~Conformity & Deviance~
*Conformity
 -Act of matching attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to the group norm
	->Collective consciousness or Value Consesus
 -Can occur in the presence of others, or when an individual is alone
 -Group phenomenon, meaning group factors can affect conformity:
	-Group Size:
	-Unnimity:
	-Cohesion:
	-Status:
	-Prior Commitment:
	-Public Opinion:
	>3 Types [Herbert Kelman]:
		*Compliance
		 -Public conformity while keeping one's beliefs independent
		 -Rule of society
		 -Motivated by the fear of rejection for deviance, wanting to get people's approval
		 -Will follow even when they are personally against it
		*Identification
		 -Conform because it comes from someone with power or authority or someone you like
		 -Motivated by the attractiveness of the source
		 -Deeper type of conformism than compliance
		*Internalization
		 -Accepting and conforming to a belief whether publicly or privately
		 -Holds the deepest level of conformism and life application
*Obedience
 -Social influence where we accept orders from authority figures
 -Can be both a sin and a virtue
	>Milgram Experiment
		-Participants obey orders even when it posed severe harm to others
		-Each experiment lasted 50 minutes
	>Stanford Experiment
		-Guards in the study obeyed orders so willingly that their behavior turned aggressive. Prisoners were hostile to and resented their guards
		-Was supposed to last for 1-2 weeks but ended only at the 6th day
*Deviance
 -Behavior or trait that deviates from the social norm which may generate negative reactions in a particular group
 -Behavior that doesn't conform to  the norms of a particular culture or society
	>Emile Durkeim [Father of Functionalist Sociology]
	 -Organic Analogy: Society is like the human body with various organs [institutions] that need to function correctly for the body to operate in good health
	 -Argued that deviance itself was functional, normal, and inevitable
		>4 Functions of Deviance:
			1. Helps define cultural or societal norms and values
				-We can only understand what's good when we know what's not good
			2. Increases social solidarity due to the shared disapproval of deviant behavior
			   |		  ->How an individual associates in society
			   |->Occurs because of a boundary between deviant and nondeviant behavior enforces this solidarity
			   |->Reactions to deviance brings society together
			3. Boundary Maintenance
				-Clarifies rules and strengthens it
				-Reinforces the Value Consensus by establishing a reward/punishment system
			4. Social Change
				-If people never deviated, society will never change
		*Sufferage - Term created when women gained the right to vote
	>Albert K. Cohen
	 -Offered 2 functions of deviance:
		*Safety Valve
			-Deviance providing a relatively harmless expression of discontent
		*Warning Device
			-Deviance indicates an aspect of society is malfunctioning
	>Robert Menton [1936]
		*Strain Theory - Socially accepted goals & means
					   - ALso known as Anomie Theory of Deviance
					   - Access to the means of achieving socially acceptable goals plays a part in determining whether a person conforms and accepts these goals or rebels and rejects them
Type		| Goals				| Means
Conformity	| Accepted			| Accepted - Most common option
Innovation	| Accepted			| Rejected
Ritualism	| Replace [Lowers]	| Accepted - Deep devotion to the rules bc they're rules
Retreatism	| Rejected			| Rejected - Drops to of society completely
Rebellion	| Replace			| Replace - Replace a society's goals and means with their own
->In a form of counterculture

*Labeling Theory of Deviance / Social Reaction Theory
 -George Herbert Mead, American Sociologist
 -Deviance is not a quality of the act a person commits; it's not an inherent tendency of man
 -Tendency of majorities to negatively label minorities or those seen as deviant
 -States that individuals become deviants because of the labels imposed on them by society
 -As society begins to treat them on the basis of labels, they themselves accept the labels

*Primary Deviance -> Other label acts as deviant -> Internalization -> Secondary Deviance
 -Introduced by Edwin Lemert
	>Primary Deviance - Initial acts of deviance with only minor consequences
	>Secondary Deviance - Deviance as a response to society's reaction

