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- “Deep Play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight”
- Clifford Geertz
- Reprinted from The Interpretation of Cultures
- The Raid
- Early in April of 1958, my wife and I arrived,
- malarial and diffident, in a Balinese village we
- intended, as anthropologists, to study. A small
- place, about five hundred people, and relatively
- remote, it was its own world. We were intruders,
- professional ones, and the villagers dealt with us
- as Balinese seem always to deal with people not
- part of their life who yet press themselves upon
- them: as though we were not there. For them,
- and to a degree for ourselves, we were
- nonpersons, specters, invisible men.
- We moved into an extended family compound
- (that had been arranged before through the
- provincial government) belonging to one of the
- four major factions in village life. But except for
- our landlord and the village chief, whose cousin
- and brother-in-law he was, everyone ignored us
- in a way only a Balinese can do. As we
- wandered around, uncertain, wistful, eager to
- please, people seemed to look right through us
- with a gaze focused several yards behind us on
- some more actual stone or tree. Almost nobody
- greeted us; but nobody scowled or said anything
- unpleasant to us either, which would have been
- almost as satisfactory. If we
- ventured to approach someone
- (something one is powerfully
- inhibited from doing in such an
- atmosphere), he moved,
- negligently but definitively,
- away. If, seated or leaning
- against a wall, we had him
- trapped, he said nothing at all,
- or mumbled what for the
- Balinese is the ultimate
- nonword-"yes." The
- indifference, of course, was studied; the
- villagers were watching every move we made
- and they had an enormous amount of quite
- accurate information about who we were and
- what we were going to be doing. But they acted
- as if we simply did not exist, which, in fact, as
- this behavior was designed to inform us, we did
- not, or anyway not yet.
- My wife and I were still very much in the gust
- of wind stage, a most frustrating, and even, as
- you soon begin to doubt whether you are really
- real after all, unnerving one, when, ten days or
- so after our arrival, a large cockfight was held in
- the public square to raise money for a new
- school.
- Now, a few special occasions aside, cockfights
- are illegal in Bali under the Republic (as, for not
- altogether unrelated reasons, they were under the
- Dutch), largely as a result of the pretensions to
- puritanism radical nationalism tends to bring
- with it. The elite, which is not itself so very
- puritan, worries about the poor, ignorant peasant
- gambling all his money away, about what
- foreigners will think, about the waste of time
- better devoted to building up the country. It sees
- cockfighting as "primitive," "backward,"
- "unprogressive," and generally unbecoming an
- ambitious nation. And, as with those other
- embarrassments -opium smoking, begging, or
- uncovered breasts-it seeks, rather
- unsystematically, to put a stop to it.
- As a result, the fights are usually held in a
- secluded corner of a village in semisecrecy, a
- fact which tends to slow the action a little-not
- very much, but the Balinese do not care to have
- it slowed at all. In this case, however, perhaps
- because they were raising money for a school
- that the government was unable to give them,
- perhaps because raids had been few recently,
- perhaps, as I gathered from subsequent
- discussion, there was a notion that the necessary
- bribes had been paid, they thought they could
- take a chance on the central square and draw a
- larger and more enthusiastic crowd without
- attracting the attention of the law.
- They were wrong. In the midst of the third
- match, with hundreds of people, including, still
- transparent, myself and my wife, fused into a
- single body around the ring, a superorganism in
- the literal sense, a truck full of policemen armed
- with machine guns roared up. Amid great
- screeching cries of "pulisi! pulisi!" from the
- crowd, the policemen jumped out, and, springing
- into the center of the ring, began to swing their
- guns around like gangsters in a motion picture,
- though not going so far as actually to fire them.
- The superorganism came instantly apart as its
- components scattered in all directions. People
- raced down the road, disappeared head first over
- walls, scrambled under platforms, folded
- themselves behind wicker screens, scuttled up
- coconut trees. Cocks armed with steel spurssharp enough to cut off a finger or run a hole
- through a foot were running wildly around.
- Everything was dust and panic.
- On the established anthropological principle,
- When in Rome, my wife and I decided, only
- slightly less instantaneously than everyone else,
- that the thing to do was run too. We ran down
- the main village street, northward, away from
- where we were living, for we were on that side
- of the ring. About half-way down another
- fugitive ducked suddenly into a compound-his
- own, it turned out-and we, seeing nothing ahead
- of us but rice fields, open country, and a very
- high volcano, followed him. As the three of us
- came tumbling into the courtyard, his wife, who
- had apparently been through this sort of thing
- before, whipped out a table, a tablecloth, three
- chairs, and three cups of tea, and we all, without
- any explicit communication whatsoever, sat
- down, commenced to sip tea, and sought to
- compose ourselves.
- A few moments later, one of the policemen
- marched importantly into the yard, looking for
- the village chief. (The chief had not only been at
- the fight, he had arranged it. When the truck
- drove up he ran to the river, stripped off his
- sarong, and plunged in so he could say, when at
- length they found him sitting there pouring
- water over his head, that he had been away
- bathing when the whole affair had occurred and
- was ignorant of it. They did not believe him and
- fined him three hundred rupiah, which the
- village raised collectively.) Seeing my wife and
- I, "White Men," there in the yard, the policeman
- performed a classic double take. When he found
- his voice again he asked, approximately, what in
- the devil did we think we were doing there. Our
- host of five minutes leaped instantly to our
- defense, producing an impassioned description
- of who and what we were, so detailed and so
- accurate that it was my turn, having barely
- communicated with a living human being save
- my landlord and the village chief for more than
- a week, to be astonished. We had a perfect right
- to be there, he said, looking the Javanese upstart
- in the eye. We were American professors; the
- government had cleared us; we were there to
- study culture; we were going to write a book to
- tell Americans about Bali. And we had all been
- there drinking tea and talking about cultural
- matters all afternoon and did not know anything
- about any cockfight. Moreover, we had not seen
- the village chief all day, he must have gone to
- town. The policeman retreated in rather total
- disarray. And, after a decent interval, bewildered
- but relieved to have survived and stayed out of
- jail, so did we.
