveries would not have been possible without
      a. the telescope.

22 : Isaac Newton's work seemed to suggest that
      b. the stars and planets were part of a unified system, governed by the same natural laws.


Chapter 25
1 : What was Dona Marina's role in the Spanish conquest of the Aztecs?
      D. She could speak several native languages and served as an interpreter.

2 : The first indigenous people that the Spanish empire dispossessed of their lands and forced into labor were the
      E. Tainos.

3 : The labor system that compelled Indians to work in Spanish mines and fields in exchange for protection and Christian conversion was known as
      A. the encomienda system.

4 : Which of the following was <I>not </I>a significant factor in Cortés's defeat of the Aztec empire?
      C. the inadequate defenses of Tenochtitlan.

5 : In colonial governments, the power of the Spanish viceroy was kept in check by the authority of
      B. the audiencias.

6 : How did Portugal gain an empire in Brazil?
      B. The Treaty of Tordesillas, designed to divide the Atlantic between Spain and Portugal,      unintentionally granted Brazil to Portugal.

7 : The English settlements in North America grew slowly at first because
      B. the first English settlements did not prepare sufficient food crops.

8 : One significant difference in the administration of English colonies compared to their Spanish counterparts was
      D. English colonies were often financed by private investors, who retained control over         colonial affairs.

9 : How did European settlers in North America legally justify seizing lands from native North American peoples?
      A. The settlers negotiated treaties.

10 : A mestizo is
      C. a person of mixed Spanish and Indian descent.

11 : Criollos differed from peninsulares only in that
      A. they were born in the western hemisphere and not the eastern hemisphere.

12 : The most valuable commodity for the Spanish in the Americas was
      A. minerals like silver and gold.

13 : How did the mining industries of the Americas stimulate global economic growth?
      D. The Spanish quinto circulated throughout European and Asian markets.

14 : The agricultural system that dominated the Spanish colonies was known as
      C. hacienda.

15 : The difference between the encomienda and the repartimiento is that
      E. The Spanish paid the Indians wages for their labor.

16 : Why did the production of sugar differ from that of other agricultural commodities of the western hemisphere?
      B. Sugarcane required extensive processing to turn it into a profitable export.

17 : Which of the following was not a typical result of the North American fur trade?
      D. hostile relations between European traders and Native American trappers.

18 : Indentured servants who worked off their contracts in the colonies often
      D. became artisans or small farmers.

19 : Why were the indigenous peoples of Mesoamerica and South America more likely to accept Christianity than the peoples of North America were?
      B. North American Indians were more geographically scattered and so harder for missionaries            to reach.

20 : The first explorers to Australia were not interested in settlement because
      E. the first explorers only explored the barren western coast of Australia.

Chapter 26
1 : Sunni Ali's administration of the Songhay was strengthened by
      E. all of the above.

2 : Which of the following was <I>not </I>conquered or defeated by the Portuguese?
      D. Songhay.

3 : Although relations between Portugal and the Kongo were initially friendly, the Kongo was ultimately destroyed because
      D. Portuguese slave traders undermined the authority of the kings.

4 : Queen Nzinga resisted the Portuguese conquest of Angola by
      B. mobilizing military resistance to the Portuguese.

5 : The indigenous religions of sub-Saharan African were essentially
      A. polytheistic, recognizing numerous local gods as well as a single creator god.

6 : An example of a syncretic cult combining elements of Christianity and African beliefs is
      A. the Antonian movment.

7 : One significant difference between the Portuguese settlement of Angola and the Dutch settlement of Cape Town was that
      C. the Portuguese came to Angola as traders while the Dutch settled South Africa as farmers.

8 : In spite of the ravages of the slave trade, the population of Africa actually increased in the eighteenth century due to
      C. the introduction of new staple foods from the Americas.

9 : Before the fifteenth century, most slaves in Africa were
      E. all of the above.

10 : All of the following are characteristics of slavery in Africa except
      D. slaves in Africa had certain civil rights and could appeal to the law for justice.

11 : The Portuguese slave trade began in the mid-fifteenth century with Portuguese raiders capturing African men and selling them in Europe. How had this trade changed by the mid-sixteenth century?
      D. Portuguese merchants bought slaves from African raiders and sold them to Europe and   the Americas.

12 : Which of the following could not be a leg of the triangular trans-Atlantic trade?
      C. Mexican silver delivered to Manila.

13 : African slaves were in demand for the New World because
      E. all of the above.

14 : The middle passage of the slave trade was
      C. the ship voyage across the Atlantic in the cargo decks.

