2018-02-13 TOEFL: word roots, reading fact

Greg Malivuk
greg.malivuk@gmail.com
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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Word Roots - list 1 - With your partner, try to think of one or two words to explain the meaning of each root.
ab (abduct, abdicate) = away
act (activity, activate, react) = do (This is related to the roots of “agent” and “execute” as well.)
ad (advocate, addition, advance) = to/toward
aer/aero (aerial, aerate) = air
agri/agro (agriculture, agribusiness, agrarian) = field/farm
ambi (ambidextrous, ambiguous, ambivalent) = both
amb/ambul (amble, ambulatory, ambulate) = move/walk
ami/amo (amiable, amorous) = love
andro (android, androgen) = man (often contrasted with gyn = woman)
anim (animate, animal) = movement/spirit
ann/enn (annual, millennium, anniversary) = year
ante/anti (antecedent, anteroom, anticipate) = before/in front
anthropo (anthropology, philanthropy) = human
anti (antibacterial, antisocial) = against
aqua (aquamarine, aqueduct, aquarium) = water (sometimes fresh water as opposed to salt water)
arch (monarch, hierarchy, archbishop) = first (in importance or power)
	- This is pronounced /k/ before vowels, and /ʧ/ before consonants and in new words
archa (archaeology, archaic) = old (first in time)
art (artist, artifact, artisan) = skill
astro (astronomy, astrology) = star
aud/audi (audience, audible) = hear
auto (automatic, autograph) = self
bell (belligerent, rebellious) = war
bene (benefit, benevolent) = good/well
bi (bilingual, bilateral, bisexual) = two
bio (biology, biography, biosphere) = life
cept/ceive (intercept, receive) = catch/capture (all of these roots are related)
cardi/cardio (cardiac, cardiology) = heart
carn (carnivore, carnal) = meat (if it’s dead)/flesh (if it’s alive)
cede/ceed (intercede, exceed) = go
cent (century, centimeter, centennial) = hundred(th)
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Reading Question Types
- fact
- negative fact
- purpose
- vocabulary
- reference
- paraphrase
- inference
- sentence insertion
- summarize
- organization
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The most common questions are fact and vocabulary.
Handout (Cambridge) p. 181-182 - Take a few minutes to read each passage, then decide if the following statements are true or false. Check your answers with your partner and convince them they’re wrong if you disagree.
Passage 1
A. T
B. F
C. T (A military risk is a security threat.)
D. T
E. F
F. F (There was no construction of the tunnel in 1930, so the construction couldn’t have led to anything.)
G. F
H. T
Take 9 minutes to complete the exercise. Then check with your partner.
Passage 2
A. T
B. F (They likely came from an animal this size, but the bones they found were smaller.)
C. F
D. T (This is more of an inference question.)
E. T (This is also an inference, from “eardrums, which would not have worked in water”.)
F. F (It can recognize the source because the bones are isolated from each other, and it’s just the eardrum that is vestigial, not the middle ear.)
G. T
H. T (This can be concluded from the final sentence. “The separation of these bones” means the bones are in fact separated in (modern) marine whales.)
Passage 3
A. T
B. F
C. F (It emits glue, not a smell.)
D. T
E. T
F. F
G. T
H. T
Passage 4
A. F (If A cannot match B, it means A is worse than B.)
B. T
C. T
D. F
E. F (The color of the varnish wasn’t important, and it ranges in color from orange to reddish-brown.)
F. T
G. F
H. T
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BREAK
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DELTA p. 20-21 - Take 5 minutes to skim for the information to answer questions 1-6
1 A
2 C
3 D
4 B
5 A
6 C
p. 22 - Take 3 minutes to answer these questions.
7 B
8 C
9 D
10 B
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Handout (Longman) p. 51 - Take 4 minutes to answer the questions about Lake Baikal
1 D (Even if you don’t know “crescent”, the numbers should allow you to eliminate the other answers.)
2 A
3 D
4 C
5 B
p. 52 - Same thing
6 C
7 A
8 D
9 B
10 C
p. 53 same thing
11 A
12 D
13 C
14 B
15 D
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BC = Before Christ
BCE = Before (the) Common Era
AD = Anno Domini (Year of the Lord)
CE = Common Era
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Homework: finish the handout (Cengage)