2015-01-12 Evening: passive voice

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk
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Next Classes:
Wednesday, January 14
* Tuesday, January 20 (no school on Monday due to MLK day)
Wednesday, January 21
Monday, January 26
(end of the current 6-week session)
Tuesday, January 27
Thursday, January 29
(now always Tuesdays and Thursdays)
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The Mona Lisa was painted in 1503. (passive)
-> Leonardo da Vinci painted the Mona Lisa in 1503. (active)

passive = [be] + past participle

Homework: Raise the Issues p. 98-100 (part A, Grammar - passive voice)
1 passive part: "sport should be granted equal educational...music"
-> active: "people should grant sport equal educational prestige...music"

2 passive: the educational-athletic experience on our playing fields to be accorded
-> active: Is it time, he asks, for us to accord the educational-athletic experience on our playing fields the same academic respect as the arts?
same structure as:
Is it time for the house to be painted?
Is it time for us to paint the house?

3 passive: ...that sport is only considered a distant cousin to the arts
-> active: ...that people only consider sport a distant cousin to the arts
same structure:
He is sad that he is only considered a comedic actor.
He is sad that people only consider him a comedic actor.

4 passive: it is founded on trying to win
-> active: we found it on trying to win (strange, because the first idea is that "found" is the past of "find")
- The regular verb "found" is almost always in the passive voice.

5 passive: They are expected to be above that.
-> active: We expect artists to be above that. / We expect them to be...

6 passive: athletic performance could not be preserved
-> active: ...until recently, we couldn't preserve athletic performance.

7 passive: ...or the symphony--is that which could be saved and savored.
-> active: ...or the symphony--is that which we could save and savor.
similar structure:
The books I like are those which can be read in less than a week.
The books I like are those which I can read in less than a week.

8 passive: a double play can be viewed as pretty as any pas de deux.
-> active: we can view a double play as pretty as any pas de deux.

9 passive: are shoe-horned...kept...,... should not be affected
-> active: But because coaches shoe-horn so many ersatz students into colleges as athletes and then keep them eligible academically through various deceits, it should not affect the intrinsic essence of the athlete playing his game.
(This "it" means the whole situation of shoe-horning and keeping eligible.)
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You
were given
the book.

The outgoing president of the university
was given
the last remaining copy of the first print run of "Gone With the Wind".

He gave
you		(indirect object)
the book.	(direct object)

He gave
the outgoing president of the university
the last remaining copy of the first print run of "Gone With the Wind".
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perfect = [have] + past participle
progressive = [be] + present participle (verb+ing)
passive = [be] + past participle
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Oxford Practice Grammar p. 59 exercise 5
1 were destroyed
2 are expected
3 were left
4 were blocked
5 were knocked
6 was flooded / is flooded
7 to be rescued
8 are closed (because "as people emerge" - present simple)
9 were injured
10 were reported / have been reported
exercise 6
1 The house can't be seen from the street.
2 He said our papers wouldn't be corrected before Friday. ("won't" if Friday is still in the future now)
3 The towels must have been taken out of the dryer (by someone).
4 Your books are not going to be stolen from this room by anybody.
5 I didn't enjoy being told what to do all the time.
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Leonardo painted the Mona Lisa. ("Mona Lisa" = object)
The Mona Lisa was painted by Leonardo.

Leonardo died in 1519. (no object = can't make passive)

I killed the spider. ("kill" is a transitive verb)
The spider was killed.

The spider died. ("die" is an intransitive verb)

I speak in front of crowds frequently. (intransitive)
I speak English. (transitive - "English is spoken by millions of people.")

     agent         action   patient	(meaning)
Leonardo da Vinci painted the Mona Lisa.
    subject        verb     object      (grammar)

   patient         action          agent       (meaning)
The Mona Lisa was painted by Leonardo da Vinci.
   subject          verb          object       (grammar)
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Sometimes we can rearrange the sentence without needing to make it passive:
I am cooking dinner.
Dinner is cooking.

I broke the window.
The window broke.

Verbs like this are called "ergative".
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They awarded Maria first prize.    -> Maria was awarded first prize.
They awarded first prize to Maria. -> First prize was awarded to Maria.

I charged you $25 for the book. -> You were charged $25 for the book.
(no other active structure -> no other passive structure)
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Homework: Grammar Book p. 61