2016-09-27 TOEFL: detail Qs, more word roots

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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Go through the second reading from yesterday (about political systems) and underline the places in the text where you can find the information for each answer.
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Timing strategies for reading:
- read all the questions first, and identify what kind of question each one is
- skim the reading for key information to answer the questions
- read more carefully for questions that require more detail
- there is no penalty for guessing, so choose an answer for each question even if it’s random
	(Usually you can eliminate at least one or two answers, which gives you a better chance.)
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Where is the information to answer each question?
15. par 1 - “while monarchs remained symbols of national unity, real power had passed to constitutional assemblies. Monarchy survived as a form in Europe only where the king or queen functioned as the symbolic head of a parliamentary state.”
16. par 1 - “monarchs remained symbols”... “Monarchy survived...where the king or queen functioned as the symbolic…”
17. par 2 - “Liberal democracies differ from the communist states known as people’s democracies” - It contrasts “people’s democracies” with the topic of the paragraph, liberal democracies
18. par 2 - “model” is a synonym of “pattern” in some contexts; you should be able to eliminate the other options by noticing that they don’t fit with the rest of the sentence
19. par 3 - “The liberal democratic state claimed the right to control every aspect of human life... except where limits on state control were directly stated in a bill of rights in a democratic constitution”
20. par 3 - “recognized” means “seen” and “in practice” often means “in real life”; also, this is a limit on state control, so it must exist in real life and not be ignored; there’s nothing about whether it can change or whether it’s learned in schools
21. par 4 - “All democratic states...changed in form during the twentieth century. … The expansion of state activity and extention of state services involved a new view of legislation and its role in society.”
22. par 5 - Dictatorships replaced popular sovereignty, which contradicts A, B, and D.
	(“replace A with B” means now you have B, where before you had A)
23. par 6 - It isn’t any of the other answer choices: “a system that prohibited parties opposed to the regime”; “a head of state or leader with exceptional powers”; “a bureaucratic administration that was in no way subject to popular control” (Also, remember that authoritarian governments are the opposite of electoral representative governments.)
24. par 2 - “In most states where monarchical authority was removed, some form of liberal democracy took its place”
    par 5 - “The trend toward liberal democracy continued throughout the century, but at various times there was also a tendency toward a revival of authoritarian rule”
25. “for example” - this is an example of the number of new laws increasing immensely
26. A - “a monarch, whose right to rule is generally hereditary and lifelong”
    E - “Monarchy survived...only where the king or queen functioned as the symbolic head of a parliamentary state”
    B - “an elected executive is responsible to the will of the people as a whole”
    F - “The doctrine that all of the people had effective authority, or sovereignty, became the basis for the functioning of democratic states. This doctrine of popular sovereignty…”
    D - “some form of totalitarian dictatorship emerged...a head of state or leader with exceptional powers, with a party to support him”
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Detail questions handout p. 279 - Listen to the passages and take notes. Then look at the questions and answer them.
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BREAK
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1 yes, yes, no, yes, no (The two “no” answers are parts of racing, not training.)
2 no, yes, yes, yes, no
3 no, no, yes, yes, yes (The two “no” answers are benefits ants get from aphids.)

p. 280 - Organize the information into the correct categories.
1 A Prisms (extreme and dry conditions, like at the poles)
  B Plates (between prisms and stars)
  C Stars
2 A Antiviral (though malaria isn’t a virus)
  B Antibacterial
  C Antibacterial (described as such before the slime was mentioned)
3 A Refrigerator
  B Icehouse
  C Icebox
4 A drops
  B drops
  C drops
  D flow
  E flow
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Word roots 3 - With a partner, try to think of one or two words that explain the meaning of each root
1 ego = self
2 endo = in
3 equi = same
4 erg = work
5 (a)esth = perception (aesthetics is more specifically about beauty) (anesthesia = without sensation)
6 eu = good (opposite of “dys”, which was on the last list)
7 ex = out (sometimes former)
8 extra = beyond / more than
9 fact = make
10 fer = carry (confer = carry with, transfer = carry across/between)
11 flect = bend
12 fore = front
13 fract/frag = break
14 fug = flee/escape
15 funct = perform
16 gen = make/birth/create
17 geo = earth (geocentric = Earth is at the center)
18 graph = write (or sometimes draw)
19 grat = pleasing
20 helio = sun (heliocentric = the sun is at the center) (sol = sun in Latin words)
21 hem = blood
22 hetero = different
23 homo = same (syn = same in Latin words)
24 hydro = water (aqua = water in Latin words)
25 hyper = over (super and ultra have the same meaning)
26 hypo = under (sub and infra have the same meaning)

hyper/super/ultra/over and hypo/sub/infra/under have the same meanings but might be used in different contexts:
supersonic = faster than sound, hypersonic = much (5x+) faster than sound, subsonic = slower than sound
ultrasonic = higher frequency than we can hear, infrasonic = lower frequency than we can hear
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You can use the example words in these lists to figure out additional roots, such as therm = heat.