Object-Orientation in C

struct monkey
{
    float age;
    bool is_male;
    int happiness;
};

void monkey_dance(struct monkey *monkey)
{
    /* do a little dance */
}

struct base
{
    /* base class members */
};

struct derived
{
    struct base super;
    /* derived class members */
};

struct derived d;
struct base *base_ptr = (struct base *)&d;  // upcast
struct derived derived_ptr = (struct derived *)base_ptr;  // downcast

struct base;
struct base_vtable
{
    void (*dance)(struct base *);
    void (*jump)(struct base *, int how_high);
};

struct base
{
    struct base_vtable *vtable;
    /* base members */
};

void base_dance(struct base *b)
{
    b->vtable->dance(b);
}

void base_jump(struct base *b, int how_high)
{
    b->vtable->jump(b, how_high);
}

struct derived1
{
    struct base super;
    /* derived1 members */
};

void derived1_dance(struct derived1 *d)
{
    /* implementation of derived1's dance function */
}

void derived1_jump(struct derived1 *d, int how_high)
{
    /* implementation of derived 1's jump function */
}

/* global vtable for derived1 */
struct base_vtable derived1_vtable =
{
    &derived1_dance, /* you might get a warning here about incompatible pointer types */
    &derived1_jump   /* you can ignore it, or perform a cast to get rid of it */
};

void derived1_init(struct derived1 *d)
{
    d->super.vtable = &derived1_vtable;
    /* init base members d->super.foo */
    /* init derived1 members d->foo */
}

struct derived2
{
    struct base super;
    /* derived2 members */
};

void derived2_dance(struct derived2 *d)
{
    /* implementation of derived2's dance function */
}

void derived2_jump(struct derived2 *d, int how_high)
{
    /* implementation of derived2's jump function */
}

struct base_vtable derived2_vtable =
{
   &derived2_dance,
   &derived2_jump
};

void derived2_init(struct derived2 *d)
{
    d->super.vtable = &derived2_vtable;
    /* init base members d->super.foo */
    /* init derived1 members d->foo */
}

int main(void)
{
    /* OK!  We're done with our declarations, now we can finally do some
       polymorphism in C */
    struct derived1 d1;
    derived1_init(&d1);

    struct derived2 d2;
    derived2_init(&d2);

    struct base *b1_ptr = (struct base *)&d1;
    struct base *b2_ptr = (struct base *)&d2;

    base_dance(b1_ptr);  /* calls derived1_dance */
    base_dance(b2_ptr);  /* calls derived2_dance */

    base_jump(b1_ptr, 42);  /* calls derived1_jump */
    base_jump(b2_ptr, 42);  /* calls derived2_jump */

    return 0;
}

struct vehicle {
   int power;
   int weight;
}

struct van {
   struct vehicle base;
   int cubic_size;
}

struct van my_van;
struct vehicle *something = &my_van;
vehicle_function( something );

String s = "hi";
System.out.println(s.length());

string s = "hi";
printf(length(s)); // pass in s, as an implicit this

#include <limits.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

static void dtb_xlt(void *dst, const void *src, vint len, const byte *tbl);

DTABUF *dtb_crt(vint minsiz,vint incsiz,vint maxsiz) {
    DTABUF          *dbp;

    if(!minsiz) { return NULL; }
    if(!incsiz)                  { incsiz=minsiz;        }
    if(!maxsiz || maxsiz<minsiz) { maxsiz=minsiz;        }
    if(minsiz+incsiz>maxsiz)     { incsiz=maxsiz-minsiz; }
    if((dbp=(DTABUF*)malloc(sizeof(*dbp))) == NULL) { return NULL; }
    memset(dbp,0,sizeof(*dbp));
    dbp->min=minsiz;
    dbp->inc=incsiz;
    dbp->max=maxsiz;
    dbp->siz=minsiz;
    dbp->cur=0;
    if((dbp->dta=(byte*)malloc((vuns)minsiz)) == NULL) { free(dbp); return NULL; }
    return dbp;
    }