- The next morning the village was a completely
- different world for us. Not only were we no
- longer invisible, we were suddenly the center of
- all attention, the object of a great outpouring of
- warmth, interest, and, most especially,
- amusement. Everyone in the village knew we
- had fled like everyone else. They asked us about
- it again and again (I must have told the story,
- small detail by small detail, fifty times by the
- end of the day), gently, affectionately, but quite
- insistently teasing us: "Why didn't you just stand
- there and tell the police who you were?" "Why
- didn't you just say you were only watching and
- not betting?" "Were you really afraid of those
- little guns?" As always, kinesthetically minded
- and, even when fleeing for their lives (or, as
- happened eight years later, surrendering them),
- the world's most poised people, they gleefully
- mimicked, also over and over again, our
- graceless style of running and what they claimed
- were our panic-stricken facial expressions. But
- above all, everyone was extremely pleased and
- even more surprised that we had not simply
- "pulled out our papers" (they knew about those
- too) and asserted our Distinguished Visitor
- status, but had instead demonstrated our
- solidarity with what were now our covillagers.
- (What we had actually demonstrated was our
- cowardice, but there is fellowship in that too.)
- Even the Brahmana priest, an old, grave, halfway-to-Heaven type who because of its
- associations with the underworld would never be
- involved, even distantly, in a cockfight, and was
- difficult to approach even to other Balinese, had
- us called into his courtyard to ask us about what
- had happened, chuckling happily at the sheer
- extraordinariness of it all.
- In Bali, to be teased is to be accepted. It was the
- turning point so far as our relationship to the
- community was concerned, and we were quite
- literally "in." The whole village opened up to us,
- probably more than it ever would have otherwise
- (I might actually never have gotten to that priest
- and our accidental host became one of my best
- informants), and certainly very much faster.
- Getting caught, or almost caught, in a vice raid
- is perhaps not a very generalizable recipe for
- achieving that mysterious necessity of
- anthropological field work, rapport, but for me it
- worked very well. It led to a sudden and
- unusually complete acceptance into a society
- extremely difficult for outsiders to penetrate. It
- gave me the kind of immediate, inside view
- grasp of an aspect of "peasant mentality" that
- anthropologists not fortunate enough to flee
- headlong with their subjects from armed
- authorities normally do not get. And, perhaps
- most important of all, for the other things might
- have come in other ways, it put me very quickly
- on to a combination emotional explosion, status
- war, and philosophical drama of central
- significance to the society whose inner nature I
- desired to understand. By the time I left I had
- spent about as much time looking into
- cockfights as into witchcraft, irrigation, caste, or
- marriage.
- Of Cocks and Men
- As much of America surfaces in a ball park, on a
- golf links, at a race track, or around a poker
- table, much of Bali surfaces in a cock ring. For it
- is only apparently cocks that are fighting there.
- Actually, it is men.
- 2For it is only
- apparently
- cocks that
- are fighting
- there.
- Actually, it
- is men.
- To anyone who has been in Bali any length of
- time, the deep psychological identification of
- Balinese men with their cocks is unmistakable.
- The double entendre here is deliberate. It works
- in exactly the same way in Balinese as it does in
- English, even to producing the same tired jokes,
- strained puns, and uninventive obscenities.
- Bateson and Mead have even suggested that, in
- line with the Balinese conception of the body as
- a set of separately animated parts, cocks are
- viewed as detachable, self-operating penises,
- ambulant genitals with a life of their own. And
- while I do not have the kind of unconscious
- material either to confirm or disconfirm this
- intriguing notion, the fact that they are
- masculine symbols par excellence is about as
- indubitable, and to the Balinese about as
- evident, as the fact that water runs downhill.
- The language of everyday moralism is shot
- through, on the male side of it, with roosterish
- imagery. Sabung, the word for cock (and one
- which appears in inscriptions as early as A.D.
- 922 ), is used metaphorically to mean "hero,"
- "warrior," "champion," "man of parts," "political
- candidate," "bachelor," "dandy," "lady-killer," or
- "tough guy." A pompous man whose behavior
- presumes above his station is compared to a
- tailless cock who struts about as though he had a
- large, spectacular one. A desperate man who
- makes a last, irrational effort to extricate himself
- from an impossible situation is likened to a
- dying cock who makes one final lunge at his
- tormentor to drag him along to a common
- destruction. A stingy man, who promises much,
- gives little, and begrudges that is compared to a
- cock which, held by the tail, leaps at another
- without in fact engaging him. A marriageable
- young man still shy with the opposite sex or
- someone in a new job anxious to make a good
- impression is called "a fighting cock caged for
- the first time." Court trials, wars, political
- contests, inheritance disputes, and street
- arguments are all compared to cockfights. Even
- the very island itself is perceived from its shape
- as a small, proud cock, poised, neck extended,
- back taut, tail raised, in eternal challenge to
- large, feckless, shapeless Java.
- But the intimacy of men with their cocks is
- more than metaphorical. Balinese men, or
- anyway a large majority of Balinese men, spend
- an enormous amount of time with their
- favorites, grooming them, feeding them,
- discussing them, trying them out against one
- another, or just gazing at them with a mixture of
- rapt admiration and dreamy self-absorption.
- Whenever you see a group of Balinese men
- squatting idly in the council shed or along the
- road in their hips down, shoulders forward,
- knees up fashion, half or more of them will have
- a rooster in his hands, holding it between his
- thighs, bouncing it gently up and down to
- strengthen its legs, ruffling its feathers with
- abstract sensuality, pushing it out against a
- neighbor's rooster to rouse its spirit,
- withdrawing it toward his loins to calm it again
- Now and then, to get a feel for another bird, a
- man will fiddle this way with
- someone else's cock for a while,
- but usually by moving around to
- squat in place behind it, rather
- than just having it passed across to
- him as though it were merely an
- animal.
- In the houseyard, the high-walled
- enclosures where the people live,
- fighting cocks are kept in wicker
- cages, moved frequently about so as to maintain
- the optimum balance of sun and shade. They are
- fed a special diet, which varies somewhat
- according to individual theories but which is
- mostly maize, sifted for impurities with far more
- care than it is when mere humans are going to
- eat it and offered to the animal kernel by kernel.
