2018-01-30 TOEFL: word roots, reading vocab

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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Homework: if you want more feedback on last weekend’s writing (than a score and one or two sentences) = , email me with a self-evaluation, in which you tell me what you think you did well and what you did badly on this writing. What will you try to improve next time? If you have written for me before, say what you did better or worse than your previous writing(s) = .
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Word Roots - List 5 - With your partner, try to think of a word or two to explain the meaning of each root.
morph (amorphous, metamorphosis) = form
multi (multicolored, multilayers) = many (this is the Latin root)
nat (native, innate, natal, nativity, nation) = birth
neo (neoclassic, neocolonialism, Neolithic) = new
nom/nym (nominate, misnomer, pseudonym, anonymous) = name
nov (innovate, novelty) = new
nov (November) = nine (At one time the calendar year began in March.)
ob (obstruct, object, obvious) = in front (Something in front of you can also be in your way.)
omni (omnipotent, omnidirectional, omnivore) = all (Latin)
opt (optimal, optimize) = best
opt (optician, optometry) = eyes/vision
paleo (paleontology, Paleolithic) = old
pan (panacea, panorama, pandemic) = all (Greek)
path (pathology, antipathy, empathy) = feeling (as in emotions), some words with this mean feeling sick
ped (pedestrian, pedicure) = foot
ped/paed (pediatrician) = child
peri (perimeter, peripheral) = around
phil (philanthropy, philosophy, bibliophile) = love (Note: some -phile words are just a preference, some are medical conditions, and some are sexual)
phob (arachnophobia, claustrophobia) = fear (These are often but not always medical/psychological conditions.)
phon (phonograph, microphone, homophone) = sound
photo (photograph, photosynthesis, photogenic) = light
pod (podium, podiatry, tripod) = foot
poly (polygon, polyglot) = many (Greek)
port (transport, portable) = carry / pass through
post (posthumous, postpone) = after
proto (prototype, proton, protocol) = first
pseudo (pseudonym, pseudopod) = fake
psych (psychopath, psychotherapy, psychology) = mind
pute (computer, dispute) = think
pyro (pyromaniac, pyrotechnics) = fire
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pyro -> fire
pod -> foot
pater -> father
quod -> what
Grimm’s Law describes sound changes in Germanic languages (which includes English)
Voiced stops lose voicing: b -> p, d -> t, g -> k
Stops become fricatives: p -> f, t -> th, k -> /x/ or h
quod -> hwaet -> what
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TOEFL: four sections, worth 30 points each, for a total of 120
1 reading: 60-80 minutes, 3 or 4 passages, about 14-15 questions each
2 listening: 60-90 minutes, 2 or 3 sets of three passages each (six or nine passages)
	(10-minute break)
3 speaking: 20 minutes, 6 tasks, 5m30s of speaking time
4 writing: about 1 hour, 2 tasks, 20+30 minutes of writing time
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Reading Question Types:
- vocabulary
- fact/detail
- negative fact
- inference
- reference
- purpose
- paraphrase / sentence restatement
- sentence insertion
- summarize
- organize/categorize/table completion
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DELTA p. 49-52 - Context clues for figuring out the meaning of new words.
appositive: a noun phrase separated with commas to give more information about another word
p. 50 clue 7: “Because of their similar teeth, [1] and [2] are believed to have evolved from the same ancestral groups as the [3], [4], and other mustelids.”
- You know these are animals, because they have teeth.
- “Mustelids” is a group of animals which includes [3] and [4], but not [1] and [2].
- Mustelids evolved from the same ancestors as [1] and [2].
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p. 56-57 - Take 4 minutes to answer the questions AND identify what clues you used to choose the answer. Then check your answers with your partner and explain why you picked that answer (or how you eliminated one or more of the incorrect answers).
1 D
2 A
3 B
4 A
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BREAK
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p. 59-59 - take 6 minutes to answer questions 5-10 in 1.3.A. Then check with a partner and decide why that’s the correct answer (how do you know the others are wrong?).
5 A - participate in tourism
6 B
7 A - “as well as some comprehension” suggests that “comprehension” and “grasp” are synonyms
8 D - A is positive and B & C are neutral, so only D might be negative, even if you didn’t know “hazards”
9 C - This sentence is in contrast to one that says leaves are tinted (colored) by the cold.
10 D
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p. 59-61 - Take 8 minutes to complete 1.3.B.
1 D
2 B - As the moon grows, the glare increases.
3 A - “withstand” means to stand against something
4 C - Its meaning continues to evolve, so it doesn’t have the same meaning.
5 D - The text tells us that scouring must remove soil and hollow out lakes.
6 C
7 D
8 A
9 B
10 A
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p. 62-63 - Take 6 minutes for 1.3.C
1 A
2 C - In contrast to “depriving some areas of rain”.
3 A
4 D
5 C - This is related to the “emotional excess that surrounds the flower”.
6 B
7 C - Planting roses on the grave suggests that this is about real roses, not images.
8 D - The context doesn’t help us decide between B, C, and D.
9 A
10 C
Many words have a vowel that changes from “long” to “short” when a suffix is added:
grade -> graduate
decor -> decorate
volcano -> volcanic
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Homework: Handout (Cambridge) - Answer all the questions