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br.big fix

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Jun 16th, 2025
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  1. UPDATED CSS:
  2. <style>
  3. body,div {
  4.     font-family:Verdana,Trebuchet MS,Arial,Tahoma,Helvetica,sans-serif;
  5.     font-size:11pt;
  6.     line-height:1.3em;
  7. }
  8.  
  9. p,ul,ol,li {
  10.     text-align:left;
  11.     font: normal normal 11pt Verdana,Trebuchet MS,Arial,Tahoma,Helvetica,sans-serif;
  12. }
  13.  
  14. ul,ol {
  15.   padding-bottom:0;
  16.   margin-bottom:0;
  17.   padding-left:1em;
  18.   line-height:1.4em;
  19. }  
  20.  
  21. li {
  22.   padding-bottom:5px;
  23.   padding-top:5px;
  24.   margin-left:1em;
  25.   line-height:22px
  26. }
  27.  
  28. sup {
  29.   vertical-align:baseline;
  30.   position:relative;
  31.   top:-0.4em;
  32.   line-height:100%;
  33. }
  34.  
  35. br.big {
  36.   display:block;
  37.   content:"";
  38.   margin-top:0.5em;
  39.   line-height:190%;
  40.   vertical-align:top;
  41. }
  42.  
  43. .feedbackpath {
  44.   font-family:Tahoma,Arial Narrow,Arial,Helvetica,Verdana,sans-serif;
  45.   font-size:11pt;
  46.   padding-left:1em;
  47.   display:inline-block;
  48. }
  49. </style>        
  50.  
  51. UPDATED HTML:
  52. <div style="max-width:41em;">
  53.  
  54. <ul style="margin-left:0.2em;padding-left:0.2em">
  55.  
  56.   <li id="negative" style="margin-top:1em;margin-bottom:0.75em"><b>Negative (stabilizing/attenuating) feedbacks:</b>
  57.  
  58.     <ol style="margin-top:0.5em">
  59.  
  60.       <li id="planck">
  61.         <p>Planck Feedback. The most fundamental feedback effect is simply that when the Earth's surface gets warmer, it loses heat faster, thereby reducing the increase in temperature.</p>
  62.         <p><i>&ldquo;It is like pumping air into a tyre with a puncture: the harder you pump the faster the air escapes.&rdquo;</i>&nbsp;&ndash;<a href="http://archive.is/nUwyk#selection-227.166-227.265">Clive Best</a></p>
  63.  
  64.         <p>The simplest and easiest to quantify component of that effect is the radiative component,
  65.         called &ldquo;Planck feedback.&rdquo; Radiative emissions from a warm body are
  66.         <a href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/stefan.html">proportional to</a>
  67.         the 4<sup>th</sup> power of the body's absolute temperature (temperature in Kelvin), according to the Stefan-Boltzmann law:</p>
  68.  
  69.         <p><span class=feedbackpath><b>E = &epsi; &sigma; T<sup>4</sup></b></span></p>
  70.         <p>where:</p>
  71.         <p><span class=feedbackpath>epsilon <b>&epsi;</b> is emissivity, [0..1] (function of frequency, unless perfect grey-body)<br>
  72.           sigma <b>&sigma;</b> is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant, 5.670374419E-8 W/m<sup>2</sup>K<sup>4</sup><br>
  73.           temperature <b>T</b> is in Kelvin<br>
  74.           <b>E</b> = radiative emission in W/m<sup>2</sup>
  75.           </span></p>
  76.  
  77.         <p>It is calculated that a uniform global temperature increase of
  78.         1&deg;C would increase radiant heat loss from the surface of the Earth by about 1.4% (variously estimated to be 3.1 to <nobr>3.7 W/m&sup2;,</nobr> or <a href="AR5_Table_9.5_p.818.html#:~:text=Planck_fdbk">3.1 to 3.3 W/m&sup2; in the CMIP5 models</a>,
  79.         or <a href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter07.pdf#page=46">3.0 to 3.4 W/m&sup2; in AR6 &sect;7.4.2.1</a>
  80.           &mdash; it's <a href="Cronin2020_PlanckQJ.pdf">complicated</a>).</p>
  81.  
  82.          <p><span class=feedbackpath>warmer&nbsp;surface &rarr;&nbsp;more&nbsp;rapid&nbsp;radiative&nbsp;heat&nbsp;loss &rarr;&nbsp;cooler&nbsp;surface</span></p>
  83.  
  84.         <p>However, <a href="Koll2018_pnas.1809868115.pdf">Koll &amp; Cronin (2018)</a> report that...</p>
  85.       </li>
  86.  
  87.       <li>(Another list element)</li>
  88.  
  89.     </ol>
  90.  
  91.  
  92.   <li id="positive" style="margin-top:1em;margin-bottom:0.75em"><b>Positive (amplifying) feedbacks:</b></li>
  93.  
  94. </ul>
  95.  
  96. </div>
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