- Red pepper is stuffed down their beaks and up
- their anuses to give them spirit. They are bathed
- in the same ceremonial preparation of tepid
- water, medicinal herbs, flowers, and onions in
- which infants are bathed, and for a prize cock
- just about as often. Their combs are cropped,
- their plumage dressed, their spurs trimmed, their
- legs massaged, and they are inspected for flaws
- with the squinted concentration of a diamond
- merchant. A man who has a passion for cocks,
- an enthusiast in the literal sense of the term, can
- spend most of his life with them, and even those,
- the overwhelming majority, whose passion
- though intense has not entirely run away with
- them, can and do spend what seems not only to
- an outsider, but also to themselves an inordinate
- amount of time with them. "I am cock crazy,"
- my landlord, a quite ordinary aficionado by
- Balinese standards, used to moan as he went to
- move another cage, give another bath, or
- conduct another feeding. "We're all cock crazy."
- The madness has some less visible dimensions,
- however, because although it is true that cocks
- are symbolic expressions or magnifications of
- their owner's self, the narcissistic male ego writ
- out in Aesopian terms, they are also expressionsand rather more immediate ones-of what the
- Balinese regard as the direct inversion,
- aesthetically, morally, and
- metaphysically, of human status:
- animality.
- The Balinese revulsion against any
- behavior as animal-like can hardly be
- overstressed. Babies are not allowed to
- crawl for that reason. Incest, though
- hardly approved, is a much less
- horrifying crime than bestiality. (The
- appropriate punishment for the second
- is death by drowning, for the first being forced
- to live like an animal.) Most demons are
- represented-in sculpture, dance, ritual, myth-in
- some real or fantastic animal form. The main
- puberty rite consists in filing the child's teeth so
- they will not look like animal fangs. Not only
- defecation but eating is regarded as a disgusting,
- almost obscene activity, to be conducted
- hurriedly and privately, because of its
- association with animality. Even falling down or
- any form of clumsiness is considered to be bad
- for these reasons. Aside from cocks and a few
- domestic animals-oxen, ducks-of no emotional
- significance, the Balinese are aversive to
- animals and treat their large number of dogs not
- merely callously but with a phobic cruelty. In
- identifying with his cock, the Balinese man is
- 3Those not
- immediately
- involved
- give it at
- best but
- disguised,
- sidelong
- attention;
- those who,
- embarrasse
- dly, are,
- attempt to
- pretend
- somehow
- that the
- whole thing
- is not really
- happening.
- identifying not just with his ideal self, or even
- his penis, but also, and at the same time, with
- what he most fears, hates, and ambivalence
- being what it is, is fascinated by-The Powers of
- Darkness.
- The connection of cocks and cockfighting with
- such Powers, with the animalistic
- demons that threaten constantly to
- invade the small, cleared off space
- in which the Balinese have so
- carefully built their lives and devour
- its inhabitants, is quite explicit. A
- cockfight, any cockfight, is in the
- first instance a blood sacrifice
- offered, with the appropriate chants
- and oblations, to the demons in
- order to pacify their ravenous,
- cannibal hunger. No temple festival
- should be conducted until one is
- made. (If it is omitted someone will
- inevitably fall into a trance and
- command with the voice of an
- angered spirit that the oversight be
- immediately corrected.) Collective
- responses to natural evils-illness,
- crop failure, volcanic eruptionsalmost always involve them. And
- that famous holiday in Bali, The
- Day of Silence (Njepi), when
- everyone sits silent and immobile all
- day long in order to avoid contact
- with a sudden influx of demons
- chased momentarily out of hell, is
- preceded the previous day by largescale cockfights (in this case legal)
- in almost every village on the
- island.
- In the cockfight, man and beast, good and evil,
- ego and id, the creative power of aroused
- masculinity and the destructive power of
- loosened animality fuse in a bloody drama of
- hatred, cruelty, violence, and death. It is little
- wonder that when, as is the invariable rule, the
- owner of the winning cock takes the carcass of
- the loser- often torn limb from limb by its
- enraged owner-home to eat, he does so with a
- mixture of social embarrassment, moral
- satisfaction, aesthetic disgust, and cannibal joy.
- The Fight
- Cockfights (tetadjen; sabungan ) are
- held in a ring about fifty feet
- square. Usually they begin toward
- late afternoon and run three or four
- hours until sunset. About nine or ten
- separate matches (sehet) comprise a
- program. Each match is precisely
- like the others in general pattern:
- there is no main match, no
- connection between individual
- matches, no variation in their
- format, and each is arranged on a
- completely ad hoc basis. After a
- fight has ended and the emotional
- debris is cleaned away-the bets paid,
- the curses cursed, the carcasses
- possessed- seven, eight, perhaps
- even a dozen men slip negligently
- into the ring with a cock and seek to
- find there a logical opponent for it.
- This process, which rarely takes less
- than ten minutes, and often a good
- deal longer, is conducted in a very
- subdued, oblique, even dissembling
- manner Those not immediately
- involved give it at best but
- disguised, sidelong attention; those
- who, embarrassedly, are, attempt to
- pretend somehow that the whole
- thing is not really happening.
- A match made, the other hopefuls retire with the
- same deliberate indifference, and the selected
- cocks have their spurs (tadji) affixed- razor
- sharp, pointed steel swords, four or five inches
- long. This is a delicate job which only a small
- proportion of men, a half-dozen or so in most
- villages, know how to do properly. The man who
- attaches the spurs also provides them, and if the
- rooster he assists wins its owner awards him the
- spur-leg of the victim. The spurs are affixed by
- winding a long length of string around the foot
- of the spur and the leg of the cock. For reasons I
- shall come to, it is done somewhat differently
- from case to case, and is an obsessively
- deliberate affair. The lore about spurs is
- extensive-they are sharpened only at eclipses
- and the dark of the moon, should be kept out of
- the sight of women, and so forth. And they are
- handled, both in use and out, with the same
- curious combination of fussiness and sensuality
- the Balinese direct toward ritual objects
- generally.