15 : Olaudah Equiano's experience contributed to the abolishment of slavery because he
      D. exposed the horrors of slavery, particularly the middle passage, to a European audience.

16 : Slavery's impact on Africa
      A. fell most heavily on the societies of west Africa.

17 : Most African slaves went
      A. to the tropical and subtropical plantations of the Americas.

18 : On the plantations of the Caribbean and Brazil, slaves
      B. suffered heavy losses due to tropical diseases and brutal conditions.

19 : Maroons were
      D. slaves who ran away and formed their own communities in remote areas.

20 : African culture in the Americas included all of the following except
      C. traditional kinship ties.

Chapter 27
1 : Although the Ming emperor Yongle encouraged maritime exploration, later emperors discontinued that practice because
      D. Qing emperors feared that new ideas would lead to political instability.

2 : Which of the following is not true of the Manchus?
      C. They rejected Confucian principles in favor of a Mongol-style tribal council.

3 : Which of the following is not true of the scholar-bureaucrats of China?
      B. They were independent warlords, far from court and above the law.

4 : Which of the following is not true of China's civil service system?
      C. It ensured that the most progressive men available governed China.

5 : The person with the lowest status in the Chinese household was
      E. a daughter-in-law.

6 : All of the following are indicative of the low status of Chinese women in the Ming and Qing dynasties except
      C. the forced burning of widows.

7 : Foreign traders sought all of the following Chinese products except
      B. silver.

8 : In the view of Emperor Qianlong, the trade between China and England was
      A. unnecessary to China but a favor to England.

9 : By far the biggest social class in early modern China was
      A. the peasants.

10 : According to traditional Confucian values, merchants were
      B. considered social parasites.

11 : Confucian education tended to support
      C. conservative values such as filial piety and submission to authority.

12 : Which of the following statements is not true of the Jesuit mission in China?
      A. Jesuits attracted many converts, and Christianity became a popular religion.

13 : Tokugawa Ieyasu ruled Japan as
      B. a temporary military ruler in support of the emperor.

14 : In order to control daimyo and maintain political stability, the Tokugawabakufu
      E. all of the above.

15 : The isolationism of the Tokugawa government included
      A. forbidding Japanese from going abroad.

16 : The population growth in Japan slowed after 1700 because of the practice of
      E. all of the above.

17 : In the floating worlds in the major Japanese cities, one could find
      C. Kabuki theaters, brothels, public baths, and teahouses.

18 : What became of the Christian community in Japan under the Tokugawa shogunate?
      B. Christians were brutally persecuted and driven into secrecy.

19 : "Dutch learning" in Tokugawa Japan referred to all of the following areas except
      A. weapons and armaments.

20 : In his treatise "Deus Destroyed," Fabian Fucan expressed his concerns that
      D. Christian missionaries planned to subvert Buddhism and destroy traditional Japanese culture.

Chapter 28
1 : In their rise of power the Ottomans were aided by the ghazi, who were
      C. Muslim religious warriors.

2 : The Ottoman military made use of
      E. all of the above.

3 : Which of the following provinces, controlled by the Muslim Ottomans, remained Christian?
      D. Serbia.

4 : The Janissaries were
      B. Christian boys taken from conquered territories and raised as special forces.

5 : Suleyman the Magnificent
      A. captured Belgrade and laid siege to the city of Vienna.

6 : In his "Turkish Letters," the Hungarian diplomat Ghislain de Busbecq expresses concerns that
      C. Ottoman forces are hardier and more disciplined than European forces.

7 : The Safavid empire began with the reign of Shah Ismail, who claimed legitimacy to the throne by
      C. tracing his ancestry back to a Sufi religious leader.

8 : Twelver Shiism was a Muslim sect that claimed that
      A. Ismail was the "hidden" imam or even a reincarnation of Allah.

9 : At the Battle of Chaldiran in 1514,
      B. the Sunni Ottomans defeated the Shiite Safavids.

10 : Shah Abbas revitalized the Safavid regime by all of the following means except
      D. forging alliances with the Ottomans against Europeans.

11 : The Mughal leader Babur originally invaded northern India in order to
      B. finance his military campaigns in central Asia.

12 : The reforms of Akbar included all the following except
      D. education and basic rights for Indian women.

13 : The Mughal emperor Aurangzeb
      E. all of the above.

14 : Politically, all three of the Islamic states began as
      C. military states.

15 : Foreign trade took hold primarily in
      C. the Safavid and the Ottoman empires.

16 : One persistent problem within all three empires was
      D. achieving a peaceful succession after the death of the emperor.

