2020-02-04 TOEFL: word roots, reading vocab

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-the-romans-flooded-the-colosseum-for-sea-battles-janelle-peters
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Word Roots (list 2) - With your partners, try to think of one or two words to explain the meaning of each root.
cert (certain, ascertain, certificate) = sure
chrom (monochrome, achromatic) = color
chron (chronological, anachronism, synchronize) = time
circum (circumscribe, circumspect, circumnavigate) = around
claim/clam (exclaim, proclamation, clamor) = shout/yell
clar (clarify, declare) = clear
cline (inclination, decline, recline) = lean
co (coworker, coeducational, coauthor) = together
          	col before L: (collaborate, colleague)
          	com before M, P, B: (communicate, composition, combine)
          	cor before R: (correlate, corroborate)
          	con before other consonants (except H): (concatenate, condone, confer, congratulate, conjunction, connect, conquest, consent, contain, convene)
          	(co before vowels, H, and in new words: coaxial, cohabitate, copilot, coteacher)
cogni (cognizance, incognito) = know/think
contra (contrast, contradict, controversy) = against (This is “con” + “tra”. It’s the same “tra/tro” in “intro”, “retro”, “extra”; it adds the idea of movement or direction.)
corp (corporation, corpse, incorporate) = body
cred (credible, credit, credulous) = trust/believe
crypto (cryptography, cryptic, encrypt) = hidden/secret (Many words that start with “crypto” are related to hidding information with codes.)
dem/demo (demographics, democracy, epidemic) = people
di/de (decelerate, dethrone, decrease, divide, diverge) = down/away
di (dilemma, dihedral) = two
dia (diameter, dialect) = across/between (A dialect describes the kinds of words people use in a dialogue, i.e. a conversation.)
dict (dictator, dictionary, contradict) = say/tell
domin (dominate, dominion, predominate) = master/control
don (donate, pardon) = give
duce/duct (introduction, deduct, conduct) = take/lead
dyna (dynamic, dynamite, dynasty) = power/movement
dys (dysfunction, dystopia, dyslexia) = bad (The opposite prefix is “eu”.)
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anti = before/in front of OR against
con = together OR against
ob/op = in front of OR against
(Even “with” historically could mean “against”, and still does in words like “withstand”.)
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euphemism = neutral or nicer words to talk about something potentially impolite or uncomfortable
dysphemism = intentionally negative or rude words to talk about something (especially that’s normally euphemized)
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It’s useful to be able to recognize roots, but it’s also important to know that sometimes the original meaning has completely disappeared from the word.
proto = first
protocol = the correct and polite way to do something
(There is a history of how this change happened, but the point is that “protocol” isn’t connected to “first” any more.)
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TOEFL: 3.5 hours, 4 sections, 120 points total (30 per section), $205
1 reading: 54-72 minutes, 3 or 4 passages, 9-10 questions per passage
2 listening: 40-60 minutes, 5-7 listenings (2-3 conversations, 3-4 lectures)
	(10-minute break)
3 speaking: 17 minutes, 4 tasks, 3m45s of speaking time
4 writing: 55 minutes, 2 tasks, 20+30 minutes of writing time
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Reading question types:
- purpose
- vocabulary
- fact
- negative fact
- inference
- reference
- paraphrase
- sentence insertion (always the one before the last question)
- summarize (one of two possibilities for the last question)
- organize/categorize (complete a chart) (the other possibility for the last question)
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Vocabulary Questions - p. 2-10 give suggestions for how to answer these questions from context
(p. 2 describes steps, p. 5-6 give common context clues that you might use in step 3.)
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BREAK
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p. 7 exercise 1R4 - Try to think of one or two more exmples for each common noun ending. (DON’T simply write the words from the box on p. 6.)
1 teacher, doctor, manager, administrator (verb+er = person (or thing) that does [verb])
2 resident, president, assistant, student
3 rapist, dentist, scientist, pianist, violinist, guitarist, vocalist (noun+er = person connected with [noun])
- some words here can also be “-ism” to denote an ideology or system: racism, communism, etc.
4 pioneer, volunteer, billionaire
5 madness, sadness, homelessness, helplessness, carelessness, sickness (adj+ness = noun)
6 simplicity, curiosity, personality, nationality (adj+ity = noun)
7 residence, assistance, independence (many words from [2] can change to -ce like this)
8 exclamation, information, administration (verb+tion or +ation = noun for the action)
9 commitment, judgment, development (verb+ment = noun)
What do these endings mean?
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p. 8 - Do the same with other parts of speech.
1 snowy, sunny, foggy, icy, salty, spicy, juicy (noun+y = with a lot of [noun])
2 logical, magical, emotional, educational (noun+al = related to [noun])
3 extraordinary, primary, secondary, tertiary, evolutionary, exemplary
4 toxic, traumatic, frenetic, classic, agnostic, geometric (This is also a common noun ending)
5 randomize, nationalize, realize, computerize (adj+ize = to make something [adjective])
6 clarify, certify, diversify (same meaning as “ize”)
7 whiten, blacken, brighten, lighten, darken, redden, flatten, heighten, broaden, lengthen, strengthen
	(adj+en = to make something [adjective])
8 activate, educate, administrate, duplicate, estimate, moderate, graduate (some of these can also be nouns or adjectives with different syllable stress)
9 (The adverb ending is just -ly. These words are mostly noun+al+ly.)
10 usually, frequently, rarely, certainly, probably (adj+ly = adverb)
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p. 8 part 1R6 - Identify the part of speech (noun, verb, adjective, adverb) of the bold words.
1 adjective
2 verb
3 noun
4 adjective
5 noun
6 noun
7 adverb
8 adjective
9 noun
10 noun
11 verb
12 verb
13 noun
14 adjective
15 adjective
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Cengage exercise 2.1 - Use context to explain the meanings of these words in your own words.
passage 1
drab = dull, boring, not glamorous
constant = continuous, unchanging
dusk = the end of the day, evening, the time just after sunset (opp. “dawn”)
rudimentary = basic
faint = weak, unclear
refuse = trash, waste (The noun is stressed on the first syllable.)
roam = walk around (very common for animals and with the word “free” or “freely”)
passage 2
took over = assume a role, take control
curriculum = course of studies
elective = optional
stressed = emphasized
passage 3
cluster = group close together
mist = fog
luminous = bright, light-emitting
debris = pieces left over after something is built or destroyed
a handful = more than a few, less than several
mourning = grieving a death
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Homework: p. 11-15, exercises 1R9 and 1R11