- The spurs affixed, the two cocks are placed by
- their handlers (who may or may not be their
- owners) facing one another in the center of the
- ring. A coconut pierced with a small hole is
- placed in a pail of water, in which it takes about
- twenty-one seconds to sink, a period known as a
- tjeng and marked at beginning and end by the
- beating of a slit gong. During these twenty-one
- seconds the handlers (pengangkeb) are not
- permitted to touch their roosters. If, as
- sometimes happens, the animals have not fought
- during this time, they are picked up, fluffed,
- pulled, prodded, and otherwise insulted, and put
- back in the center of the ring and the process
- begins again. Sometimes they refuse to fight at
- all, or one keeps running away, in which case
- they are imprisoned together under a wicker
- cage, which usually gets them engaged.
- Most of the time, in any case, the cocks fly
- almost immediately at one another in a wingbeating, head-thrusting, leg-kicking explosion of
- animal fury so pure, so absolute, and in its own
- way so beautiful, as to be almost abstract, a
- Platonic concept of hate. Within moments one or
- the other drives home a solid blow with his spur.
- The handler whose cock has delivered the blow
- immediately picks it up so that it will not get a
- return blow, for if he does not the match is likely
- 4to end in a mutually mortal tie as the two birds
- wildly hack each other to pieces. This is
- particularly true if, as often happens, the spur
- sticks in its victim's body, for then the aggressor
- is at the mercy of his wounded foe.
- With the birds again in the hands of their
- handlers, the coconut is now sunk three times
- after which the cock which has landed the blow
- must be set down to show that he is firm, a fact
- he demonstrates by wandering idly around the
- rink for a coconut sink. The coconut is then sunk
- twice more and the fight must recommence.
- During this interval, slightly over two minutes,
- the handler of the wounded cock has been
- working frantically over it, like a trainer
- patching a mauled boxer between rounds, to get
- it in shape for a last, desperate try for victory.
- He blows in its mouth, putting the whole
- chicken head in his own mouth and sucking and
- blowing, fluffs it, stuffs its wounds with various
- sorts of medicines, and generally tries anything
- he can think of to arouse the last ounce of spirit
- which may be hidden somewhere within it. By
- the time he is forced to put it back down he is
- usually drenched in chicken blood, but, as in
- prize fighting, a good handler is worth his
- weight in gold. Some of them can virtually make
- the dead walk, at least long enough for the
- second and final round.
- In the climactic battle (if there is one; sometimes
- the wounded cock simply expires in the
- handler's hands or immediately as it is placed
- down again), the cock who landed the first blow
- usually proceeds to finish off his weakened
- opponent. But this is far from an inevitable
- outcome, for if a cock can walk he can fight,
- and if he can fight, he can kill, and what counts
- is which cock expires first. If the wounded one
- can get a stab in and stagger on until the other
- drops, he is the official winner, even if he
- himself topples over an instant later.
- Surrounding all this melodrama - which the
- crowd packed tight around the ring follows in
- near silence, moving their bodies in kinesthetic
- sympathy with the movement of the animals,
- cheering their champions on with wordless hand
- motions, shiftings of the shoulders, turnings of
- the head, falling back en masse as the cock with
- the murderous spurs careens toward one side of
- the ring (it is said that spectators sometimes lose
- eyes and fingers from being too attentive),
- surging forward again as they glance off toward
- another - is a vast body of extraordinarily
- elaborate and precisely detailed rules.
- These rules, together with the developed lore of
- cocks and cockfighting which accompanies
- them, are written down in palm leaf manuscripts
- (lontar; rontal) passed on from generation to
- generation as part of the general legal and
- cultural tradition of the villages. At a fight, the
- umpire (saja konong; djuru kembar) - the man
- who manages the coconut - is in charge of their
- application and his authority is absolute. I have
- never seen an umpire's judgment questioned on
- any subject, even by the more despondent losers,
- nor have I ever heard, even in private, a charge
- of unfairness directed against one, or, for that
- matter, complaints about umpires in general.
- Only exceptionally well-trusted, solid, and, given
- the complexity of the code, knowledgeable
- citizens perform this job, and in fact men will
- bring their cocks only to fights presided over by
- such men. It is also the umpire to whom
- accusations of cheating, which, though rare in
- the extreme, occasionally arise, are referred; and
- it is he who in the not infrequent cases where the
- cocks expire virtually together decides which (if
- either, for, though the Balinese do not care for
- such an outcome, there can be ties) went first.
- Likened to a judge, a king, a priest, and a
- policeman, he is all of these, and under his
- assured direction the animal passion of the fight
- proceeds within the civic certainty of the law. In
- the dozens of cockfights I saw in Bali, I never
- once saw an altercation about rules. Indeed, I
- never saw an open altercation, other than those
- between cocks, at all.
- This crosswise doubleness of an event which,
- taken as a fact of nature, is rage untrammeled
- and, taken as a fact of culture, is form perfected,
- defines the cockfight as a sociological entity. A
- cockfight is what, searching for a name for
- something not vertebrate enough to be called a
- group and not structureless enough to be called
- a crowd, Erving Goffman has called a "focused
- gathering"-a set of persons engrossed in a
- common flow of activity and relating to one
- another in terms of that flow. Such gatherings
- meet and disperse; the participants in them
- fluctuate; the activity that focuses them is
- discreet-a particulate process that reoccurs
- rather than a continuous one that endures. They
- take their form from the situation that evokes
- them, the floor on which they are placed, as
- Goffman puts it; but it is a form, and an
- articulate one, nonetheless. For the situation, the
- floor is itself created, in jury deliberations,
- surgical operations, block meetings, sit-ins,
- cockfights, by the cultural preoccupations-here,
- as we shall see, the celebration of status rivalrywhich not only specify the focus but, assembling
- actors and arranging scenery, bring it actually
- into being.
- In classical times (that is to say, prior to the
- Dutch invasion of 1908) when there were no
- bureaucrats around to improve popular morality,
- the staging of a cockfight was an explicitly
- societal matter. Bringing a cock to an important
- fight was, for an adult male, a compulsory duty
- of citizenship; taxation of fights, which were
- usually held on market day, was a major source
- of public revenue; patronage of the art was a
- stated responsibility of princes; and the cock
- ring, or wantilan, stood in the center of the
- village near those other monuments of Balinese
- civility-the council house, the origin temple, the
- marketplace, the signal tower, and the banyan
- tree. Today, a few special occasions aside, the
- newer rectitude makes so open a statement of
- the connection between the excitements of
- collective life and those of blood sport
- impossible, but, less directly expressed, the
- connection itself remains intimate and intact. To
- expose it, however, it is necessary to turn to the
- 5The Balinese
- never do
- anything in
- a simple way
- that they
- can contrive
- to do in a
- complicated
- one.