17 : Major trade commodities sought by European merchants from the Islamic empires included
      C. silks, carpets, and other crafts.

18 : Which of the following would not be an example of religious toleration under Muslim rule?
      B. the jisya tax imposed by Aurangzeb.

19 : A major reason for the decline in the Islamic Empires was
      A. the refusal to accept new ideas and technologies from the West.

20 : The Muslim resistance to new ideas and technologies by the eighteenth century is illustrated by
      E. all of the above.

Chapter 29
1 : Ivan III declared Russian independence from Mongol rule in 1480 by
      B. refusing to pay the required annual tribute.

2 : The first significant acquisition of the Principality of Moscow in the fifteenth century was
      C. Novgorod.

3 : Ivan III sought to consolidate his hold over newly acquired lands by
      B. recruiting peasants and offering them freedom if they settled in newly acquired lands.

4 : Ivan III's Byzantine policy included
      E. all of the above.

5 : Ivan IV is known as Ivan the Terrible because
      C. his eccentric behavior included the burning of suspected traitors in large frying pans.

6 : After fifteen years of civil war, the Romanov dynasty was established
      D. by a candidate chosen by Russian representatives.

7 : Peter the Great's program of westernization included
      E. all of the above.

8 : Which of the following was not one of Peter's military reforms?
      A. commissioning a modern navy to be built in the shipyards of Amsterdam.

9 : To overhaul the government bureaucracy, Peter
      B. established the Table of Ranks, which allowed officials to be rewarded for merit and loyalty.

10 : Of all the social reforms imposed by Peter I, the one that met with the stiffest opposition was
      A. the requirement that all men shave off their beards.

11 : St. Petersburg was built as
      E. all of the above.

12 : Catherine I became tsarina by
      B. deposing her husband with the help of powerful nobles.

13 : Catherine's commitment to the ideals of the Enlightenment included all of the following except
      D. providing a means by which serfs could earn their freedom.

14 : Catherine's efforts at reform ended because
      B. the French Revolution convinced her that it was dangerous to relinquish control.

15 : Russian encroachment on the kingdom of Poland-Lithuania began in the seventeenth century with the annexation of what territory?
      E. Ukraine.

16 : In the late eighteenth century, the Polish-Lithuanian Republic met what fate at the hands of Russia, Austria, and Prussia?
      C. It was carved up between the three powers and disappeared as a sovereign state.

17 : In the Pale of Settlement, Catherine decreed that
      A. Jews could not live outside specified boundaries.

18 : In spite of the isolation and harsh climate, Russians ventured over the Urals into Siberia in search of
      D. furs.

19 : At what time did the nobles gain the most power at the expense of their serfs?
      E. In the eighteenth century under Catherine the Great.

20 : What was the core issue dividing Orthodox reformers and Old Believers?
      A. Whether religious rituals could be revised to be more consistent with the rest of the Orthodox world.

Chapter 30
1 : The ideas of the Enlightenment challenged the long-term assumptions about sovereignty and instead proposed that
      C. governments are bound to the will of the people.

2 : Which of the following could be considered an expression of enlightened ideas about government?
      C. the Declaration of Independence.

3 : The American colonists won their bid for independence primarily because
      D. the French and the Dutch decided to support them against the British.

4 : Embedded in the American Constitution is the principle of
      E. popular sovereignty.

5 : Which of the following was not one of the causes of the French Revolution of 1789?
      B. accusation of treason against Louis XVI.

6 : Which of the following was not one of the provisions of the new French constitution of 1791?
      D. All adult males were given the right to vote in national elections.

7 : Under the rule of the Convention, French women
      A. gained important property rights and the right to a divorce.

8 : Napoleon Bonaparte rose to power as
      B. a military hero.

9 : In general, Napoleon championed
      B. equality under the law but not political freedom.

10 : Which of the following is not an explanation of why the Haitian Revolution succeeded?
      D. The revolutionaries had the support of British and Spanish forces.

11 : In leading the revolutions of South America, Simon Bolivar advocated
      C. the popular sovereignty.

12 : Revolutions in Latin America were frequently a power struggle between what two groups?
      B. peninsulares and crioles.

13 : Which Latin American state gained independence as a monarchy?
      A. Brazil.

14 : A political conservative in the nineteenth century would be likely to advocate
      E. all of the above.

15 : A political liberal in the nineteenth century would be likely to advocate
      D. written constitutions and representative government.

16 : The first European power to abolish the slave trade was
      A. Britain.

17 : The last country to abolish slavery was
      A. Brazil.

18 : The American women's rights movement began
      B. concurrent with the antislavery movement.

