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Science Summary - 2020, August

prototyperspective
Sep 10th, 2020 (edited)
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  1. ___ _ ___
  2. / __| __ (_) ___ _ _ __ ___ / __| _ _ _ __ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _
  3. \__ \ / _| | | / -_) | ' \ / _| / -_) \__ \ | || | | ' \ | ' \ / _` | | '_| | || |
  4. |___/ \__| |_| \___| |_||_| \__| \___| |___/ \_,_| |_|_|_| |_|_|_| \__,_| |_| \_, |
  5. |__/
  6. -------------------------------------- August 2020 --------------------------------------
  7.  
  8. https://i.imgur.com/4Ap1lem.jpg
  9.  
  10. Monthly newsletter:
  11. 4chan /sci/: https://mailchi.mp/4345cd0237c2/orapfn1bn4
  12. reddit: https://mailchi.mp/359cae84aa22/science_summary
  13.  
  14. ----------------- Selection -----------------
  15.  
  16. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_in_science
  17.  
  18. Items which I added to the Wikipedia list are marked with a star below.
  19. Some more relevant information can be found on the list's talk page.
  20.  
  21. ------------------ Sources ------------------
  22.  
  23. Greenland
  24. https://phys.org/news/2020-09-greenland-ice-sheet-years.html
  25. https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-020-0001-2#Fig3
  26.  
  27. *Bedding
  28. https://phys.org/news/2020-08-years-humans-beds.html
  29. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/369/6505/863
  30.  
  31. ʻOumuamua
  32. https://phys.org/news/2020-08-scientists-oumuamua-isnt-molecular-hydrogen.html
  33. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/abab0c
  34.  
  35. Quantum theorem
  36. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/this-twist-on-schroedingers-cat-paradox-has-major-implications-for-quantum-theory/
  37. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41567-020-0990-x
  38.  
  39. *Ice sheet loss
  40. https://phys.org/news/2020-08-greenland-lost-billion-tons-ice.html
  41. https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-020-0010-1
  42.  
  43. Extremophile
  44. https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/26/world/earth-mars-bacteria-space-scn/index.html
  45. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2020.02050/full
  46.  
  47. Water
  48. https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-08/aaft-uao082420.php
  49. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/369/6507/1110
  50.  
  51. SARS-CoV-2
  52. *Vulnerability
  53. https://phys.org/news/2020-08-exposes-vulnerability-sars-cov-.html
  54. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsnano.0c04798
  55. *Climate change
  56. https://phys.org/news/2020-08-lockdown-emissions-fall-effect-climate.html
  57. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-020-0883-0
  58. Vaccine
  59. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-53735718
  60. *Mammals
  61. https://www.macon.com/news/coronavirus/article245313350.html
  62. https://www.pnas.org/content/early/2020/08/20/2010146117
  63.  
  64. _________
  65.  
  66. *+Amazon
  67. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-environment/fires-in-brazils-amazon-rainforest-surge-in-july-worst-in-recent-days-idUSKBN24X3SW
  68.  
  69. Milne Ice Shelf
  70. https://www.arctictoday.com/canadas-last-fully-intact-arctic-ice-shelf-collapses/
  71.  
  72. *Introgressions
  73. https://phys.org/news/2020-08-dna-ancient-unidentified-ancestor-humans.html
  74. https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1008895
  75.  
  76. Ceres
  77. https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7722
  78.  
  79. *Brain
  80. https://medicalxpress.com/news/2020-08-neuroscientists-regions-brain.html
  81. https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008033
  82.  
  83. Qubit-coherence
  84. https://www.anl.gov/article/uchicago-scientists-discover-way-to-make-quantum-states-last-10000-times-longer
  85. https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.06082v1
  86.  
  87. *Bird evolution
  88. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-birds-evolved-their-incredible-diversity/
  89. https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3000801
  90.  
  91. *Laser-plasma accelerator
  92. https://phys.org/news/2020-08-world-plasma-clock.html
  93. https://journals.aps.org/prx/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevX.10.031039
  94.  
  95. *Seafood
  96. https://phys.org/news/2020-08-food-sea-sustainably-fisheries-future.html
  97. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2616-y
  98.  
  99. *Salmon size
  100. https://phys.org/news/2020-08-alaska-salmon-smaller-affecting-people.html
  101. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-17726-z
  102.  
  103. *Sea-level rise variability
  104. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-53836018
  105. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2591-3
  106.  
  107. *Forest restoration
  108. https://phys.org/news/2020-08-global-forest-importance-empowering-local.html
  109. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-020-01282-2
  110.  
  111. *Soil erosion
  112. https://phys.org/news/2020-08-climate-soil-erosion.html
  113. https://www.pnas.org/content/early/2020/08/19/2001403117
  114.  
  115. *Cosmic rays
  116. https://www.newscientist.com/article/2252933-quantum-computers-may-be-destroyed-by-high-energy-particles-from-space/
  117. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2619-8
  118.  