- aspect of cockfighting around which all the
- others pivot, and through which they exercise
- their force, an aspect I have thus far studiously
- ignored. I mean, of course, the gambling.
- Odds and Even Money
- The Balinese never do anything in a simple way
- that they can contrive to do in a complicated
- one, and to this generalization cockfight
- wagering is no exception.
- In the first place, there are two sorts of bets, or
- toh. There is the single axial bet in the center
- between the principals (toh ketengah), and there
- is the cloud of peripheral ones around the ring
- between members of the audience (toh kesasi ).
- The first is typically large; the second typically
- small. The first is collective, involving coalitions
- of bettors clustering around the owner; the
- second is individual, man to man. The first is a
- matter of deliberate, very quiet, almost furtive
- arrangement by the coalition members and the
- umpire huddled like conspirators in the center of
- the ring; the second is a matter of impulsive
- shouting, public offers, and public acceptances
- by the excited throng around its edges. And most
- curiously, and as we shall see most revealingly,
- where the first is always, without exception,
- even money, the second, equally without
- exception, is never such. What is a fair coin in
- the center is a biased one on the side.
- The center bet is the official one, hedged in
- again with a webwork of rules, and is made
- between the two cock owners, with the umpire
- as overseer and public witness. This bet, which,
- as I say, is always relatively and sometimes very
- large, is never raised simply by the owner in
- whose name it is made, but by him together with
- four or five, sometimes seven or eight, allieskin, village mates, neighbors, close friends. He
- may, if he is not especially well-to-do, not even
- be the major contributor, though, if only to show
- that he is not involved in any chicanery, he must
- be a significant one.
- Of the fifty-seven matches for which I have
- exact and reliable data on the center bet, the
- range is from fifteen ringgits to five hundred,
- with a mean at eighty-five and with the
- distribution being rather noticeably trimodal:
- small fights (15 ringgits either side of 35 )
- accounting for about 45 per cent of the total
- number; medium ones (20 ringgits
- either side of 70) for about 25 per
- cent; and large (75 ringgits either
- side of 175) for about 20 per cent,
- with a few very small and very large
- ones out at the extremes. In a
- society where the normal daily wage
- of a manual laborer - a brickmaker,
- an ordinary farmworker, a market
- porter - was about three ringgits a
- day, and considering the fact that
- fights were held on the average
- about every two-and a-half days in
- the immediate area I studied, this is
- clearly serious gambling, even if the
- bets are pooled rather than
- individual efforts.
- The side bets are, however, something else
- altogether. Rather than the solemn, legalistic
- pactmaking of the center, wagering takes place
- rather in the fashion in which the stock
- exchange used to work when it was out on the
- curb. There is a fixed and known odds paradigm
- which runs in a continuous series from ten-tonine at the short end to two-to-one on the long:
- 10-9, 9-8, 8-7, 7-6, 6-5, 5-4, 4-3, 3-2, 2-1. The
- man who wants the underdog cock shouts the
- short-side number indicating the odds he wants
- to be given. That is, if he shouts gasal, "five," he
- wants the underdog at five-to-four (or, for him,
- four-to-five); if he shouts "four," he wants it at
- four-to-three (again, he putting up the "three"),
- if "nine" at nine-to-eight, and so on. A man
- backing the favorite, and thus considering giving
- odds if he can get them short enough, indicates
- the fact by crying out the color-type of that cock
- - "brown," "speckled," or whatever.
- Almost always odds calling starts off toward the
- long end of the range - five-to-four or four-tothree- and then moves toward the shorter end
- with greater or less speed and to a greater and
- lesser degree. Men crying "five" and finding
- themselves answered only with cries of "brown"
- start crying "six." If the change is made and
- partners are still scarce, the
- procedure is repeated in a move to
- "seven," and so on. Occasionally, if
- the cocks are clearly mismatched,
- there may be no upward movement
- at all, or even movement down the
- scale to four-to-three, three-to-two,
- very, very rarely to two-to-one, a
- shift which is accompanied by a
- declining number of bets as a shift
- upward is accompanied by an
- increasing number. But the general
- pattern is for the betting to move a
- shorter or longer distance up the
- scale toward the, for sidebets,
- nonexistent pole of even money,
- with the overwhelming majority of
- bets falling in the four-to-three to
- eight-to-seven range.
- The higher the center bet, the more likely the
- match will in actual fact be an even one. In a
- large-bet fight the pressure to make the match a
- genuinely fifty-fifty proposition is enormous,
- and is consciously felt as such. For medium
- fights the pressure is somewhat less, and for
- small ones less yet, though there is always an
- effort to make things at least approximately
- equal, for even at fifteen ringgits (five days
- work) no one wants to make an even money bet
- in a clearly unfavorable situation. And, again,
- what statistics I have tend to bear this out. In my
- fifty-seven matches, the favorite won thirtythree times over-all, the underdog twenty-four, a
- 1.4 to 1 ratio. But if one splits the figures at
- 6sixty ringgits center bets, the ratios turn out to
- be 1.1 to 1 (twelve favorites, eleven underdogs)
- for those above this line, and 1.6 to 1 (twentyone and thirteen) for those below it. Or, if you
- take the extremes, for very large fights, those
- with center bets over a hundred ringgits the ratio
- is 1 to 1 (seven and seven); for very small fights,
- those under forty ringgits, it is 1.9 to 1 (nineteen
- and ten).
- The paradox of fair coin in the middle, biased
- coin on the outside is thus a merely apparent
- one. The two betting systems, though formally
- incongruent, are not really contradictory to one
- another, but part of a single larger system in
- which the center bet is, so to speak, the "center
- of gravity," drawing, the larger it is the more so,
- the outside bets toward the short-odds end of the
- scale. The center bet thus "makes the game," or
- perhaps better, defines it, signals what,
- following a notion of Jeremy Bentham's, I am
- going to call its "depth."
- The Balinese attempt to create an interesting, if
- you will, "deep," match by making the center bet
- as large as possible so that the cocks matched
- will be as equal and as fine as possible, and the
- outcome, thus, as unpredictable as possible.