*Stigma
 -Negative Master class that affects the individual's self-concept, social identity, and interactions with others
 -Will stick, difficult to remove the label
 -Social control, can only thrive in society
 -Problem: Perception and marketing of certain traits as deviant
 -Encourages conformity
 -Imbued with relations of power
	*Erving Coffman
	 -According to them, stigma spoils the identity of the person and the recognition of the individual's adherence to social norms in other facets of self
		>3 Types of Stigma:
			1. Mental Health
			2. Deformities
			3. Race/Ethnicity

~Institutions~
*Social Institutions
 -Group or organization that has specific roles, norms, and expectations which functions to meet the needs of a society
	>Characteristics:
	 -Enduring & Stable
	 -Have a purpose and a Role
	 -Governs behavior and Expectations
	 -Has social norms

>5 Major Social Institutions:
	1. Family
		-Building block of society
		-Social unit created by blood, marriage, or adaption
		-Provides emotional and financial support
	2. Education
		-Provides knowledge, facts, skills, norms, and values
		-Socialization for students
		-Country's wealth is directly proportional to the quality of its educational system
	3. Religion
		-Designed to fill the human need for meaning and purpose
		-Provides comfort and security
			>Weber: Force for Social Change
			>Marx: Perpetuate Inequality
	4. Economy
		-Production and distribution of goods and services
			>3 Sectors:
				-Extraction and Production
				-Processing of Raw Materials
				-Service Providers
	5. Government
		-Responsible for maintaining order, protecting citizens from harm, and providing for the common good

*State Institution
 -Also known as GOCC [Government Owned and  Controlled Corporations]
 -Responsible for maintaining order, protecting citizens from harm, and providing for the common good
 -Installed to address market failures and correct imperfections

>2 Major Types of Political Institution:
	1. Communist
	2. Democracy

>Branches of the Government:
	*Executive Barch
	 -Enforce the laws
	 -President and Vice President
	 -Exercises  control over all the executive departments, bureaus, and offices
	*Legislative Branch
	 -Create the laws
	 -Bicameral: Senators & House Representatives
	 -Makes laws to upheld the spirit of the constitution and at times, amend or change the constitution itlsef
		>Bills:
		>Resolution:
	*Judicial Branch
	 -Interpret the laws
	 -Judges and Courts
	 -In charge of deciding the meaning of laws, how to apply them to real situations, and whether a law breaks the rules of the Constitution

>State Institutions:
	*Department of Agriculture
	 -Established after PH independence
	 -Promotion of agricultural and fisheries development and growth
	 -"Masaganang Ani at Mataas na Kita!"
	 -Issue of Concern: Rice Tariffication Law
	 	->Reduce the price of rice through dissolving the limit rice imports with lowered tariffs
	*Department of Education
	 -Educational Degree of 1863 and eventually mandated through Replublic Act 9155
	 -Formulates, supervises, implements programs for formal & non-formal basic education
	*Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas
	 -Established on July 3, 1993 through the New Central Bank Act of 1993
	 -TO promote and maintain price stability, a strong financial system, and a safe and efficient payment and settlements system conductive to a sustainable and inclusive growth of the economy
	*Armed Forces of the Philippines
	 -Established on December 21, 1935 through the National Defense Act of 1935
	 -Consists of: Army, Air Force, Navy [& Marine Corps]
	 -Protect the country from foreign aggression and internal subversion
	*The Philippine Health Insurance Corporation [PhilHealth]
	 -Philippine Medical Care Act of 1969, Replublic Act 7875 "The National Health Insurance Act of 1995"
	 -Mandated to provide affordable and accessible universal health insurance
	 -"Your partner in health"
	 -Issue of Concern: Alleged $15 Billion Corruption Scandal
		->Thorrsson M. Keith claimed high ranking officials corrupted about the amount using overpriced COVID test kits and Hospital Reimbursement

*Non-State Institutions
 -Groups and organization which operate outside the support of any state or government
 -Offer to satisfy many of the long/short term, large/small scale, and in/tangible demands of the people
	>Corporation
	 -Owned by a group of people, but has a separate legal identity
	 -Offers stocks and share acting as capital needed for them to gro
	 -Needs a very large workforce to run and operate
	>Trade Unions
	-Group in a workplace that looks after the well-being of the workers
	-Collectively, they raise issues such as low salary, lack of compensation, etc.
 	-Strikes sor work stoppages are at times headed by trade unions
	>Cooperatives
	 -Group made up by people with common interest who agreed to work together for easy, safe, and affordable access to commodities, loans, and other services
	 -They are created to help and empower one another with a minimum help from the government
	>Banks
	 -Help us keep our money, avail different kinds of loans, and exchange currencies
	 -Helps the country by providing financial assistance to those entrepreneurs who wanted to create or expand their business