DTABUF *dtb_dlt(DTABUF *dbp) {
    if(dbp) {
        free(dbp->dta);
        free(dbp);
        }
    return NULL;
    }

vint dtb_adddta(DTABUF *dbp,const byte *xlt256,const void *dtaptr,vint dtalen) {
    if(!dbp) { errno=EINVAL; return -1; }
    if(dtalen==-1) { dtalen=(vint)strlen((byte*)dtaptr); }
    if((dbp->cur + dtalen) > dbp->siz) {
        void        *newdta;
        vint        newsiz;

        if((dbp->siz+dbp->inc)>=(dbp->cur+dtalen)) { newsiz=dbp->siz+dbp->inc; }
        else                                       { newsiz=dbp->cur+dtalen;   }
        if(newsiz>dbp->max) { errno=ETRUNC; return -1; }
        if((newdta=realloc(dbp->dta,(vuns)newsiz))==NULL) { return -1; }
        dbp->dta=newdta; dbp->siz=newsiz;
        }
    if(dtalen) {
        if(xlt256) { dtb_xlt(((byte*)dbp->dta+dbp->cur),dtaptr,dtalen,xlt256); }
        else       { memcpy(((byte*)dbp->dta+dbp->cur),dtaptr,(vuns)dtalen);   }
        dbp->cur+=dtalen;
        }
    return 0;
    }

static void dtb_xlt(void *dst,const void *src,vint len,const byte *tbl) {
    byte            *sp,*dp;

    for(sp=(byte*)src,dp=(byte*)dst; len; len--,sp++,dp++) { *dp=tbl[*sp]; }
    }

vint dtb_addtxt(DTABUF *dbp,const byte *xlt256,const byte *format,...) {
    byte            textÝ501¨;
    va_list         ap;
    vint            len;

    va_start(ap,format); len=sprintf_len(format,ap)-1; va_end(ap);
    if(len<0 || len>=sizeof(text)) { sprintf_safe(text,sizeof(text),"STRTOOLNG: %s",format); len=(int)strlen(text); }
    else                           { va_start(ap,format); vsprintf(text,format,ap); va_end(ap);                     }
    return dtb_adddta(dbp,xlt256,text,len);
    }

vint dtb_rmvdta(DTABUF *dbp,vint len) {
    if(!dbp) { errno=EINVAL; return -1; }
    if(len > dbp->cur) { len=dbp->cur; }
    dbp->cur-=len;
    return 0;
    }

vint dtb_reset(DTABUF *dbp) {
    if(!dbp) { errno=EINVAL; return -1; }
    dbp->cur=0;
    if(dbp->siz > dbp->min) {
        byte *newdta;
        if((newdta=(byte*)realloc(dbp->dta,(vuns)dbp->min))==NULL) {
            free(dbp->dta); dbp->dta=null; dbp->siz=0;
            return -1;
            }
        dbp->dta=newdta; dbp->siz=dbp->min;
        }
    return 0;
    }

void *dtb_elmptr(DTABUF *dbp,vint elmidx,vint elmlen) {
    if(!elmlen || (elmidx*elmlen)>=dbp->cur) { return NULL; }
    return ((byte*)dbp->dta+(elmidx*elmlen));
    }

typedef _Packed struct {
    vint            min;                /* initial size                       */
    vint            inc;                /* increment size                     */
    vint            max;                /* maximum size                       */
    vint            siz;                /* current size                       */
    vint            cur;                /* current data length                */
    void            *dta;               /* data pointer                       */
    } DTABUF;

#define dtb_dtaptr(mDBP)                (mDBP->dta)
#define dtb_dtalen(mDBP)                (mDBP->cur)

DTABUF              *dtb_crt(vint minsiz,vint incsiz,vint maxsiz);
DTABUF              *dtb_dlt(DTABUF *dbp);
vint                dtb_adddta(DTABUF *dbp,const byte *xlt256,const void *dtaptr,vint dtalen);
vint                dtb_addtxt(DTABUF *dbp,const byte *xlt256,const byte *format,...);
vint                dtb_rmvdta(DTABUF *dbp,vint len);
vint                dtb_reset(DTABUF *dbp);
void                *dtb_elmptr(DTABUF *dbp,vint elmidx,vint elmlen);