- They do not always succeed. Nearly half the
- matches are relatively trivial, relatively
- uninteresting-in my borrowed terminology,
- "shallow"- affairs. But that fact no more argues
- against my interpretation than the fact that most
- painters, poets, and playwrights are mediocre
- argues against the view that artistic effort is
- directed toward profundity and, with a certain
- frequency, approximates it. The image of artistic
- technique is indeed exact: the center bet is a
- means, a device, for creating "interesting,"
- "deep" matches, not the reason, or at least not
- the main reason, why they are interesting, the
- source of their fascination, the substance of their
- depth. The question why such matches are
- interesting-indeed, for the Balinese, exquisitely
- absorbing-takes us out of the realm of formal
- concerns into more broadly sociological and
- social-psychological ones, and to a less purely
- economic idea of what "depth" in gaming
- amounts to.
- Playing with Fire
- Bentham's concept of "deep play" is found in his
- The Theory of Legislation. By it he means play
- in which the stakes are so high that it is, from
- his utilitarian standpoint, irrational for men to
- engage in it at all.
- This, I must stress immediately, is not to say that
- the money does not matter, or that the Balinese
- is no more concerned about losing five hundred
- ringgits than fifteen. Such a conclusion would
- be absurd. It is because money does, in this
- hardly unmaterialistic society, matter and matter
- very much that the more of it one risks the more
- of a lot of other things, such as one's pride, one's
- poise, one's dispassion, one's masculinity, one
- also risks, again only momentarily but again
- very publicly as well. In deep cockfights an
- owner and his collaborators, and, as we shall see,
- to a lesser but still quite real extent also their
- backers on the outside, put their money where
- their status is.
- It is in large part because the marginal disutility
- of loss is so great at the higher levels of betting
- that to engage in such betting is to lay one's
- public self, allusively and metaphorically,
- through the medium of one's cock, on the line.
- And though to a Benthamite this might seem
- merely to increase the irrationality of the
- enterprise that much further, to the Balinese
- what it mainly increases is the meaningfulness
- of it all. And as (to follow Weber rather than
- Bentham) the imposition of meaning on life is
- the major end and primary condition of human
- existence, that access of significance more than
- compensates for the economic costs involved.
- Actually, given the even-money quality of the
- larger matches, important changes in material
- fortune among those who regularly participate in
- them seem virtually nonexistent, because
- matters more or less even out over the long run.
- This graduated correlation of "status gambling"
- with deeper fights and, inversely, "money
- gambling" with shallower ones is in fact quite
- general. Bettors themselves form a sociomoral
- hierarchy in these terms. As noted earlier, at
- most cockfights there are, around the very edges
- of the cockfight area, a large number of
- mindless, sheer-chance type gambling games
- (roulette, dice throw, coin-spin, pea-under-theshell) operated by concessionaires. Only women,
- children, adolescents, and various other sorts of
- people who do not (or not yet) fight cocks - the
- extremely poor, the socially despised, the
- personally idiosyncratic - play at these games,
- at, of course, penny ante levels. Cockfighting
- men would be ashamed to go anywhere near
- them. Slightly above these people in standing
- are those who, though they do not themselves
- fight cocks, bet on the smaller matches around
- the edges. Next, there are those who fight cocks
- in small, or occasionally medium matches, but
- have not the status to join in the large ones,
- though they may bet from time to time on the
- side in those. And finally, there are those, the
- really substantial members of the community,
- the solid citizenry around whom local life
- revolves, who fight in the larger fights and bet
- on them around the side. The focusing element
- in these focused gatherings, these men generally
- dominate and define the sport as they dominate
- and define the society. When a Balinese male
- talks, in that almost venerative way, about "the
- true cockfighter," the bebatoh ("bettor" ) or
- djuru kurung ("cage keeper"), it is this sort of
- person, not those who bring the mentality of the
- pea-and-shell game into the quite different,
- inappropriate context of the cockfight, the
- driven gambler (potet, a word which has the
- secondary meaning of thief or reprobate), and
- the wistful hanger-on, that they mean. For such a
- man, what is really going on in a match is
- something rather closer to an affaire d'honneur
- (though, with the Balinese talent for practical
- 7fantasy, the blood that is spilled is only
- figuratively human) than to the stupid,
- mechanical crank of a slot machine.
- What makes Balinese cockfighting deep is thus
- not money in itself, but what, the more of it that
- is involved the more so, money causes to
- happen: the migration of the Balinese status
- hierarchy into the body of the cockfight.
- Psychologically an Aesopian representation of
- the ideal/demonic, rather narcissistic, male self,
- sociologically it is an equally Aesopian
- representation of the complex fields of tension
- set up by the controlled, muted, ceremonial, but
- for all that deeply felt, interaction of those selves
- in the context of everyday life. The cocks may
- be surrogates for their owners' personalities,
- animal mirrors of psychic form, but the
- cockfight is - or more exactly, deliberately is
- made to be - a simulation of the social matrix,
- the involved system of crosscutting, overlapping,
- highly corporate groups --villages, kingroups,
- irrigation societies, temple congregations,
- "castes" - in which its devotees live. And as
- prestige, the necessity to affirm it, defend it,
- celebrate it, justify it, and just plain bask in it
- (but not given the strongly ascriptive character
- of Balinese stratification, to seek it), is perhaps
- the central driving force in the society, so also -
- ambulant penises, blood sacrifices, and
- monetary exchanges aside - is it of the
- cockfight. This apparent amusement and
- seeming sport is, to take another phrase from
- Erving Goffman, "a status bloodbath."
- The easiest way to make this clear, and at least
- to some degree to demonstratee it, is to invoke
- the village whose cockfighting activities I
- observed the closest - the one in which the raid
- occurred and from which my statistical data are
- taken.
- Consider, then, as support of the general thesis
- that the cockfight, and especially the deep
- cockfight, is fundamentally a dramatization of
- status concerns, the following facts:
- 1. A man virtually never bets against a cock
- owned by a member of his own kingroup.