~Social Stratification~

*Social Stratification
 -System of social standing
 -"Institutionalized inequality" or "social injustice" perpetuated by social categories
 -Ranking of people in a society
*Social Differentiation
 -How people can be distinguished from one another

>Indicators of Social Stratification:
	*Status
	 -Individual's position in the social structure
	 -The higher or lower positions that come about through social stratification defines your status
		>2 Types:
			-Ascribed: Status assigned or given without regarding performance or abilities
			-Achieved: Status earned through talent, skills, occupation, and perseverance
		*Prestige
		 -Evaluation of status
		 -Perks and privileges that accompanies your status whether or not you perform well

>Weber's Component Theory on Social Stratification:
 *Power
	-Ability to influence other people
	-Getting what you want despite other's participation
 *Prestige
	-A person's position in the society
	-Having a certain status that enables someone to have resources or opportunities
 *Wealth
	-Amount of resources that a person has

>Dimensions of Stratification:
 *Source of Income
	-Inherited fund, earned income, profits, professional fees, salaries, wages, or private relief which conrivutes to their wealth
 *Occupation
	-What people do for a living determines, to a large extent, the social position of the person
 *Education
	-Edu backgrounds such as school attended and degree took, characterize the person's status in the community
 *Hosue Dwellings
	-Appearance and constructions/structure of homes may determine a status of a person
 *Location of Residence
	-There's a disparity of social status when one's residence is located in a gated community or in a slum/squatters area
 *Kinship of Family
	-Your family affiliation or surname also contributes to your status

>Types of Stratification:
	*Open System [Sociologist]
	 -Allows movement and interaction between layers and classes
	 -Encourages people to strive and achieve so they can move up the system
		>Upper Class
		 -Higher wealth, higher source of income
		 -Have high reputation in terms of power and prestige
			*Elite - 1% of 1%
		>Middle Class
		 -Includes Upper Middle and Lower Middle Class
		 -Highly educated professionals and businessmen and extends to teachers, managers, small business owners
		 -Lives a modest lif
		>Lower Class
		 -Typified by poverty, homelessness, and unemployment; bottom of the socio-economic ladder
			>Upper-Lower Class:
			>Lower-Lower Class:
	*Closed System
	 -Accomodates little to zero change in social position
	 -System doesn't permit status to interact and shift between levels
		>Caste System
		 -Closed Stratification System
		 -Social contact is rigid, minimal, and clearly defined and governed
		 -Class structure that's determined by birth; people ar eborn and die in their caste
		>Estate System
		 -Social standing is defined by ownership of land or military strength over a sovereign
		 -Unchanging system; you were born there, you stay there
	*Ethnic System [Anthro]
	 -System based on national origin, language, and religion
	 -Have a greater deal of sense of identity and belongingness with people in the same ethnic group

*Social Mobility
 -Change in social status
 -Movement within the social structure, from one social position to another

>Kinds of Social Mobility:
	*Social Mobility
	 -Movement upward or downward among the social position in any given social stratification
		>Vertical Mobility: Movement of people of groups from one status to another
		>Horizontal Mobility: Indicates a change in position, within the range of same status
	*Geographical Mobility
	 -Physical migration of people to change their residence, due to different circumstances
		>Voluntary: Change of workplace, near school, migrating
		>Involuntary: Forced eviction, relocation

*Role Mobility
 -Individual's shifting from role to role that they play in society

>Theoretical Analysis:
	*Structural Functionalist Analysis
	 -Stratification is necessary to induce people with special intelligence, knowledge, and skills to enter the most important occupations
	 -Necessary and inevitable
	*Conflilct Analysis
	 -Stratification results from lack of opportunity and from discrimination and prejudice against the poor, women, and people of color
	 -Neither necessary or inevitable