  119. *Last Glacial Maximum
  120. https://phys.org/news/2020-08-cold-ice-age.html
  121. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2617-x
  122.  
  123. *+Torpor
  124. https://phys.org/news/2020-08-fossil-evidence-hibernation-like-state-million-year-old.html
  125. https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-020-01207-6
  126.  
  127. Neuralink
  128. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-53956683
  129. https://www.theverge.com/2020/8/28/21406143/elon-musk-neuralink-ai-pigs-demo-brain-computer-interface
  130.  
  131. *Sycamore
  132. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/googles-quantum-computer-achieves-chemistry-milestone/
  133. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/369/6507/1084
  134.  
  135. *Sea-level rise projections
  136. https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/Space_for_our_climate/Ice_sheet_melt_on_track_with_worst-case_climate_scenario
  137. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-020-0893-y
  138.  
  139. ------------------ Not included ------------------
  140.  
  141. * Scientists report that valley networks in the southern highlands of Mars may have been formed mostly under glaciers, not free-flowing rivers of water, indicating that early Mars was colder than thought and that extensive glaciation likely occurred in its past.
  142.  
  143. - Physicists working on the ATLAS and CMS experiments at the Large Hadron Collider announce new results indicating that the Higgs boson decays into two muons as expected.
  144.  
  145. - The British Antarctic Survey reports that emperor penguin colonies in Antarctica are nearly 20% more numerous than previously thought, with new discoveries made using satellite mapping technology.
  146.  
  147. * Scientists report the creation of the brightest fluorescent solid optical materials so far by enabling the transfer of properties of highly fluorescent dyes via spatial and electronic isolation of the dyes by mixing cationic dyes with anion-binding cyanostar macrocycles. According to a co-author these materials may have applications in areas such as solar energy harvesting, bioimaging, and lasers.
  148.  
  149. - NASA announces it will change unofficial and potentially contentious names used by the scientific community for distant cosmic objects and systems including references to NGC 2392 as "the Eskimo Nebula" and NGC 4567 and NGC 4568 as the "Siamese Twins Galaxy".
  150.  
  151. - Astronomers announce the discovery of S4714, a star orbiting the black hole at the center of the Milky Way at up to 8% the speed of light.
  152.  
  153. - The latest State of the Climate report finds that 2010 to 2019 was the hottest decade on record globally, with an increase of 0.39 °C (0.7 °F) above the long-term average, and 2019 either the second or third warmest year on record.
  154.  
  155. * Scientists report that bacteria that feed on air discovered 2017 in Antarctica are likely not limited to Antarctica after discovering the two genes previously linked to their "atmospheric chemosynthesis" in soil of two other similar cold desert sites, which provides further information on this carbon sink and further strengthens the extremophile evidence that supports the potential existence of microbial life on alien planets.
  156.  
  157. - Scientists at the University of Southern California report the "likely" order of initial symptoms of the COVID-19 disease: "fever, cough, muscle pain, and then nausea, and/or vomiting, and diarrhea".
  158.  
  159. - Unexpected dimming of Betelgeuse is explained by NASA as a "traumatic outburst", caused by an immense amount of hot material ejected into space, forming a dust cloud that blocked starlight. On 30 August 2020, astronomers reported the detection of a second dust cloud emitted from Betelgeuse, and associated with a secondary minimum on 3 August in luminosity of the star.
  160.  
  161. - July 2020 is tied as the second-warmest July on record, with a record low Arctic sea ice extent for the month, in a report by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
  162.  
  163. - Astronomers report the detection of asteroid 2020 QG, a small Earth-crossing Earth-crossing near-Earth asteroid of the Apollo group that passed the Earth about 2,950 kilometres (1,830 mi) away, the closest known asteroid to pass the Earth that did not impact the planet.
  164.  
  165. * Scientists describe a way cells – in particular cells of a slime mold and mouse pancreatic cancer–derived cells – are able to navigate efficiently through a body and identify the best routes through complex mazes: generating gradients after breaking down diffused chemoattractants which enable them to sense upcoming maze junctions before reaching them, including around corners.
  166.  
  167. * Scientists report that New Guinea singing dogs, known for their characteristic vocalization, are not extinct in the wild as was previously commonly believed after analyzing blood samples of specimens found in highlands of New Guinea.
  168.  
  169. ------------------ Image sources ------------------
  170.  
  171. - Study
  172. - Study
  173. - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oumuamua_orbit_at_perihelion.png
  174. - https://theconversation.com/a-new-quantum-paradox-throws-the-foundations-of-observed-reality-into-question-144426
  175. - https://blog.frontiersin.org/2020/08/26/bacteria-could-survive-the-travel-from-earth-to-mars-and-vice-versa-when-forming-aggregates/
  176. - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apollo_17_Blue_Marble_original_orientation_(AS17-148-22727).jpg
  177. - Study
  178. - https://news.mongabay.com/2020/08/brazilian-amazon-protected-areas-in-flames-as-land-grabbers-invade/
  179. - News report
  180. - Background image: https://www.flickr.com/photos/nasa_ice/13425732263/
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