- Usually he will feel obliged to bet for it, the
- more so the closer the kin tie and the deeper
- the fight. If he is certain in his mind that it
- will not win, he may just not bet at all,
- particularly if it is only a second cousin's
- bird or if the fight is a shallow one. But as a
- rule he will feel he must support it and, in
- deep games, nearly always does. Thus the
- great majority of the people calling "five" or
- "speckled" so demonstratively are
- expressing their allegiance to their kinsman,
- not their evaluation of his bird, their
- understanding of probability theory, or even
- their hopes of unearned income.
- 2. This principle is extended logically. If your
- kin group is not involved you will support
- an allied kingroup against an unallied one in
- the same way, and so on through the very
- involved networks of alliances which, as I
- say, make up this, as any other, Balinese
- village.
- 3. So, too, for the village as a whole. If an
- outsider cock is fighting any cock from your
- village you will tend to support the local
- one. If, what is a rarer circumstance but
- occurs every now and then, a cock from
- outside your cockfight circuit is fighting
- one inside it you will also tend to support
- the "home bird."
- 4. Cocks which come from any distance are
- almost always favorites, for the theory is the
- man would not have dared to bring it if it
- was not a good cock, the more so the further
- he has come. His followers are, of course,
- obliged to support him, and when the more
- grand-scale legal cockfights are held (on
- holidays and so on) the people of the village
- take what they regard to be the best cocks in
- the village, regardless of ownership, and go
- off to support them, although they will
- almost certainly have to give odds on them
- and to make large bets to show that they are
- not a cheapskate village. Actually, such
- "away games," though infrequent, tend to
- mend the ruptures between village members
- that the constantly occurring "home games,"
- where village factions are opposed rather
- than united, exacerbate.
- 5. Almost all matches are sociologically
- relevant. You seldom get two outsider cocks
- fighting, or two cocks with no particular
- group backing, or with group backing which
- is mutually unrelated in any clear way. When
- you do get them, the game is very shallow,
- betting very slow, and the whole thing very
- dull, with no one save the immediate
- principals and an addict gambler or two at
- all interested.
- 6. By the same token, you rarely get two cocks
- from the same group, even more rarely from
- the same subfaction, and virtually never
- from the same sub-subfaction (which would
- be in most cases one extended family)
- fighting. Similarly, in outside village fights
- two members of the village will rarely fight
- against one another, even though, as bitter
- rivals, they would do so with enthusiasm on
- their home grounds.
- 7. On the individual level, people involved in
- an institutionalized hostility relationship,
- called puik, in which they do not speak or
- otherwise have anything to do with each
- other (the causes of this formal breaking of
- relations are many: wife-capture, inheritance
- arguments, political differences) will bet
- very heavily, sometimes almost maniacally,
- against one another in what is a frank and
- direct attack on the very masculinity, the
- ultimate ground of his status, of the
- opponent.
- 8[The
- cockfight’s]
- function, if
- you want to
- call it that,
- is
- interpretive
- : it is a
- Balinese
- reading of
- Balinese
- experience;
- a story they
- tell
- themselves
- about
- themselves.
- 8. The center bet coalition is, in all but the
- shallowest games, always made up by
- structural allies - no "outside money" is
- involved. What is "outside" depends upon
- the context, of course, but given it, no
- outside money is mixed in with the main
- bet; if the principals cannot raise it, it is not
- made. The center bet, again especially in
- deeper games, is thus the most direct and
- open expression of social opposition, which
- is one of the reasons why both it
- and match making are
- surrounded by such an air of
- unease, furtiveness,
- embarrassment, and so on.
- 9. The rule about borrowing
- money - that you may borrow
- for a bet but not in one - stems
- (and the Balinese are quite
- conscious of this) from similar
- considerations: you are never at
- the economic mercy of your
- enemy that way. Gambling
- debts, which can get quite large
- on a rather short-term basis, are
- always to friends, never to
- enemies, structurally speaking.
- 10. When two cocks are structurally
- irrelevant or neutral so far as
- you are concerned (though, as
- mentioned, they almost never
- are to each other) you do not
- even ask a relative or a friend
- whom he is betting on, because if you know
- how he is betting and he knows you know,
- and you go the other way, it will lead to
- strain. This rule is explicit and rigid; fairly
- elaborate, even rather artificial precautions
- are taken to avoid breaking it. At the very
- least you must pretend not to notice what he
- is doing, and he what you are doing.
- 11. There is a special word for betting against
- the grain, which is also the word for "pardon
- me" (mpura). It is considered a bad thing to
- do, though if the center bet is small it is
- sometimes all right as long as you do not do
- it too often. But the larger the bet and the
- more frequently you do it, the more the
- "pardon me" tack will lead to social
- disruption.
- 12. In fact, the institutionalized hostility
- relation, puik, is often formally initiated
- (though its causes always lie
- elsewhere) by such a "pardon
- me" bet in a deep fight, putting
- the symbolic fat in the fire.
- Similarly, the end of such a
- relationship and resumption of
- normal social intercourse is
- often signalized (but, again, not
- actually brought about) by one
- or the other of the enemies
- supporting the other's bird.
- 13. In sticky, cross-loyalty
- situations, of which in this
- extraordinarily complex social
- system there are of course
- many, where a man is caught
- between two more or less
- equally balanced loyalties, he
- tends to wander off for a cup of
- coffee or something to avoid
- having to bet, a form of
- behavior reminiscent of that of
- American voters in similar
- situations.
- 14. The people involved in the center bet are,
- especially in deep fights, virtually always
- leading members of their group-kinship,
- village, or whatever. Further, those who bet
- on the side (including these people) are, as I
- have already remarked, the more established
- members of the village - the solid citizens.
- Cockfighting is for those who are involved
- in the everyday politics of prestige as well,
- not for youth, women, subordinates, and so
- forth.
- 15. So far as money is concerned, the explicitly
- expressed attitude toward it is that it is a
- secondary matter. It is not, as I have said, of
- no importance; Balinese are no happier to
- lose several weeks' income than anyone else.
- But they mainly look on the monetary
- aspects of the cockfight as self-balancing, a
- matter of just moving money around,
- circulating it among a fairly well-defined
- group of serious cockfighters. The really
- important wins and losses are seen mostly in
- other terms, and the general attitude toward
- wagering is not any hope of cleaning up, of
- making a killing (addict gamblers again
- excepted), but that of the horseplayer's
- prayer: "Oh, God, please let me break even."
