2018-04-03 TOEFL: word roots, reading organization

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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Word roots - list 2 - With your partner, try to think of a word or two to explain the meaning of each root.
cert (certain, ascertain, certificate) = sure
chrom (monochrome, achromatic) = color
chron (chronological, anachronism, synchronize) = time
circum (circumscribe, circumspect, circumnavigate) = around
claim/clam (exclaim, proclamation, clamor) = shout
clar (clarify, declare) = clear
cline (inclination, decline, recline) = lean
co (coworker, coeducational, coauthor) = together - before vowels (and in new words)
col (collaborate, colleague) - before L
com (communicate, composition, combine) - before M, B, P
con (connect, convention, contemporary) - before other consonants (not ‘h’)
cor (correlate, corroborate) - before R
cogni (cognate, incognito) = know
contra (contrast, contradict, controversy) = against
corp (corporation, corpse, incorporate) = body
cred (credible, credit, credulous) = believe
crypto (cryptography, cryptic, encrypt) = hide
de/di (decelerate, dethrone, decrease, divide, diverge) = down/apart
dem/demo (demographics, democracy, epidemic) = people
di (dilemma, dihedral) = two
dia (diameter, dialect) = through/across
dict (dictator, dictionary, contradict) = say/tell
domin (dominate, dominion, predominate) = master
don (donate, pardon) = give
duce/duct (introduction, deduct, conduct) = lead
dyna (dynamic, dynamite, dynasty) = energy/power
dys (dystopia, dyslexia) = bad (The opposite prefix is ‘eu’.)
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TOEFL: four sections, 30 points each (total of 120), about 4 or 4.5 hours total
1 reading: three or four passages, 60-80 minutes to answer about 14 questions about each one
2 listening: 6 or 9 passages in 2 or 3 sets of three, 10 minutes to answer questions per set, 30 inc. listening for each set
	(10-minute break)
3 speaking: six tasks, 5m30s total speaking time, about 20 minutes total
4 writing: two tasks, 20 and 30 minutes of writing time, about 1 hour total
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Reading Question Types:
- vocabulary
- fact/detail
- negative fact
- purpose
- inference
- paraphrase / sentence restatement
- reference/pronouns
- sentence insertion
- summarize
- organize/categorize
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Organization questions are one possibility for the last question about a reading passage. (The other possibility is summarize.) You might predict that you’ll get an organization question if the passage is about 2-4 distinct types or categories of things.
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Handout (Cambridge) p. 223 - Take 2.5 minutes to read about home design and put the statements in the correct categories.
underground - A D
conventional - B E
	(If something is straightforward it is easy and uncomplicated.)
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p. 223-224 - Take 2 minutes for the passage about dueling
early forms - D E
later forms - A C
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BREAK
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p. 224 - Take 2.5 minutes to read about marbles.
ringtaw - A D
fortification - C E
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p. 224-5 - Take 3.5 minutes to answer the questions about resorts.
artificial - A D
traditional - C E
“Unlike some traditional vacation spots, such as beach resorts that have destroyed the beauty (C) of the area and have put heavy burdens on the infrastructure (E) of coastal villages not designed for a large influx of people, these all-purpose resorts were carefully planned to accommodate large numbers of tourists (A).”
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p. 225-6 - Take 6 minutes to read about cryptozoology.
found - D E H
“perhaps” don’t exist - A B F I
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p. 226-7 - Take 6 minutes to read about sleep.
first four - A D G I
final - C F H
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Handout (Cengage) p. 167 - Take 6 minutes to answer the organization question about analogy and homology.
homology - C D F
analogy - A E
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p. 173-4 - Take 6 minutes to read passage 5 and answer the questions about cooperation.
primary - B E H
secondary - C G
tertiary - A F
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The next word in this sequence is “quaternary”, which is fairly common in geology.
After that are the uncommon words “quinary”, “senary”, “septenary” and “octonary”.
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Homework: finish the Cengage handout