objectType = bpy.context.object.type

"MESH"
"CURVE"
"SURFACE"
"META"
"FONT"
"ARMATURE"
"LATTICE"
"EMPTY"
"GPENCIL"
"CAMERA"
"LIGHT"
"SPEAKER"
"LIGHT_PROBE"

import bpy

types = bpy.context.object.bl_rna.properties['type'].enum_items

for t in types:
    print('type %s: %s' %(t.identifier, t.name))