- In prestige terms, however, you do not want
- to break even, but, in a momentary,
- punctuate sort of way, win utterly. The talk
- (which goes on all the time) is about fights
- against such-and-such a cock of So-and-So
- which your cock demolished, not on how
- much you won, a fact people, even for large
- bets, rarely remember for any length of time,
- though they will remember the day they did
- in Pan Loh's finest cock for years.
- 16. You must bet on cocks of your own group
- aside from mere loyalty considerations, for
- if you do not people generally will say,
- "What! Is he too proud for the likes of us?
- Does he have to go to Java or Den Pasar [the
- capital town] to bet, he is such an important
- man?" Thus there is a general pressure to bet
- not only to show that you are important
- locally, but that you are not so important that
- you look down on everyone else as unfit
- even to be rivals. Similarly, home team
- people must bet against outside cocks or the
- outsiders will accuse it - a serious charge -
- of just collecting entry fees and not really
- being interested in cockfighting, as well as
- again being arrogant and insulting.
- 17. Finally, the Balinese peasants themselves are
- quite aware of all this and can and, at least to
- an ethnographer, do state most of it in
- approximately the same terms as I have.
- 9Fighting cocks, almost every Balinese I have
- ever discussed the subject with has said, is
- like playing with fire only not getting
- burned. You activate village and kingroup
- rivalries and hostilities, but in "play" form,
- coming dangerously and entrancingly close
- to the expression of open and direct
- interpersonal and intergroup aggression
- (something which, again, almost never
- happens in the normal course of ordinary
- life), but not quite, because, after all, it is
- "only a cockfight."
- More observations of this sort could be
- advanced, but perhaps the general point is, if not
- made, at least well-delineated, and the whole
- argument thus far can be usefully summarized in
- a formal paradigm:
- THE MORE A MATCH IS . . .
- 1. Between near status equals (and/or
- personal enemies)
- 2. Between high status individuals
- THE DEEPER THE MATCH.
- THE DEEPER THE MATCH IS
- 1. The closer the identification of cock and
- man (or: more properly, the deeper the
- match the more the man will advance
- his best, most closely-identified-with
- cock).
- 2. The finer the cocks involved and the
- more exactly they will be matched.
- 3. The greater the emotion that will be
- involved and the more the general
- absorption in the match.
- 4. The higher the individual bets center
- and outside, the shorter the outside bet
- odds will tend to be, and the more
- betting there will be over-all.
- 5. The less an economic and the more a
- "status" view of gaming will be
- involved, and the "solider" the citizens
- who will be gaming.
- Inverse arguments hold for the shallower the
- fight, culminating, in a reversed-signs sense, in
- the coin-spinning and dice-throwing
- amusements. For deep fights there are no
- absolute upper limits, though there are of course
- practical ones, and there are a great many
- legend-like tales of great Duel-in-the-Sun
- combats between lords and princes in classical
- times (for cockfighting has always been as much
- an elite concern as a popular one), far deeper
- than anything anyone, even aristocrats, could
- produce today anywhere in Bali.
- Indeed, one of the great culture heroes of Bali is
- a prince, called after his passion for the sport,
- "The Cockfighter," who happened to be away at
- a very deep cockfight with a neighboring prince
- when the whole of his family-father, brothers,
- wives, sisters-were assassinated by commoner
- usurpers. Thus spared, he returned to dispatch
- the upstarts, regain the throne, reconstitute the
- Balinese high tradition, and build its most
- powerful, glorious, and prosperous state. Along
- with everything else that the Balinese see in
- fighting cocks-themselves, their social order,
- abstract hatred, masculinity, demonic power-they
- also see the archetype of status virtue, the
- arrogant, resolute, honor-mad player with real
- fire, the ksatria prince.
- Conclusion
- What sets the cockfight apart from the ordinary
- course of life, lifts it from the realm of everyday
- practical affairs, and surrounds it with an aura of
- enlarged importance is not, as functionalist
- sociology would have it, that it reinforces status
- discriminations (such reinforcement is hardly
- necessary in a society where every act proclaims
- them), but that it provides a metasocial
- commentary upon the whole matter of assorting
- human beings into fixed hierarchical ranks and
- then organizing the major part of collective
- existence around that assortment. Its function, if
- you want to call it that, is interpretive: it is a
- Balinese reading of Balinese experience; a story
- they tell themselves about themselves.
- What the cockfight says it says in a vocabulary
- of sentiment-the thrill of risk, the despair of loss,
- the pleasure of triumph. Yet what it says is not
- merely that risk is exciting, loss depressing, or
- triumph gratifying, banal tautologies of affect,
- but that it is of these emotions, thus exampled,
- that society is built and individuals put together.
- Attending cockfights and participating in them
- is, for the Balinese, a kind of sentimental
- education. What he learns there is what his
- culture's ethos and his private sensibility (or,
- anyway, certain aspects of them) look like when
- spelled out externally in a collective text; that
- the two are near enough alike to be articulated in
- the symbolics of a single such text; and-the
- disquieting part-that the text in which this
- revelation is accomplished consists of a chicken
- hacking another mindlessly to bits.
- Every people, the proverb has it, loves its own
- form of violence, The cockfight is the Balinese
- reflection on theirs: on its look, its uses, its
- force, its fascination. Drawing on almost every
- level of Balinese experience, it brings together
- themes-animal savagery, male narcissism,
- opponent gambling, status rivalry, mass
- 10excitement, blood sacrifice-whose main
- connection is their involvement with rage and
- the fear of rage, and, binding them into a set of
- rules which at once contains them and allows
- them play, builds a symbolic structure in which,
- over and over again, the reality of their inner
- affiliation can be intelligibly felt. If, to quote
- Northrop Frye again, we go to see Macbeth to
- learn what a man feels like after he has gained a
- kingdom and lost his soul, Balinese go to
- cockfights to find out what a man, usually
- composed, aloof, almost obsessively selfabsorbed, a kind of moral autocosm, feels like
- when, attacked, tormented, challenged, insulted,
- and driven in result to the extremes of fury, he
- has totally triumphed or been brought totally
- low.
- 11
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