19 : Which of the following would not be an example of cultural nationalism?
      E. All are examples of cultural nationalism.

20 : Theodor Herzl's Zionism was the direct result of
      B. his shock at the army's persecution of Alfred Dreyfuss.

21 : The German people united behind King Wilhelm I of Prussia because
      C. the wars engineered by Bismarck generated strong nationalistic sentiment.

Chapter 31
1 : Which of the following was <I>not </I>an economic advantage enjoyed by Britain in the eighteenth century?
      b. local sources of raw cotton.

2 : Cotton cloth was valued by European consumers in the eighteenth century because
      b. it was comfortable and convenient.

3 : Improvements in transportation, such as the railroads and steamships,
      e. all of the above.

4 : Which of the following was <I>not</I> a significant labor-saving invention in the production of cotton cloth?
      c. chemical dyes.

5 : From the perspective of the worker, the factory system meant
      d. harsh discipline and close supervision.

6 : From the perspective of the consumer, the factory system meant
      a. cheaper manufactured goods.

7 : Rural laborers new to the factory had difficulty adjusting to
      d. the rigid timetables of industrial work.

8 : The Luddites were threatened by industrialization of what industry in particular?
      e. textiles.

9 : The British maintained their head start in industrialization by
      b. forbidding the export of machinery and expertise.

10 : In what nation did the government give significant support to industry in the late nineteenth century?
      d. Germany.

11 : One advantage of the industrial corporation over the older joint-stock company was
      a. the limited liability for investors.

12 : All of the following are examples of vertical organization <I>except</I>
      c. British East India Company’s monopoly on the tea trade.

13 : The population of the industrial world grew dramatically in the nineteenth century, in part because
      a. improved transportation networks resulted in cheaper food.

14 : By 1900, birthrates had sharply declined in most industrialized countries because
      e. all of the above.

15 : Which of the following was <I>not</I> a typical inducement for Europeans to emigrate abroad in the nineteenth century?
      c. unemployment in Britain.

16 : Middle-class family life in the new industrial society was characterized by
      c. gendered division of labor and space.

17 : One outcome of the laws against child labor in the late nineteenth century was
      a. all children were required to attend public school.

18 : In their critique of industrial capitalism, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels claimed that
      e. only a communist revolution would change the abuses of capitalism and create a just and equal society.

19 : In response to socialist demands for social and economic reform, most governments
      e. all of the above.

20 : In Russia, the government sponsored industrialization by all of the following measures <I>except</I>
      e. implementing bank reforms to encourage Russian investors.

Chapter 32
1 : The United States gained western territory by all of the following means <I>except</I>
      e. purchase from indigenous people.

2 : The term <I>Manifest Destiny</I> was used to describe
      c. the inevitability of American dominion over all of North America.

3 : At Wounded Knee in 1890,
      d. U.S. cavalry massacred a settlement of 200 Sioux men, women, and children.

4 : Which of the following is not a territory acquired as a result of the Mexican-American War?
      d. Oregon.

5 : The constitutional issue at the center of the American Civil War was
      b. the balance of power between the state governments and the federal government.

6 : The Emancipation Proclamation
      c. freed only the slaves in the rebel states.

7 : British Canada gained a large French population as a result of
      a. France’s loss of its Canadian colonies in the Seven Years’ War.

8 : Which of the following provinces was <I>not </I>part of the Dominion of Canada by 1900?
      a. Alberta.

9 : In Latin America, the road to a stable state was hindered by
      c. sharp divisions among the creole classes.

10 : The Mexican Revolution was fundamentally a conflict between
      e. conservative landowners and landless peasants.

11 : All of the following contributed to American economic development in the nineteenth century <I>except</I>
      d. lack of competition from Europe.

12 : New inventions toward the turn of the century included all of the following <I>except</I>
      c. radio.

13 : The National Policy for economic development of Canada included
      e. all of the above.

14 : Economic development in Latin America was limited because
      a. the market for manufactured goods was too small.

15 : During the dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz, Mexico achieved all of the following <I>except</I>
      d. improved public health and education.

16 : The purpose of the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 was to
      b. break tribal reservations into small family farms.
]
17 : After Reconstruction, former slaves in the American south
      b. remained free, but lost many of their civil rights.

18 : The Northwest Rebellion in Canada in 1885 was sparked by
      a. the loss of land and trading rights by m&eacute;tis and natives because of western expansion.

19 : The <I>gaucho</I> in Argentina is similar to what widely romanticized figure in American history?
      e. the western cowboy.

20 : By 1900 Latin American women had achieved
      a. expanded educational opportunities.